Recrystallization of freezable bound water in aqueous solutions of medium concentrations

For aqueous solutions with freezable bound water, vitrification and recrystallization are mingled, which brings difficulty to application and misleads the interpretation of relevant experiments. Here, we report a quantification scheme for the freezable bound water based on the water-content dependence of glass transition temperature, by which also the concentration range for the solutions that may undergo recrystallization finds a clear definition. Furthermore, we find that depending on the amount of the freezable bound water, different temperature protocols should be devised to achieve a complete recrystallization. Our results may be helpful for understanding the dynamics of supercooled aqueous solutions and for improving their manipulation in various industries.

Quantitatively relating magnetic resonance T_(1)and T_(2)to glycosaminoglycan and collagen concentrations mediated by penetrated contrast agents and biomacromolecule-bound water

Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is a promising non-invasive method to assess cartilage regeneration based on the quantitative relationship between MRI features and concentrations of the major components in the extracellular matrix(ECM).To this end,in vitro experiments are performed to investigate the relationship and reveal the underlying mechanism.A series of collagen(COL)and glycosaminoglycan(GAG)solutions at different concentrations are prepared,and T_(1)and T_(2)relaxation times are measured with or without a contrast agent(Gd-DTPA2−)by MRI.Fourier transform infrared spectrometry is also used to measure the contents of biomacromolecule-bound water and other water,allowing theoretical derivation of the relationship between biomacromolecules and the resulting T_(2)values.It has been revealed that the MRI signal in the biomacromolecule aqueous systems is mainly influenced by the protons in hydrogens of biomacromolecule-bound water,which we divide into inner-bound water and outer-bound water.We have also found that COL results in higher sensitivity of bound water than GAG in T_(2)mapping.Owing to the charge effect,GAG regulates the penetration of the contrast agent during dialysis and has a more significant effect on T_(1)values than COL.Considering that COL and GAG are the most abundant biomacromolecules in the cartilage,this study is particularly useful for the real-time MRI-guided assessment of cartilage regeneration.A clinical case is reported as an in vivo demonstration,which is consistent with our in vitro results.The established quantitative relation plays a critical academic role in establishing an international standard ISO/TS24560-1:2022‘Clinical evaluation of regenerative knee articular cartilage using delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage(dGEMRIC)and T_(2)mapping’drafted by us and approved by International Standard Organization.

Mechanism Analysis of Pore Water Pressure Fluctuation During Clay Precompression Consolidation

Pore water pressure fluctuations are an inherent phenomenon during the consolidation process of clayey foundations, and understanding its mechanism is crucial for comprehending the consolidation process and addressing issues such as drainage blockage during consolidation. This study investigates the consolidation behavior of clay, particularly focusing on pore water pressure fluctuations during the consolidation process of dredged marine sedimentary mud from Daya Bay, Guangdong Province. Given the prevalent use of clay in large-scale construction projects in southern China, understanding the factors influencing pore water pressure is crucial for optimizing consolidation times and improving construction efficacy. Using a custom vacuum preloading model, the research explores the impact of sodium hydroxide on the bound water content and its subsequent effects on pore water pressure dynamics. Experimental findings reveal a distinct inflection point in pore water pressure dissipation, suggesting that particle migration and bound water interactions contribute to the observed fluctuations. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing engineering applications in clay consolidation and mitigating drainage issues, ultimately informing construction practices and reducing project timelines.

Calculation of the Heat Energy Needed for Melting of the Ice Formed from Bounded Water in the Wood

An engineering approach for the calculation of the specific heat energy needed for melting of the ice, which is created from the freezing of hygroscopically bounded water in the wood, qbw, has been suggested. The approach, together with the equation that presents it, includes mathematical descriptions of the density of frozen wood in the hygroscopic diapason, Pw, and of the specific heat capacity of the ice formed from the bounded water in the wood, cbw for the calculation of Pw, cbw and qbw according to the suggested approach a software program has been prepared in the calculation environment of Visual Fortran. Using the program computations have been carried out for the determination ofpw, cbw and qbw, of oak, pine, beech and poplar frozen wood with initial temperature in the range from -20℃ to -2℃, at which the thawing of the ice from the bounded water is completed, and with moisture content in the hygroscopic range during wood defrosting. Based on the obtained results, a very simple and easy for use equation for the calculation of qbw depending only on the wood moisture content and on the content of non-frozen water in the wood at given initial wood temperature has been suggested.

Using Double-Bounded Dichotomous-Choice to Estimate Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Water Quality in Bac Ninh Province of Vietnam

This study used double-bounded dichotomous-choice to estimate and analyze the factors affecting households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for water quality improvement. This study notes that households with higher income, living near a polluted water source, using tap water instead of natural water, who are handicraft producers, and who have more members, are willing to pay more. However, households who rarely hear about environmental pollution issues and who are offered a higher bid are more likely to refuse to pay. Solutions to improve water quality are suggested such as to raise people’s awareness through communication channels and social organizations;to increase income associated with environmental protection policies;to construct wastewater treatment plants;to encourage the relocation of production establishments to industrial parks and industrial complexes;to put regulations on collection, payment and sanctions in case of not declaring and paying fees into village conventions;to promulgate circulars, and bylaws to concretize and simplify regulations and policies of the Government and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

Differences in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and water content in heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica from Inner Mongolia, China

We studied three typical heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica trees growing in the Wuhai region of Inner Mongolia,China,i.e.,lanceolate,broad-ovate and dentate broad-ovate leaves and mainly focused on the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and free water and bound water content.The results show that the values of Fm（maximal fluorescence yield）,Fv/Fm（maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII） and Fv/F0（potential quantum efficiency of PSII） of lanceolate leaves were the least on young trees,while these parameters were the least on the ovate leaves of old trees.Compared with young trees,the free water content of heteromorphic leaves of old trees increased significantly,i.e.,by 78.94% in lanceolate leaves and in the leaves of broad-ovate and dentate broad-ovate by 10.99% and 10.60%,respectively.Correlation analysis showed that free water content is significantly related to Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 in young trees,while the relationship of total water content with Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 is positive in old trees.

Role of different types of water in bentonite clay on hydrate formation and decomposition

The equilibrium and kinetic of hydrate in sediments can be affected by the presence of external components like bentonite with a relatively large surface area.To investigate the hydrate formation and decomposition behaviors in bentonite clay,the experiments of methane hydrate formation and decomposition using the multi-step decomposition method in bentonite with different water contents of 20%,40%and 60%(mass)were carried out.The contents of bound,capillary and gravity water in bentonite clay and their roles during hydrate formation and decomposition were analyzed.In bentonite with water content of 20%(mass),the hydrate formation rate keeps fast during the whole formation process,and the final gas consumption under different initial formation pressures is similar.In bentonite with the water contents of 40%and 60%(mass),the hydrate formation rate declines significantly at the later stage of the hydrate formation.The final gas consumption of bentonite with the water contents of 40%and 60%(mass)is significantly higher than that with the water content of 20%(mass).During the decomposition process,the stable pressure increases with the decrease of the water content.Hydrate mainly forms in free water in bentonite clay.In bentonite clay with the water contents of 20%and 40%(mass),the hydrate forms in capillary water.In bentonite clay with the water content of 60%(mass),the hydrate forms both in capillary water and gravity water.The bound water of dry bentonite clay is about 3.93%(mass)and the content of capillary water ranges from 42.37%to 48.21%(mass)of the dry bentonite clay.

The Stimulation Effects of N^+ Ion Beam on Liquorice and Its Influence on Water Stress

We have developed a large number of exocrine glands on liquorice leaves and facilitated polysaccharide secretion. Liquorice polysaccharide possesses stronger bound water affinity to gaseous water compared with sucrose and glucose. Our results show that the bound water affinity of liquorice polysaccharide to gaseous water is 49.75% higher than glucose （p〈0.01）. With N^＋ implantation （total dosage of 4.68×10^16 ions/cm^2 and energy of 20 keV） into dry liquorice seeds, both the bound water affinity to gaseous water and the bound water content of dry liquorice leaf can be significantly increased 30.24% （p 〈 0.01） and 36.51% （p 〈 0.01） respectively compared with the sham-irradiated seeds. Meanwhile, with these parameters chosen for N^＋ implantation into dry liquorice seeds, the leaf polysaccharide content under water stress （ψw=-1.5 MPa） can increase significantly （p 〈 0.05） and the plant growth can also improve significantly （p 〈 0.05）.

Water in the Mogao Grottoes,China:where it comes from and how it is driven

The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in China was designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987 and is famous for its cultural relics. Water is the most active factor that harms the relics in the caves as it damages the grotto murals and painted sculptures. Thus, determining the water sources and driving forces of water movement is a key issue for protecting these cultural relics. These issues have troubled relics protectors for a long time. In this study, the authors chose a representative cave in the Mogao Grottoes and, by completely sealing the cave to make a closed system, measured the water vapor from the surrounding rock. This was accomplished by installing a condensation-dehumidification temperature-humidity control system for the collection of water vapor. The results show that there is continuous evaporation from the deep surrounding rock into the cave. The daily evaporation capacity is determined to be 1.02 g/（d·m2）. The water sources and driving forces of water movement were further analyzed according to the character of the water evaporation and by monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding rock. It was found that the water vapor in the cave derives from phreatic water. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation of temperature in the surrounding rock and geothermal forces are the basic powers responsible for driving phreatic evaporation. Under the action of the yearly temperature fluctuations, decomposition and combination of bound water acts as a ＂pump＂ that drives phreatic water migration and evaporation. When the temperature rises, bound water decomposes and evaporates; and when it falls, the rock absorbs moisture. This causes the phreatic water to move from deep regions to shallow ones. Determining the source and dynamic foundation of the water provides a firm scientific basis for protecting the valuable cultural relics in the caves.

外源绿原酸对番茄幼苗低温耐性的生理调控效应

【目的】番茄苗期常遭遇低温冷害,严重影响花果正常发育。酚酸物质绿原酸是农作物抗逆响应的关键代谢物质,但外源绿原酸是否能增强作物耐冷性尚不明确。因此,以低温耐性不同的两个番茄品种为材料,研究外源根施绿原酸对番茄低温耐性的调控效应及可能机制。【方法】以番茄(Solunum lycopersacum)强耐低温品种京番401(JF401)和弱耐低温品种京番101(JF101)为试验材料开展室内盆栽试验。基于前期试验获得的参数,设置6个绿原酸(CGA)根施浓度处理:0、0.005、0.025、0.05、0.1和0.25 g/L。根施CGA后,番茄幼苗在正常温度下生长5周,然后在低温(昼夜温15℃/5℃)胁迫下生长6天。在低温胁迫结束后2天,用手持式叶绿素荧光仪测定完全展开叶片初始荧光产量(Fo)、最大荧光产量(Fm),光化学猝灭系数(Qp)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)及PSII实际光化学效率(ФPSII);调查番茄幼苗地上部鲜重(SFW)、根系鲜重(RFW)和总鲜重(TFW);测定完全展开叶片相对电导率(REC)、叶绿体色素含量(Chl.a、Chl.b、Car)、自由水含量(LFW)和束缚水含量(LBW);测定叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))和丙二醛(MDA)含量。【结果】在供试CGA浓度范围内,JF401和JF101番茄幼苗的耐冷性均随CGA浓度的升高先增加后降低,最高耐冷性综合评价指标D值分别出现在0.1和0.05 g/L。Pearson相关分析表明,D值与Fv/Fm、Qp、ФPSII、Chl.a、Chl.(a+b)、SFW、RFW、TFW、SOD、POD、CAT和LBW显著正相关(R=0.72~0.98),与H_(2)O_(2)、NPQ、REC、MDA和LFW显著负相关(R=0.63~0.98)。PCA主成分分析表明,SFW、Chl.b、Chl.(a+b)、Qp、ФPSII和LBW是影响两品种番茄苗期低温耐性的共性关键指标。在CGA最佳浓度下,京番101幼苗的ФPSII、Chl.(a+b)、LBW和SFW较CK的增幅分别为157.7%、35.5%、8.4%和24%,京番401幼苗的增幅分别为223.5%、64.9%、31.2%和62%。【结论】低温胁迫下,根施适量绿原酸可通过改善光能吸收及利用、降低水分生理代谢、增强酶促抗氧化防御和清除活性氧等多途径调控机制,显著提升番茄幼苗低温耐性。

Experimental investigation into the salinity effect on the physicomechanical properties of carbonate saline soil

For engineering structures with saline soil as a filling material,such as channel slope,road subgrade,etc.,the rich soluble salt in the soil is an important potential factor affecting their safety performance.This study examines the Atterberg limits,shear strength,and compressibility of carbonate saline soil samples with different NaHCO3 contents in Northeast China.The mechanism underlying the influence of salt content on soil macroscopic properties was investigated based on a volumetric flask test,a mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)test,and a scanning electron microscopic(SEM)test.The results demonstrated that when NaHCO3 contents were lower than the threshold value of 1.5%,the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles thickened continuously,and correspondingly,the Atterberg limits and plasticity index increased rapidly as the increase of sodium ion content.Meanwhile,the bonding force between particles was weakened,the dispersion of large aggregates was enhanced,and the soil structure became looser.Macroscopically,the compressibility increased and the shear strength(mainly cohesion)decreased by 28.64%.However,when the NaHCO3 content exceeded the threshold value of 1.5%,the salt gradually approached solubility and filled the pores between particles in the form of crystals,resulting in a decrease in soil porosity.The cementation effect generated by salt crystals increased the bonding force between soil particles,leading to a decrease in plasticity index and an improvement in soil mechanical properties.Moreover,this work provides valuable suggestions and theoretical guidance for the scientific utilization of carbonate saline soil in backfill engineering projects.

陕西渭北晚更新世黄土-古土壤结合水膜厚度的试验研究

为深入剖析黄土与古土壤工程性质的影响因素,以陕西渭北晚更新世黄土与古土壤为研究对象,基于核磁共振、比表面积测试并结合理论分析对结合水膜厚度进行研究。试验结果显示:黄土与古土壤的结合水膜厚度存在明显差异,黄土的结合水膜厚度明显大于古土壤,原因在于古土壤孔隙体积及孔径小于黄土,而古土壤中高价阳离子含量大于黄土,同时古土壤颗粒表面分布铁锰质薄膜,其亲水性较弱。分析结合水膜与黄土湿陷性、回弹变形等工程特性间的关系,发现黄土-古土壤的湿陷性随结合水膜厚度的增大而增强,随结合水膜厚度的减小而减弱,结合水膜厚度与卸荷变形系数呈正相关关系。综合分析说明,高价阳离子含量、颗粒表面特性,及孔隙性的不同造成了黄土与古土壤结合水膜厚度的差异,从而导致黄土与古土壤的湿陷性等工程性质有显著区别。

大庆油田X7地区低孔渗储层核磁共振测井可变T_(2)截止值确定方法

T_(2)截止值是计算核磁共振测井束缚水孔隙度、可动流体孔隙度和渗透率的关键参数。在岩心压汞资料与核磁共振测井资料的基础上,提出连续计算低孔隙度低渗透率(低孔渗)储层核磁共振测井T_(2)截止值的方法。用岩心对应深度的核磁共振测井T_(2)谱代替核磁共振实验T_(2)谱,用岩心压汞资料中的渗透率贡献确定束缚水所对应的进汞饱和度,此时剩余汞饱和度即为束缚水饱和度,结合T_(2)谱,通过插值算法得出岩心的T_(2)截止值;分析多块岩心T_(2)截止值在T_(2)谱上的分布规律,从而建立根据T_(2)谱形态连续计算可变T_(2)截止值的方法。在X7地区应用此方法实现核磁共振测井连续T_(2)截止值的计算,用计算出的T_(2)截止值进行孔隙度和渗透率等储层参数计算,明显提升了储层参数计算的精度。

基于核磁共振技术的土体冻结特征曲线试验研究

冻结特征曲线描述了土中未冻水含量随温度变化的规律,给出适用不同土质的冻结特征曲线计算模型具有重要的工程价值。利用核磁共振技术对6种土体的冻结特征曲线进行了测试,给出了描述土体冻结特征曲线的Michalowski模型参数的确定方法,分析了初始含水率和土体性质对冻结特征曲线的影响,利用Michalowski模型参数的特征对模型进行了改进。研究表明,冻结特征曲线与初始含水率无关,冻结过程中不同初始含水率土体的冻结特征曲线相同。在不考虑温度影响时,模型参数wa近似等于土中最大结合水含量,可以作为分析和评价黏性土特性的重要指标参数。改进后的单参数Michalowski模型可实现对未冻水含量的良好预测,降低了模型的复杂性,提升了模型的实用价值,但模型的适用范围,有待验证。

特殊土改良方法及原理研究综述

土质改良是特殊土路基工程中常见的手段。为推动特殊土路基的发展,对目前主要的改良方法进行回顾和介绍。基于目前土质改良方法的基本原理,可分为物理改良和化学改良两类;分析了各种改良方法的优缺点及其适用地区,并从微观结合水角度对特殊土改良的调控机理进行了讨论与展望。虑经济性和环保性,物理和化学改良均须因地制宜,可研究多种材料共同作用的改良方法,从而弥补使用单一材料改良存在的不足。揭示了影响土体强度等特性的内在机理,发现物理和化学改良均会对土中结合水产生显著影响,结合水的变化可能是影响土体强度的主要原因。在未来的工程建设中,可对大部分固体废弃物加以利用,实现变废为宝的目标。本文可以为不同类型的特殊土路基处理提供基础知识和实践方法,同时也可为特殊土用作路基填料提供决策建议和依据。

基于煤颗粒−结合水复合相的水煤浆导热系数预测模型

水煤浆气流床气化是目前大型先进煤气化技术之一,提升水煤浆气化效率有助于推动煤炭清洁高效利用。水煤浆预热技术被认为是提高煤气化能源利用效率的关键技术之一。目前,复杂液固悬浮液导热系数的变化规律和内在机理仍未被完全认识。导热系数是介质流动换热的重要基础参数,表征着其在稳态导热过程的导热能力。利用瞬态热线法测定不同温度下相同质量分数水煤浆的导热系数,实验结果表明:温度越高,导热系数越高。在室温下测定不同质量分数下水煤浆的导热系数,实验结果表明可以分为2个阶段:质量分数从51%增大到58%时为下降区,导热系数快速下降,由0.401 W/(m·K)降至0.358 W/(m·K);而质量分数继续增加,从58%到67%时为恒定区,导热系数基本保持在0.358 W/(m·K)。基于实验结果,综合考虑平行模型、麦克斯韦模型、广义自洽模型等复合材料模型,提出煤颗粒−结合水复合的水煤浆导热系数平行预测模型。水煤浆中的水分包含自由水和结合水,结合水会和煤颗粒形成煤颗粒−结合水复合相,将水煤浆视为复合相和自由水相组成的两相复合材料。在下降区,随着煤颗粒质量分数的增加,自由水相减少,复合相不变,水煤浆导热系数快速降低;在恒定区,随着煤颗粒质量分数的进一步增加,复合相中的结合水量减少,但复合相的导热系数基本维持稳定。

砂-黏土中结合水含量及渗透性的非等温耦合效应

土体结合水性质、渗透性及温度之间的耦合关系,很大程度上决定了土体的温度-渗流-应力耦合行为。开展了非等温条件下饱和土的结合水含量及渗透性试验研究,以揭示温度变化对不同粒径和黏粒含量土体吸附结合水含量和渗透系数的影响机制。研究表明,温升可导致土体吸附结合水含量显著降低,且结合水含量-温度关系显著依赖于颗粒粒径和黏粒含量。由于土粒间的相互作用及结构性效应依赖于黏粒含量及温度,成型砂土/低含黏土和黏土/高含黏土样结合水含量分别不同程度地高于和低于散状土样。同时,温度升高将引起土体渗透系数不同程度的增大,这与升温下自由水运动黏度和吸附结合水含量的降低等因素密切相关,这些因素的作用程度又依赖于黏粒含量和土体孔隙率。在非等温条件下,忽略结合水效应将分别高估和低估低黏粒含量和高黏粒含量土体的渗透性随温度的变化。

石质文物渗水病害分级评估方法分析

针对重庆大足北山石刻不同类型渗水病害,提出了各类渗水病害分级评估方法及细分标准。基于流量—等效开度立方定律总结了不同水力梯度下滴水\流水病害分级临界条件;利用热重法研究了重庆大足紫红色砂岩和灰白色砂岩结合水含量及结合水水膜厚度,提出基于浸水面积的浸水病害分级标准;通过吸湿试验考察不同湿度环境下砂岩吸湿动力学特性,基于Fick定律计算得到不同湿度环境下砂岩水分扩散系数,明确了壁挂水病害的产生条件并提出基于接触角的壁挂水病害分级标准;借助色差仪测量了重庆大足紫红色砂岩和灰白色砂岩干燥状态和湿润状态下CIE-L^(*)a^(*)b^(*)色度坐标,提出了基于不同饱水程度(含水量)砂岩色差值ΔEn的潮湿\湿润病害分级标准。

华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系地层低阻成因、控制因素与地质意义

华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系地层中低阻层发育,明确其成因类型、控制因素以及地质意义,可以充分揭示其中所包含的地质信息,对于相关层系油气资源评价和勘探部署具有积极意义。本文以华北东部太原组和山西组中低阻层为研究对象,综合运用岩心、薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素和测录井资料,围绕其成因类型、控制因素和地质意义开展研究。结果表明:华北东部晚古生代过渡相煤系低阻层主要发育在太1段和山2段,成因类型包括砂泥岩薄互层、高束缚水体积和发育导电矿物,沉积作用和成岩作用控制了低阻的形成;太1段低阻的成因为砂泥岩薄互层和高束缚水体积,潮汐作用导致的潮汐成因层理和微细孔隙发育促进了障壁海岸背景下太1段低阻的形成,山2段低阻的成因为菱铁矿的密集发育,稳定的覆水还原环境和沉积有机物的成岩演化共同控制了三角洲背景下山2段低阻的形成;太1段的低阻和高毛细管束缚水体积指示着潮坪沉积,说明太原组自下而上为一个海退的过程,是对早二叠世早期冈瓦纳冰川迅速扩张和全球海平面快速下降的响应,山2段的低阻和高光电吸收截面指数指示着三角洲前缘沉积,说明山西组由一期三角洲沉积组成。

考虑土体非均质性和孔隙水压力耦合作用的地下连续墙槽壁稳定性研究

针对非均质和富水地层中地下连续墙成槽施工诱发槽壁坍塌失稳的发生机理和破坏模式研究尚不透彻这一现状,利用空间离散技术构建了地下连续墙槽壁极限状态下的三维离散型破坏机制。基于该破坏机制和极限分析上限定理,通过将土体非均质特性和孔隙水压力引入内外能耗功率计算获得了极限状态下槽壁的安全系数目标函数。利用非线性规划算法对该目标函数进行优化计算,得到了地下连续墙槽壁安全系数的最优上限解。为了验证该方法的有效性,将计算得到的槽壁安全系数分别与已有计算结果以及数值模拟结果进行了对比分析,对比结果表明:该方法计算的安全系数与已有计算结果和数值模拟结果基本一致。在此基础上,考虑土体非均质特性和孔隙水压力的耦合作用对地下连续墙槽壁的安全系数进行了参数分析,分析结果表明:孔隙水压力和土体非均质性对地下连续墙槽壁安全系数有较大影响,地下连续墙槽壁安全系数随地下水位高度Hw的升高和黏聚力非均质系数kc的增大而减小,随重度非均质系数kg的增大而增大。