Objective: The tumor tissues used in molecular pathological detection were usually obtained by surgery, which would cause trauma and may not be suitable for the terminal cancer patients. This paper evaluated the value...Objective: The tumor tissues used in molecular pathological detection were usually obtained by surgery, which would cause trauma and may not be suitable for the terminal cancer patients. This paper evaluated the value of the non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) pleural effusion cell blocks as tumor tissues replacement materials in the application of molecular pathological detection. Methods: Tumor cells were made into cell blocks through stratified centrifugal from 30 NSCLC patients with the pleural effusion. The immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gene sequencing methods were employed in our experiments. Results: The tumor cells of cell block section were rich and could keep part of histological structure. Immunohistochemistry staining could assist diagnosis and tumor parting. Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) FISH-positive was found in 33.33% of the group, high polysomy in 6 cases, amplification in 4 cases. EGFR gene mutations were found in 8 cases of 30 samples, with an incidence of 26.67%, 6 cases were detected in the exon 19, and 2 cases were detected in the exon 21. Conclusion: The NSCLC pleural effusion cell blocks are useful for the diagnosis and determining the primary source of tumor, instructed targeted therapy.展开更多
Endoscopic transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatology are generally used to obtain pathological evidence of biliary strictures. Recently, the new endoscopic sc...Endoscopic transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatology are generally used to obtain pathological evidence of biliary strictures. Recently, the new endoscopic scraper Trefle~? has been reported and demonstrated high cancer detectability in malignant biliary strictures. This device is used to scrape the stricture over the guidewire, and, in the original method, the tissue and/or cell samples obtained are subjected to histological and/or cytological analysis separately. However, discrimination of chunks of tissue is hampered by the opacity of the surrounding fluid. We have developed a cell block technique for the Trefle~? device without dividing obtained specimens into tissue and cellular components, which is the simplest method and enables immunohistochemical analysis. We present a case of obstructive jaundice diagnosed immunohistochemically as pancreatic metastasis from colon cancer using cell block sections obtained with the Trefle~? device, which procedure is as easy as conventional brush cytology.展开更多
Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of immunocytochemistry and related gene detection using cell block for the diagnosis and individualized treatment of advanced lung cancer.Methods Sixty-fi...Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of immunocytochemistry and related gene detection using cell block for the diagnosis and individualized treatment of advanced lung cancer.Methods Sixty-five malignant pleural effusion specimens were collected to make cell blocks, which were used for hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining, immunocytochemical studies, and gene sequencing of the tumors to guide the individualized diagnoses and treatment of the given tumors. Results The tumor cells in the cell block sections were abundant in number with high quality cellular structures, and the histological morphological characteristics were partially maintained. Immunocytochemical staining was helpful in identifying the cell origin and tumor classification, and amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS) was used to determine the mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR). Of the 65 samples, 50 had a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, 7 were pulmonary squamous cells, 6 were small cell carcinoma of the lung, and 2 were mesothelioma. The morphological features of the tumors were as follows: acinar formation, papillary and single cells for adenocarcinoma;intercellular bridges for squamous cell carcinoma;and morphology of the small cells is similar to that of the smear. Correlating with the results of immunocytochemical staining and clinical data analysis, 40 cases were confirmed as pulmonary adenocarcinoma, with an additional 4 cases of breast cancer, 3 cases of ovarian adenocarcinoma, and 3 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Of the 47 non-small cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC) patients, EGFR mutations were detected in 26 cases(55.3%) by ARMS, with four mutation types: exon 19 deletion(13 cases, 50.0%), exon 2l point mutations L858R(11 cases, 42.3%) and L861Q(1 case, 3.8%), and exon 18 point mutation G719X(1 case, 3.8%). Conclusion Malignant pleural effusion cell blocks combined with immunocytochemical markers and molecular pathology are helpful for the diagnosis of advanced tumors, the identification of tumor properties and histological tumor origin, and the selection of individualized treatment for advanced lung cancer.展开更多
Great advances in screening have lowered the death rate from cervical cancer in the advanced countries. The major advances in cervical cancer screening include the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and liquid-based cytology (LB...Great advances in screening have lowered the death rate from cervical cancer in the advanced countries. The major advances in cervical cancer screening include the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and liquid-based cytology (LBC). In this study, we aimed to use cell remnants from LBC specimens from uterine cervix and endometrium, aspirates from breast and thyroid tumors, and liquid samples (ascites, pleural effusion, and urine). Cell blocks made from cell remnants of LBC specimens were immunohistochemically or immunocytochemically stained for several biomarkers including certain tumor markers such together with hematoxylin and eosin staining for accurate diagnosis of malignancies in different samples. The findings from the cell blocks stained with these biomarkers combined with those from Pap stain led to easily diagnosis of the presence or absence of malignancies. Our findings suggest the utility of LBC and cell blocks from cell remnants in cytologic diagnosis in certain specimens.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the diagnosis and staging of pancreaticobiliary neoplastic le- sions. Nonetheless, the diagnostic valu...BACKGROUND： Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the diagnosis and staging of pancreaticobiliary neoplastic le- sions. Nonetheless, the diagnostic value of this procedure may be limited by low cellularity of the specimen, contamination of intestinal cells and unfeasibility of ancillary immunocy- tochemical procedures. The present study was to evaluate its usefulness in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions.展开更多
Programmed cell death （PCD） signaling pathways are import- ant contributors to acute neurological insults such as hypox- ic-ischemic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, stroke etc. The pathogenesis of all these di...Programmed cell death （PCD） signaling pathways are import- ant contributors to acute neurological insults such as hypox- ic-ischemic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, stroke etc. The pathogenesis of all these diseases is closely linked with ab- erration of apoptotic cell death pathways. Mitochondria play a crucial role during PCD, acting as both sensors of death signals, and as initiators of biochemical path- ways, which cause cell death （Bras et al., 2005）. Cytochrome c was the firstly identified apoptogenic factor released from mitochondria into the cytosol, where it induces apoptosome formation through the activation of caspases. Other proteins, such as apoptosis inducing factor （AIF）, have been subsequently identified as mitochondrial released factors. AIF contributes to apoptotic nuclear DNA damage （Bras et al., 2005）. in a caspase-independent way展开更多
Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters call...Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering.In this review,we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues.Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis,and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids,making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Here,we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro.Overall,recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal"building blocks"for tissue engineering by“bottom-up”approaches,which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting.Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.展开更多
The presence of cancer cells in circulating blood and the possibility of colonization in the tissues of the body worsen in a determinant way the prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, there are factors in the body th...The presence of cancer cells in circulating blood and the possibility of colonization in the tissues of the body worsen in a determinant way the prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, there are factors in the body that can lead to a prognostic improvement, even in such conditions. In addition to the immune system, other favorable factors can act at the level of the microenvironment of the tumor so much that cases of spontaneous total regression, not only of primary tumors but also metastases, have been reported in the literature. Since it was recently reported that patients with renal tumors and in permanent hemodialysis present at post mortem examination, a metastatic spread much less extensive than observed in patients deceased for renal tumors but not on hemodialysis. The authors maintain it likely that the dialytic membrane concurs to block at least in part the cancer cells circulating in the blood. The possibility to block cancer cells can be extended in addition to the dialytic membrane also to other types of filters inserted in the extracorporeal circulation. The block of the cancer cells thus is obtained and that occurs in regional lymph nodes and in the microenvironment of the tumor causing a relative increase in the elements of the immune system compared to the number of cancer cells, which could determine clearly positive therapeutic results also in cases with advanced metastatic spread.展开更多
In order to handle the huge amounts of data transmitted through hot spots and to increase cell coverage in buildings, this paper proposes a sectored cellular network with small cells (SCNSC) embedded in each sector. T...In order to handle the huge amounts of data transmitted through hot spots and to increase cell coverage in buildings, this paper proposes a sectored cellular network with small cells (SCNSC) embedded in each sector. Two region types, sectors and variable-radius small cells are classified in an SCNSC macro cell. Because the system capacity is enhanced by using fractional frequency reuse (FFR), the overall channel bandwidth is divided into two or three frequency bands depending on whether the number of sectors in a macro cell is even or odd. For the purpose of topological evaluation on the proposed SCNSC, we build an analytical model using Markov chain theory. The performance measures include new-call blocking and handoff-call dropping probabilities, average waiting times, and normalized throughputs in each sector and its embedded small cell by varying mobile stations’ moving speeds, the number of sectors, and the radius size of an embedded small cell. From the evaluation results, it is demonstrated that adjusting either the number of sectors or the coverage of an embedded cell can satisfy different service demands.展开更多
A novel Cooperative Directional inter-cell Handover Scheme(CDHS) for High Altitude Platform(HAP) communications systems is proposed,in which the handover target cell and the two cells adjacent to this handover target ...A novel Cooperative Directional inter-cell Handover Scheme(CDHS) for High Altitude Platform(HAP) communications systems is proposed,in which the handover target cell and the two cells adjacent to this handover target cell work cooperatively to exploit the traffic fluctuation to improve handover performance.Users in the overlap area of the overloaded handover target cell will be forced to handover directionally before their optimal handover boundary in order to free up resources for the handover calls which would otherwise be dropped due to the shortage of resources and queue time out.Simulation results show that the handover call dropping probability is greatly reduced(at least 60%) compared with the general queue handover scheme,with little performance reduction to the call blocking probability,and the Not in the Best Cell(NBC) average time is only increased moderately.Moreover,an optimal cell radius can be achieved for a specific platform speed by minimizing the unified system performance,which is the linear combination of the handover call dropping probability and the NBC average time.展开更多
The synthesis of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-b-tetrahydrofurane-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) triblock copolymer of low molar mass has been carried out. Characterization of the purified polymer by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopie...The synthesis of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-b-tetrahydrofurane-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) triblock copolymer of low molar mass has been carried out. Characterization of the purified polymer by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies is described. These block copolymers did not give DNA containing polyplexes. The in vivo transfection properties were investigated by injection of tibialis muscles and intratracheal administration of female Swiss mice. These triblock copolymers with a molar ratio [2-methyl-2-oxazoline units]/[tetrahydrofurane units] in the 3 - 5 range gave a higher transfection efficiency than that of Lutrol or of PE6400 which are the gold standards of this transfection technique. Hydrolysis increased the performances of muscle transfection, showing the beneficial effect of the presence of positive charges, but was clearly detrimental to the transfection efficiency of pulmonary epithelium.展开更多
目的针对胸腹水在细胞蜡块制作过程中几种常见问题探索合适的方法,提高蜡块的质量。方法分别收集2021年1月至2022年8月福建省肿瘤医院病理科在制作蜡块方面有困难的3种类型胸腹水标本,第1种为血性胸腹水标本,第2种为离心后细胞量较多细...目的针对胸腹水在细胞蜡块制作过程中几种常见问题探索合适的方法,提高蜡块的质量。方法分别收集2021年1月至2022年8月福建省肿瘤医院病理科在制作蜡块方面有困难的3种类型胸腹水标本,第1种为血性胸腹水标本,第2种为离心后细胞量较多细胞的标本,第3种为性状透明清亮或者胶冻状标本、离心后仅有微量可见的细胞标本,3种标本类型分为第1组、第2组、第3组,每组40例。每组均分为A、B两管,A管采用常规方法制作蜡块,B管分别采用不同的改良方法制作蜡块,最终比较三组A、B两管蜡块的质量。结果第1组B管解决了血性胸腹水镜下红细胞较多、有用细胞较少的问题;B管蜡块质量优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ_(2)=72.381,P<0.001)。第2组B管解决了样本较多时制作出的蜡块较为松散,固定不佳,有用细胞流失的问题;B管蜡块制作难易度优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=45.113,P<0.001)。第3组B管解决了样本少、标本性状不佳无法包埋、脱水容易丢失、蜡块制作困难等难题;B管蜡块制作难易度优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=57.945,P<0.001)。结论通过蜡块制作中常见的几种问题,阐明了制作蜡块过程中,可以有针对性地对血性胸腹水使用新柏氏红细胞清洗液,标本量多的标本多1 h 95%酒精固定,量少的标本使用微量细胞蜡块包埋机制作,最大程度解决问题,制作出优质的细胞蜡块。展开更多
文摘Objective: The tumor tissues used in molecular pathological detection were usually obtained by surgery, which would cause trauma and may not be suitable for the terminal cancer patients. This paper evaluated the value of the non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) pleural effusion cell blocks as tumor tissues replacement materials in the application of molecular pathological detection. Methods: Tumor cells were made into cell blocks through stratified centrifugal from 30 NSCLC patients with the pleural effusion. The immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and gene sequencing methods were employed in our experiments. Results: The tumor cells of cell block section were rich and could keep part of histological structure. Immunohistochemistry staining could assist diagnosis and tumor parting. Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) FISH-positive was found in 33.33% of the group, high polysomy in 6 cases, amplification in 4 cases. EGFR gene mutations were found in 8 cases of 30 samples, with an incidence of 26.67%, 6 cases were detected in the exon 19, and 2 cases were detected in the exon 21. Conclusion: The NSCLC pleural effusion cell blocks are useful for the diagnosis and determining the primary source of tumor, instructed targeted therapy.
文摘Endoscopic transpapillary brush cytology and forceps biopsy during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatology are generally used to obtain pathological evidence of biliary strictures. Recently, the new endoscopic scraper Trefle~? has been reported and demonstrated high cancer detectability in malignant biliary strictures. This device is used to scrape the stricture over the guidewire, and, in the original method, the tissue and/or cell samples obtained are subjected to histological and/or cytological analysis separately. However, discrimination of chunks of tissue is hampered by the opacity of the surrounding fluid. We have developed a cell block technique for the Trefle~? device without dividing obtained specimens into tissue and cellular components, which is the simplest method and enables immunohistochemical analysis. We present a case of obstructive jaundice diagnosed immunohistochemically as pancreatic metastasis from colon cancer using cell block sections obtained with the Trefle~? device, which procedure is as easy as conventional brush cytology.
基金Supported by a grant from the Natural Sciences Foundation of Inner Mongolia(No.2017MS08147)
文摘Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of immunocytochemistry and related gene detection using cell block for the diagnosis and individualized treatment of advanced lung cancer.Methods Sixty-five malignant pleural effusion specimens were collected to make cell blocks, which were used for hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining, immunocytochemical studies, and gene sequencing of the tumors to guide the individualized diagnoses and treatment of the given tumors. Results The tumor cells in the cell block sections were abundant in number with high quality cellular structures, and the histological morphological characteristics were partially maintained. Immunocytochemical staining was helpful in identifying the cell origin and tumor classification, and amplification refractory mutation system(ARMS) was used to determine the mutation status of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR). Of the 65 samples, 50 had a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, 7 were pulmonary squamous cells, 6 were small cell carcinoma of the lung, and 2 were mesothelioma. The morphological features of the tumors were as follows: acinar formation, papillary and single cells for adenocarcinoma;intercellular bridges for squamous cell carcinoma;and morphology of the small cells is similar to that of the smear. Correlating with the results of immunocytochemical staining and clinical data analysis, 40 cases were confirmed as pulmonary adenocarcinoma, with an additional 4 cases of breast cancer, 3 cases of ovarian adenocarcinoma, and 3 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Of the 47 non-small cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC) patients, EGFR mutations were detected in 26 cases(55.3%) by ARMS, with four mutation types: exon 19 deletion(13 cases, 50.0%), exon 2l point mutations L858R(11 cases, 42.3%) and L861Q(1 case, 3.8%), and exon 18 point mutation G719X(1 case, 3.8%). Conclusion Malignant pleural effusion cell blocks combined with immunocytochemical markers and molecular pathology are helpful for the diagnosis of advanced tumors, the identification of tumor properties and histological tumor origin, and the selection of individualized treatment for advanced lung cancer.
文摘Great advances in screening have lowered the death rate from cervical cancer in the advanced countries. The major advances in cervical cancer screening include the Papanicolaou (Pap) test and liquid-based cytology (LBC). In this study, we aimed to use cell remnants from LBC specimens from uterine cervix and endometrium, aspirates from breast and thyroid tumors, and liquid samples (ascites, pleural effusion, and urine). Cell blocks made from cell remnants of LBC specimens were immunohistochemically or immunocytochemically stained for several biomarkers including certain tumor markers such together with hematoxylin and eosin staining for accurate diagnosis of malignancies in different samples. The findings from the cell blocks stained with these biomarkers combined with those from Pap stain led to easily diagnosis of the presence or absence of malignancies. Our findings suggest the utility of LBC and cell blocks from cell remnants in cytologic diagnosis in certain specimens.
文摘BACKGROUND： Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the diagnosis and staging of pancreaticobiliary neoplastic le- sions. Nonetheless, the diagnostic value of this procedure may be limited by low cellularity of the specimen, contamination of intestinal cells and unfeasibility of ancillary immunocy- tochemical procedures. The present study was to evaluate its usefulness in the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions.
文摘Programmed cell death （PCD） signaling pathways are import- ant contributors to acute neurological insults such as hypox- ic-ischemic brain damage, traumatic brain injury, stroke etc. The pathogenesis of all these diseases is closely linked with ab- erration of apoptotic cell death pathways. Mitochondria play a crucial role during PCD, acting as both sensors of death signals, and as initiators of biochemical path- ways, which cause cell death （Bras et al., 2005）. Cytochrome c was the firstly identified apoptogenic factor released from mitochondria into the cytosol, where it induces apoptosome formation through the activation of caspases. Other proteins, such as apoptosis inducing factor （AIF）, have been subsequently identified as mitochondrial released factors. AIF contributes to apoptotic nuclear DNA damage （Bras et al., 2005）. in a caspase-independent way
基金the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES),No.88882.366181/2019-01the Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro(FAPERJ),No.E-26/202.682/2018National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),No.467513/2014-7
文摘Scaffold-free techniques in the developmental tissue engineering area are designed to mimic in vivo embryonic processes with the aim of biofabricating,in vitro,tissues with more authentic properties.Cell clusters called spheroids are the basis for scaffold-free tissue engineering.In this review,we explore the use of spheroids from adult mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a model in the developmental engineering area in order to mimic the developmental stages of cartilage and bone tissues.Spheroids from adult mesenchymal stromal/stem cells lineages recapitulate crucial events in bone and cartilage formation during embryogenesis,and are capable of spontaneously fusing to other spheroids,making them ideal building blocks for bone and cartilage tissue engineering.Here,we discuss data from ours and other labs on the use of adipose stromal/stem cell spheroids in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in vitro.Overall,recent studies support the notion that spheroids are ideal"building blocks"for tissue engineering by“bottom-up”approaches,which are based on tissue assembly by advanced techniques such as three-dimensional bioprinting.Further studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate spheroid fusion are now crucial to support continued development of bottom-up tissue engineering approaches such as three-dimensional bioprinting.
文摘The presence of cancer cells in circulating blood and the possibility of colonization in the tissues of the body worsen in a determinant way the prognosis of the disease. Nevertheless, there are factors in the body that can lead to a prognostic improvement, even in such conditions. In addition to the immune system, other favorable factors can act at the level of the microenvironment of the tumor so much that cases of spontaneous total regression, not only of primary tumors but also metastases, have been reported in the literature. Since it was recently reported that patients with renal tumors and in permanent hemodialysis present at post mortem examination, a metastatic spread much less extensive than observed in patients deceased for renal tumors but not on hemodialysis. The authors maintain it likely that the dialytic membrane concurs to block at least in part the cancer cells circulating in the blood. The possibility to block cancer cells can be extended in addition to the dialytic membrane also to other types of filters inserted in the extracorporeal circulation. The block of the cancer cells thus is obtained and that occurs in regional lymph nodes and in the microenvironment of the tumor causing a relative increase in the elements of the immune system compared to the number of cancer cells, which could determine clearly positive therapeutic results also in cases with advanced metastatic spread.
文摘In order to handle the huge amounts of data transmitted through hot spots and to increase cell coverage in buildings, this paper proposes a sectored cellular network with small cells (SCNSC) embedded in each sector. Two region types, sectors and variable-radius small cells are classified in an SCNSC macro cell. Because the system capacity is enhanced by using fractional frequency reuse (FFR), the overall channel bandwidth is divided into two or three frequency bands depending on whether the number of sectors in a macro cell is even or odd. For the purpose of topological evaluation on the proposed SCNSC, we build an analytical model using Markov chain theory. The performance measures include new-call blocking and handoff-call dropping probabilities, average waiting times, and normalized throughputs in each sector and its embedded small cell by varying mobile stations’ moving speeds, the number of sectors, and the radius size of an embedded small cell. From the evaluation results, it is demonstrated that adjusting either the number of sectors or the coverage of an embedded cell can satisfy different service demands.
基金Supported by the China Scholarship Council (2008611011)Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China(20094307110004)
文摘A novel Cooperative Directional inter-cell Handover Scheme(CDHS) for High Altitude Platform(HAP) communications systems is proposed,in which the handover target cell and the two cells adjacent to this handover target cell work cooperatively to exploit the traffic fluctuation to improve handover performance.Users in the overlap area of the overloaded handover target cell will be forced to handover directionally before their optimal handover boundary in order to free up resources for the handover calls which would otherwise be dropped due to the shortage of resources and queue time out.Simulation results show that the handover call dropping probability is greatly reduced(at least 60%) compared with the general queue handover scheme,with little performance reduction to the call blocking probability,and the Not in the Best Cell(NBC) average time is only increased moderately.Moreover,an optimal cell radius can be achieved for a specific platform speed by minimizing the unified system performance,which is the linear combination of the handover call dropping probability and the NBC average time.
文摘The synthesis of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-b-tetrahydrofurane-b-2-methyl-2-oxazoline) triblock copolymer of low molar mass has been carried out. Characterization of the purified polymer by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies is described. These block copolymers did not give DNA containing polyplexes. The in vivo transfection properties were investigated by injection of tibialis muscles and intratracheal administration of female Swiss mice. These triblock copolymers with a molar ratio [2-methyl-2-oxazoline units]/[tetrahydrofurane units] in the 3 - 5 range gave a higher transfection efficiency than that of Lutrol or of PE6400 which are the gold standards of this transfection technique. Hydrolysis increased the performances of muscle transfection, showing the beneficial effect of the presence of positive charges, but was clearly detrimental to the transfection efficiency of pulmonary epithelium.
文摘目的针对胸腹水在细胞蜡块制作过程中几种常见问题探索合适的方法,提高蜡块的质量。方法分别收集2021年1月至2022年8月福建省肿瘤医院病理科在制作蜡块方面有困难的3种类型胸腹水标本,第1种为血性胸腹水标本,第2种为离心后细胞量较多细胞的标本,第3种为性状透明清亮或者胶冻状标本、离心后仅有微量可见的细胞标本,3种标本类型分为第1组、第2组、第3组,每组40例。每组均分为A、B两管,A管采用常规方法制作蜡块,B管分别采用不同的改良方法制作蜡块,最终比较三组A、B两管蜡块的质量。结果第1组B管解决了血性胸腹水镜下红细胞较多、有用细胞较少的问题;B管蜡块质量优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ_(2)=72.381,P<0.001)。第2组B管解决了样本较多时制作出的蜡块较为松散,固定不佳,有用细胞流失的问题;B管蜡块制作难易度优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=45.113,P<0.001)。第3组B管解决了样本少、标本性状不佳无法包埋、脱水容易丢失、蜡块制作困难等难题;B管蜡块制作难易度优于A管,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=57.945,P<0.001)。结论通过蜡块制作中常见的几种问题,阐明了制作蜡块过程中,可以有针对性地对血性胸腹水使用新柏氏红细胞清洗液,标本量多的标本多1 h 95%酒精固定,量少的标本使用微量细胞蜡块包埋机制作,最大程度解决问题,制作出优质的细胞蜡块。
