Preliminary Study on the Effect of Different Ecological Cultivation Modes on the Water Stability of Soil Aggregates in Rubber Based Agroforestry Systems

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) have been commercially cultivated for a century and a half in Asia, particularly in China, and they constitute a common element of plantation ecosystems in tropical regions. Soil health is fundamental to the sustainable development of rubber plantations. The objective of the study is to explore the influence of different complex ecological cultivation modes on the stability of soil aggregates in rubber based agroforestry systems. In this study, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantations, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantations and monoculture rubber plantations were selected, and the particle size distribution of soil aggregates and their water stability characteristics were analyzed. The soil depth of 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm was collected for four cultivation modes. Soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 20 cm. soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 5 mm, 2 - 5 mm, 1 - 2 mm, 0.5 - 1 mm, 0.25 - 0.5 mm, and 0.053 - 0.25 mm according to the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates were determined by the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates under different ecological cultivation modes were analyzed. The results showed that under different ecological cultivation modes in the shallow soil layer (0 - 20 cm), the rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation promoted the development of dominant soil aggregates towards larger size classes, whereas the situation is the opposite for rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation. In soil layer (20 - 40 cm), the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation developed the dominant radial level of soil aggregates to the diameter level of large aggregates. Rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation, three indicators, including the water-stable aggregate content R0.25 (>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), were all lower than those in the rubber monoculture mode. However, in the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation, the water-stable aggregate content R0.25, mean weight diameter, and geometric mean diameter were higher than in the rubber monoculture mode, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.

Evaluation of On-Line MPPT Algorithms for PV-Based Battery Storage Systems

This paper presents a novel Simulink models with an evaluation study of more widely used On-Line Maximum Power Point tracking(MPPT)techniques for Photo-Voltaic based Battery Storage Systems(PV-BSS).To have a full comparative study in terms of the dynamic response,battery state of charge(SOC),and oscillations around the Maximum Power Point(MPP)of the PV-BSS to variations in climate conditions,these techniques are simulated in Matlab/Simulink.The introduced methodologies are classified into two types;the first type is conventional hill-climbing techniques which are based on instantaneous PV data measurements such as Perturb&Observe and Incremental Conductance techniques.The second type is a novel proposed methodology is based on using solar irradiance and cell temperature measurements with pre-build Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)model to predict DC–DC converter optimum duty cycle to track MPP.Then evaluation study is introduced for conventional and proposed On-Line MPPT techniques.This comparative study can be useful in specifying the appropriateness of the MPPT techniques for PV-BSS.Also the introduced model can be used as a valued reference model for future research related to Soft Computing(SC)MPPT techniques.A significant improvement of SOC is achieved by the proposed model and methodology with high accuracy and lower oscillations.

基于WordCloud技术的MBSE发展态势研究

基于IEEE及国际系统工程协会(International Council on Systems Engineering,INCOSE)社区会刊,提取与基于模型的系统工程(model based systems engineering,MBSE)领域相关的167篇顶刊的关键词和摘要。采用Python及其第三方库WordCloud技术,以可视化形式展示MBSE领域研究内容并对MBSE发展态势进行研究。研究结果表明,MBSE在产品研发全生命周期,应用建模技术来支持系统需求、设计、分析、验证与确认等活动,在系统架构设计方面具有重要作用,将MBSE与安全性分析、可靠性分析方法结合也是MBSE的重要研究内容;系统建模语言(system modeling language,SysML)和对象过程方法(object process method,OPM)分别是目前MBSE研究领域中最受欢迎的建模语言和建模方法;将MBSE方法与本体进行结合是规范MBSE模型表达的重要手段,将MBSE与信息物理系统、数字孪生、并行工程领域进行融合研究是MBSE的重要发展方向。所提研究为使用WordCloud文本分析技术来探索当前的MBSE研究提供了技术路线参考,有助于对MBSE的未来发展态势进行预测。

Study on the System Design of Multiple Expert Systems Integrated Decision Support System

There has been an increasing interest in integrating decision support systems (DSS) and expert systems (ES) to provide decision makers a more accessible, productive and domain-independent information and computing environment. This paper is aimed at designing a multiple expert systems integrated decision support system (MESIDSS) to enhance decision makers' ability in more complex cases. The basic framework, management system of multiple ESs, and functions of MESIDSS are presented. The applications of MESIDSS in large-scale decision making processes are discussed from the following aspects of problem decomposing, dynamic combination of multiple ESs, link of multiple bases and decision coordinating. Finally, a summary and some ideas for the future are presented.

Train crossing modeling based on measurements and best numerical approximation in subway tunnels

Communication based train control systems （CBTC） must work even in the worst situation-- train crossing. This paper models the propagation characteristics in one of the most common and piv- otal scenarios--train crossing in subway tunnels which is rarely mentioned in previous publications. Firstly, measurements for train crossing scenario at 2.4 GHz in a real subway line in Madrid have been made. The field measurement is the most reliable way to reveal the propagation characteristics involving shadowing effect and fast fading. Moreover, to precisely describe the fast fading distribu- tion and eliminate the inevitable weak points of traditional fitting way, a best numerical approxima- tion method using Legendre orthogonal polynomials has been proposed. Comparisons show that this method works better and is of greater physical significance. Finally, a complete statistical model is given and all the coefficients can be applied by system designers for the link and system level simu- lations.

Single-ended Fault Detection Scheme Using Support Vector Machine for Multi-terminal Direct Current Systems Based on Modular Multilevel Converter

This paper proposes a single-ended fault detection scheme for long transmission lines using support vector machine(SVM)for multi-terminal direct current systems based on modular multilevel converter(MMC-MTDC).The scheme overcomes existing detection difficulties in the protection of long transmission lines resulting from high grounding resistance and attenuation,and also avoids the sophisticated process of threshold value selection.The high-frequency components in the measured voltage extracted by a wavelet transform and the amplitude of the zero-mode set of the positive-sequence voltage are the inputs to a trained SVM.The output of the SVM determines the fault type.A model of a four-terminal DC power grid with overhead transmission lines is built in PSCAD/EMTDC.Simulation results of EMTDC confirm that the proposed scheme achieves 100%accuracy in detecting short-circuit faults with high resistance on long transmission lines.The proposed scheme eliminates mal-operation of DC circuit breakers when faced with power order changes or AC-side faults.Its robustness and time delay are also assessed and shown to have no perceptible effect on the speed and accuracy of the detection scheme,thus ensuring its reliability and stability.

A Survey on the Role of Complex Networks in IoT and Brain Communication

Complex networks on the Internet of Things(IoT)and brain communication are the main focus of this paper.The benefits of complex networks may be applicable in the future research directions of 6G,photonic,IoT,brain,etc.,communication technologies.Heavy data traffic,huge capacity,minimal level of dynamic latency,etc.are some of the future requirements in 5G+and 6G communication systems.In emerging communication,technologies such as 5G+/6G-based photonic sensor communication and complex networks play an important role in improving future requirements of IoT and brain communication.In this paper,the state of the complex system considered as a complex network(the connection between the brain cells,neurons,etc.)needs measurement for analyzing the functions of the neurons during brain communication.Here,we measure the state of the complex system through observability.Using 5G+/6G-based photonic sensor nodes,finding observability influenced by the concept of contraction provides the stability of neurons.When IoT or any sensors fail to measure the state of the connectivity in the 5G+or 6G communication due to external noise and attacks,some information about the sensor nodes during the communication will be lost.Similarly,neurons considered sing the complex networks concept neuron sensors in the brain lose communication and connections.Therefore,affected sensor nodes in a contraction are equivalent to compensate for maintaining stability conditions.In this compensation,loss of observability depends on the contraction size which is a key factor for employing a complex network.To analyze the observability recovery,we can use a contraction detection algorithm with complex network properties.Our survey paper shows that contraction size will allow us to improve the performance of brain communication,stability of neurons,etc.,through the clustering coefficient considered in the contraction detection algorithm.In addition,we discuss the scalability of IoT communication using 5G+/6G-based photonic technology.

A Hierarchical Framework for Visualising and Simulating Supply Chains in Virtual Environments

This paper presents research into applying virtual environment (VE) technology to supply chain management (SCM). Our research work has employed virtual manufacturing environments to represent supply chain nodes to simulate processes and activities in supply chain management. This will enable those who are involved in these processes and activities to gain an intuitive understanding of them, so as to design robust supply chains and make correct decisions at the right time. A framework system and its hierarchical structure for visualising and simulating supply chains in virtual environments are reported and detailed in this paper.

IDSS: Designing to Extend the Cognitive Limits

The paper presents the conceptual and operational basis of the creation of IDSS based on our recent research experience. In this paper, an intelligent decision support system, IDSS is defined as: any interactive system that is specially designed to improve the decision making of its user by extending the user's cognitive decision making abilities. As a result, this view of man-machine joint cognitive system stresses the need to use computational technology to aid the user in the decision making process. And the human's role is to achieve total systems's objectives. The paper outlines the designing procedure in successive steps. First, the decision maker's cognitive needs for decision support are identified. Second, the computationally realizable support functions are defined that could be provided by IDSS. Then, the specific techniques that would best fill the decision needs are discussed. And finally, for system implementation the modern computational technology infrastructure is emphasized.

Systems model-guided rice yield improvements based on genes controlling source, sink, and flow

A large number of genes related to source, sink,and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow;then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level,and the non-linear complex interaction between source,sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.

A novel successive demultiplexing scheme based on optical-CDMA balanced demodulation for FBG sensor systems

In order to increase the multiplexing density of the fiber Bragg gratings （FBGs） for a low cost per-sensor, based on the analysis of the spectrum shadow distortion （SSD）, a novel successive demultiplexing scheme for FBG sensors has been developed. It is based on the optical cade division multiple access （CDMA） balanced demodulation. A high-density multiplexing-demultiplexing system for FBG sensors has been designed, and corresponding simulation carried out has demonstrated that the FBG sensors＇ reflective signals can still be obtained accurately and respectively, even if FBG sensors＇ operating bandwidths heavily overlap. The SSD has been greatly mitigated.

INTELLIGENT RESOLUTION OF COOPERATIVE CONFLICT

First, the concept of cooperative conflict is presented, and the characteristic of cooperative air combat is researched. Then, four methods of conflict resolution are designed by way of the first order predicate logic, i.e., link-up, coordination, accommodation and integration, and corresponding examples are given. A 2 vs 2 air combat simulation was carried out; after conflict resolution, the loss ratio is dropped to 0.54 from the original 1.32, so the enhancement of effectiveness is notable. The present research findings are that the wide conflicts discover the essence of multi-fighter cooperation, i.e., to as fully as possible enhance the effectiveness of each fighter to attain global optimization, and that the possibility of conflict resolution shows the application prospect. The proposed method in this paper is a helpful try to the application of the Fifth Generation Computer in the new generation of C3I system.

Performance Optimization of Dispersion-Managed WDM Systems Based on Four-Wave Mixing

We systemically investigate the interchannel four-wave mixing (FWM) in dispersion-managed WDM systems with arbitrary launch position. We optimize the number of fiber sections, and the dispersion ratio for the system performance.

Sensitivity analysis of an HgCdTe based photovoltaic receiver for long-wavelength free space optical communication systems

We examine theoretically the performance of an Hg0.77Cd0.23Te based p-n photodetector/HFET optical receiver due to its possible application at 10.6 μm free space optical communication system at high bit rate.A rigorous noise model of the receiver has been developed for this purpose.We calculate the total noise and sensitivity of the receiver.The front-end of the receiver exhibits a sensitivity of -45 dBm at a bit rate of 1 Gb/s and -30 dBm at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s,and the total mean-square noise curren t〈i2n〉=5×10-15 A2 at a bit rate of 1 Gb/s an d〈i2n〉 =10-12 A2 at a bit rate of 10 Gb/s,and a 3-dB bandwidth of 10 GHz.

Methodological Approaches to Development and Implementation of Multi-agents Investment DSS Using JADE Platform

In these latter days software agents are used for the development and implementation of intellectual decision support systems. In order to implement intelligence in a system some or several dozen of software agents are used and the made system becomes multi-agent. For the development of these systems a set of methodologies, i.e., the sequence of consequent steps of analysis, designing and implementation, is offered. The carried out analysis of the methodologies showed that as a rule they are limited by the spectrum of their pending problem （within the pales of the requirements of specific applied task, within the pales of the possibilities of technical implementation） or within the pales of amount of detail. The variety of methodologies is influenced by the fact that for the development of these systems the requirements and attitudes are offered by the specialists of related spheres such as software, numeral intellect engineers. In the course of the development of hardware and software appeared possibilities to implement mobile multi-agents systems, however, there is no one united mobile multi-agent systems design methodology, whereas existing systems are underdeveloped and their number is small. In this article we introduce the course of the designing of an intellectual real time multi-agent investment management decision support information system adapting and combining some methodologies where the choice to use either communicating or mobile agents is the question of rather technical implementation than methodological. In the article we introduce two ways of system implementation by JADE platform： the first one-using communicating agents, and the second one-using mobile agents.

Discussion of sources of error in laser-speckle based systems

Applying laser-speckle techniques in material sciences as well as in methods to characterize surface con- ditions of specimen has become the method of choice, especially if a non-contacting principle is sought. This is almost always the case for specimen that are small in at least one dimension as for example in the materiM testing of foils, fibres, or micromaterials and certainly also if elevated test-temperatures are preventing standard gauges. This letter discusses in some detail sources of error that are quite often over- looked or not even considered as significant at all, but still carry the potential to introduce uncertainties well above the system design specifications.

Simplified performance indices and active control force of vibration isolation systems with elastic base

Influence of the elasticity of the base on vibration isolation performances of single layer, double layer and floating raft vibration isolation systems is investigated systematically. Characteristics of vibration coupling between different vibration isolation systems and different elastic bases are analyzed. Moreover the characteristics of vibration acceleration level difference and force transmissibility of different vibration isolation systems are discussed and their simpli- fled expressions are given. In addition the required control forces of active vibration isolation under different installations of actuators for different vibration isolation systems are compared. The results show that for all vibration isolation systems, the addition of the stiffness and damping of the base can enhance their vibration acceleration level difference and force transmissibility. Moreover for floating raft vibration isolation system, the addition of the stiffness and damping of the raft can enhance its vibration isolation performance and reduce the control force required bv active vibration isolation.

Modeling and Solving Material Resources Allocation and Distribution with OR-Based and AI-Guided Method

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The role of male contest competition over mates in speciation

Research on the role of sexual selection in the speciation process largely focuses on the diversifying role of mate choice. In particular, much attention has been drawn to the fact that population divergence in mate choice and in the male traits subject to choice directly can lead to assortative mating. However, male contest competition over mates also constitutes an important mechanism of sexual selection. We review recent empirical studies and argue that sexual selection through male contest competition can affect speciation in ways other than mate choice. For example, biases in aggression towards similar competitors can lead to disruptive and negative frequency-dependent selection on the traits used in contest competition in a similar way as competition for other types of limited resources. Moreover, male contest abilities often trade-off against other abilities such as parasite resistance, protection against predators and general stress tolerance. Populations experiencing different ecological condi- tions should therefore quickly diverge non-randomly in a number of traits including male contest abilities. In resource based breeding systems, a feedback loop between competitive ability and habitat use may lead to further population divergence. We discuss how population divergence in traits used in male contest competition can lead to the build up of reproductive isolation through a number of different pathways. Our main conclusion is that the role of male contest competition in speciation remains largely scientifically unexplored [Current Zoology 58 （3）： 493-509, 2012].