Correlative factors of poor prognosis and abnormal cellular immune function in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

BACKGROUND Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a serious disease causing human dementia and social problems.The quality of life and prognosis of AD patients have attracted much attention.The role of chronic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD is becoming more and more important.AIM To study the relationship among cognitive dysfunction,abnormal cellular immune function,neuroimaging results and poor prognostic factors in patients.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 62 hospitalized patients clinical diagnosed with AD who were admitted to our hospital from November 2015 to November 2020.Collect cognitive dysfunction performance characteristics,laboratory test data and neuroimaging data from medical records within 24 h of admission,including Mini Mental State Examination Scale score,drawing clock test,blood T lymphocyte subsets,and neutrophils and lymphocyte ratio(NLR),disturbance of consciousness,extrapyramidal symptoms,electroencephalogram(EEG)and head nucleus magnetic spectroscopy(MRS)and other data.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent prog-nostic factors.the modified Rankin scale(mRS)was used to determine whether the prognosis was good.The correlation between drug treatment and prognostic mRS score was tested by the rank sum test.RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that abnormal cellular immune function,extrapyramidal symptoms,obvious disturbance of consciousness,abnormal EEG,increased NLR,abnormal MRS,and complicated pneumonia were related to the poor prognosis of AD patients.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the decrease in the proportion of T lym-phocytes in the blood after abnormal cellular immune function(odd ratio:2.078,95%confidence interval:1.156-3.986,P<0.05)was an independent risk factor for predicting the poor prognosis of AD.The number of days of donepezil treatment to improve cognitive function was negatively correlated with mRS score(r=0.578,P<0.05).CONCLUSION The decrease in the proportion of T lymphocytes may have predictive value for the poor prognosis of AD.It is recommended that the proportion of T lymphocytes<55%is used as the cut-off threshold for predicting the poor prog-nosis of AD.The early and continuous drug treatment is associated with a good prognosis.

Effect of Astragalus Injection on Serious Abdominal Traumatic Patients’ Cellular Immunity

Objective： To explore the change of serious abdominal traumatic patients＇ cellular immunity and the effect of Astragalus Injection （AI） on it. Methods： Sixty-three serious abdominal traumatic patients were randomly assigned into two groups, the conventional group and the treated group, patients in the conventional group were given conventional treatment, while others in the treated group were given conventional treatment as the basis, with Al20 ml was added into 250 ml of 5% glucose solution given through intravenous dripping, and then on the first day and 14th day, their T cell activated antigens as well as that of 10 healthy subjects were monitored. Results： On the first day, in the conventional group and treated group, the levels of CD3^＋ , CD4^＋ , CD4^＋/CD8^＋ , 0D16^＋ , CD69^＋ and CD3^＋/homologous leucocytic antigen-DR （HLA-DR＋ ） were apparently lower than those in the healthy group （ P〈0.05）, while the CD8^＋ was significantly higher than that in the healthy group （P〈0.05）, and there was no significant difference between the conventional group and the treated group （P〉0.05） ; on the 14th days, the levels of CD3^＋, CD4^＋, CD4^＋/CD8^＋, CD16^＋, CD69^＋ and CD3^＋/HLA-DR^＋ of the treated group got closed to healthy subject value, and got even higher than those of conventional group （P〈0. 05）; CD8^＋ got close to that of healthy subjects, while obviously lower than that of conventional group （ P〈0. 05）. Conclusion： After serious abdominal trauma, cellular immunity lowered, auxiliary use of AI was beneficial to the restoration of cellular immunity.

Cellular immunity augmentation in mainstream oncologic therapy

Anticancer immunotherapy has undergone a long evolving journey for decades, and has been dramatically applied to mainstream treatments in oncology in recent 5 years. This progress represents an advanced milestone following cytotoxic medicine and targeted therapy. Cellular immunity plays a pivotal role in the immune responses of hosts to tumor antigens. Such immunity is notably suppressed during neoplastic progression due to immuno-editing processes. Cellular immunity can also be selectively reactivated to combat malignancies while exploiting the advantages of contemporary scientific breakthroughs in molecular immunology and genetic engineering. The rapid advancement of cellular immunity-based therapeutic approaches has achieved high efficacy in certain cancer patients. Consequently, the landscape of oncologic medicine and pharmaceutical innovation has transformed recently. In this regard, we present a comprehensive update on clinically established anti-cancer treatments with cell immunity augmentation as the major mechanism of action.

Cryoablation Combined with TACE for Treating Large Hepatocellular Carcinoma： Tumor Load and Cellular Immunity

OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness on the tumor load and cellular immune function of percutaneous cryoablation （argon-helium cryoablative system, AHCS） combined with transarterial chemoembolization （TACE） for treating large hepatocellular carcinomas （HCCs） with diameters over 10 ca. METHODS A total of 48 HCC patients were treated with AHCS after TACE. Tumor sizes ranged from 10 to 14 cm. All cases were a hypervascular type. There were 38 Child A cases and 10 Child B cases. Forty were AFP positive and 8 negative. The patients were randomized with therapy group consisting of 26 cases and the control group 22 cases. The therapy group received AHCS 4 weeks following TACE treatment. Reexamination included pathology, tumor markers, T-lymphocyte subgroup levels and computed tomography or MRI. The necrosis rate of the tumor load was calculated by Cavalieri＇s theory. EORTC QLQ-C30 was used in quality of life evaluation. RESULTS The average tumor-load reduction rate （necrosis rate） was 8.07% after TACE, and 28.65% after AHCS. Coagulation necrosis was produced in the target area. The tumor markers deceased significantly after AHCS. Tumor-load reduction after AHCS was more significant than after TACE. Suppression of cellular immunity after TACE was significant. In contrast, CD3^＋, CD4^＋ and NK increased after AHCS and an abnormal T-lymphocyte distribution was corrected. Quality of life after AHCS increased according to the EORTC QLQ-C30 evaluation. No severe complications occurred. CONCLUSION Percutaneous AHCS cryoablation after TACE reduced the tumor load in the short term. At the same time, cellular immune function was increased after AHCS. TACE was critical in increasing the therapeutic efficacy of AHCS because of its embolisation of blood vessels preventing a Flow Effect. Reduction of the tumor load in the short term may conduce to increase cellular immunity. Percutaneous AHCS cryoablation combined with TACE can reduce the tumor load, improve cellular immunity and increase quality of life of HCC patients. This type of therapy deserves to be studied further research.

Simultaneous enhancement of cellular and humoral immunity by the lymph node-targeted cholesterolized TLR7 agonist liposomes

Toll-like receptor(TLR)agonists,as promising adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents,have the potential to enhance immune responses and modulate antigen-dependent T-cell immune memory through activation of distinct signaling pathways.However,their clinical application is hindered by uncontrolled systemic inflammatory reactions.Therefore,it is imperative to create a vaccine adjuvant for TLR receptors that ensures both safety and efficacy.In this study,we designed lymph node-targeted cholesterolized TLR7 agonist cationic liposomes(1V209-Cho-Lip^(+))to mitigate undesired side effects.Co-delivery of the model antigen OVA and cholesterolized TLR7 agonist facilitated DC maturation through TLR activation while ensuring optimal presentation of the antigen to CD8^(+)T cells.The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the adjuvant effectiveness of 1V209-Cho-Lip^(+)in tumor vaccines.Following immunization with 1V209-Cho-Lip^(+)+OVA,we observed a pronounced"depot effect"and enhanced trafficking to secondary lymphoid organs.Prophylactic vaccination with 1V209-Cho-Lip^(+)^(+)OVA significantly delays tumor development,prolongs mouse survival,and establishes durable immunity against tumor recurrence.Additionally,1V209-Cho-Lip^(+)+OVA,while used therapeutic tumor vaccine,has demonstrated its efficacy in inhibiting tumor progression,and when combined with anti-PD-1,it further enhances antitumor effects.Therefore,the co-delivery of antigen and lymph node-targeted cholesterolized TLR7 agonist shows great promise as a cancer vaccine.

Predictors of prognosis in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of cognitive dysfunction, immune abnormalities, and advanced neuroimaging

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a grave illness that results in cognitive and social issues.A recent study examined the association between neuroimaging results,cognitive dysfunction,atypical cellular immune function,and poor prognostic factors in AD patients who demonstrated poor prognosis.Poor prognosis was associated with abnormal cellular immune function,extrapyramidal symptoms,altered consciousness,abnormal electroencephalogram,modified Rankin scale,increased neutrophil lymphocyte ratio,and severe pneumonia.The impaired cellular immune function characterized by a reduction in the blood T lym-phocytes’proportion predicted poor prognosis as an independent risk factor in AD.Early initiation and maintenance of AD medications is associated with better outcomes.

Impact of dexmedetomidine-assisted anesthesia in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer

BACKGROUND Radical resection of colon cancer under general anesthesia is one of the main treatment methods for this malignancy.However,due to the physiological charac-teristics of elderly patients,the safety of perioperative anesthesia needs special attention.As anα2-adrenergic receptor agonist,dexmedetomidine(Dex)has attracted much attention from anesthesiologists due to its stabilizing effect on heart rate and blood pressure,inhibitory effect on inflammation,and sedative and analgesic effects.Its application in general anesthesia may have a positive impact on the quality of anesthesia and postoperative recovery in elderly patients undergoing radical resection of colon cancer.METHODS A total of 165 colon cancer patients who underwent radical surgery for colon cancer under general anesthesia at Qingdao University Affiliated Haici Hospital,Qingdao,China were recruited and divided into two groups:A and B.In group A,Dex was administered 30 min before surgery,while group B received an equivalent amount of normal saline.The hemodynamic changes,pulmonary compliance,airway pressure,inflammatory factors,confusion assessment method scores,Ramsay Sedation-Agitation Scale scores,and cellular immune function indicators were compared between the two groups.RESULTS Group A showed less intraoperative hemodynamic fluctuations,better pulmonary compliance,and lower airway resistance compared with group B.Twelve hours after the surgery,the serum levels of TLR-2,TLR-4,IL-6,and TNF-αin group A were significantly lower than those of group B(P<0.05).After extubation,the Ramsay Sedation-Agitation Scale score of group A patients was significantly higher than that of group B patients,indicating a higher level of sedation.The incidence of delirium was significantly lower in group A than in group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The use of Dex as an adjunct to general anesthesia for radical surgery in elderly patients with colon cancer results in better effectiveness of anesthesia.

Effect of liniment levamisole on cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM: To explore the effects of liniment levamisole on cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: The levels of T lymphocyte subsets and mlL-2R in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by biotin-streptavidin (BSA) technique in patients with chronic hepatitis B before and after the treatment with liniment levamisole. RESULTS: After one course of treatment with liniment levamisole, the levels of CD3+, CD4+, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ increased as compared to those before the treatment but the level of CD8+ decreased. The total expression level of mIL-2R in PBMCs increased before and after the treatment with liniment levamisole. CONCLUSION: Liniment levamisole may reinforce cellular immune functions of patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Roles of Tregs in development of hepatocellular carcinoma:A meta-analysis

AIM: To assess systematically the association between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

TfR1 Extensively Regulates the Expression of Genes Associated with Ion Transport and Immunity

Transferrin receptor 1(TfR1),encoded by the TFRC gene,is the gatekeeper of cellular iron uptake for cells.A variety of molecular mechanisms are at work to tightly regulate TfR1 expression,and abnormal TfR1 expression has been associated with various diseases.In the current study,to determine the regulation pattern of TfR1,we cloned and overexpressed the human TFRC gene in HeLa cells.RNA-sequencing(RNA-seq)was used to analyze the global transcript levels in overexpressed(OE)and normal control(NC)samples.A total of 1669 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified between OE and NC.Gene ontology(GO)analysis was carried out to explore the functions of the DEGs.It was found that multiple DEGs were associated with ion transport and immunity.Moreover,the regulatory network was constructed on basis of DEGs associated with ion transport and immunity,highlighting that TFRC was the node gene of the network.These results together suggested that precisely controlled TfR1 expression might be not only essential for iron homeostasis,but also globally important for cell physiology,including ion transport and immunity.

Role of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the presence of serum autoantibodies and chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis.The pathogenesis of PBC involves environmental factors,genetic predisposition and loss of immune tolerance.In recent years,it has become univocally accepted that an inappropriately activated immune response is one of the most important factors in PBC.In this study,the role of autoimmunity in PBC is summarized and a feasible research orientation is recommended.

HPV16E7-HSP70 Hybrid DNA Vaccine Induces E7-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells and Antitumor Immunity

Using human papillomavirus type 16 （HPV16） E7 as an antigen and Heat Shock Protein 70 as adjuvant, we constructed a DNA vaccine by linking HSP70 gene to E7^C91G; gene. Mice, after being immunized with E7^C91G;-HSP70, E7^C91G/HSP70, E7^C91G, and wild E7 DNA vaccines respectively, produced E7 specific CD8^＋ T-cell precursor frequencies of 280.33±2.52, 144.34±4.04, 164.34±5.13 and 82.33±3.51 respectively within every 1 × 10^5 mouse splenocytes. This proves that E7^C91G-HSP70 fusion vaccine can significantly enhance the E7 specific cellular immunity within the mice body（p〈0. 01）. After being immunized with E7^C91G-HSP70 fusion vaccine, tumor-bearing mice of the group being treated have significantly longer latency and survival periods, comparing with other three categories of E7 vaccines. Experiment shows that this vaccine has a significant effect on enhancing E7 positive tumor-treatment within mice body. After being immunized with E7^C91G-HSP70 vaccine, there were no pathological changes found in livers, kidneys and spleens of the mice, which proves that the vaccine is quite safe. After all, E7^C91G-HSP70 fusion vaccine has a much stronger tumor- treatment effect than thai of wild type E7 DNA vaccine.

Functional identification of C-type lectin in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.)innate immunity

C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.

Efficient Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by a Chimeric Virus-like Particle Displaying the Epitope of EV71 without Adjuvant

Objective To eliminate the side effects of aluminum adjuvant and His-tag,we constructed chimeric VLPs displaying the epitope of EV71（SP70） without His-tagged.Then evaluating whether the VLPs could efficiently evoke not only humoral but also cellular immune responses against EV71 without adjuvant.Methods The fusion protein was constructed by inserting SP70 into the MIR of truncated HBc Ag sequence,expressed in E.Coli,and purified through ion exchange chromatography and density gradient centrifugation.Mice were immunized with the VLPs and sera were collected afterwards.The specific antibody titers,Ig G subtypes and neutralizing efficacy were detected by ELISA,neutralization assay,and EV71 lethal challenge.IFN-γ and IL-4 secreted by splenocytes were tested by ELISPOT assay.Results HBc-SP70 proteins can self-assemble into empty VLPs.After immunization with HBc-SP70 VLPs,the detectable anti-EV71 antibodies were effective in neutralizing EV71 and protected newborn mice from EV71 lethal challenge.There was no significant difference for the immune efficacy whether the aluminum adjuvant was added or not.The specific Ig G subtypes were mainly IgG1 and IgG2 b and splenocytes from the mice immunized produced high levels of IFN-γ and IL-4.Conclusion The fusion proteins without His-tagged was expressed and purified as soluble chimeric HBc-SP70 VLPs without renaturation.In the absence of adjuvant,they were efficient to elicit high levels of Th1/Th2 mixed immune response as well as assisted by aluminum adjuvant.Furthermore,the chimeric VLPs have potential to prevent HBV and EV71 infection simultaneously.

EFFECTS OF REINFORCED DECOCTION OF ANGELICAE SINENSIS FOR ENRICHING BLOOD ON THE IMMUNITY OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSED MICE

Objective To investigate the effect of reinforced Decoction of Angelicae Sinensis for enriching blood (RDAEB) on the immunity of immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy). Methods Mice were given RDAEB through stomach perfusion for 10 d (50 mg/d). Then, RBC-C3bR rate,RBC-IC rate (as the index- es of erythrocyte immunity)and E-rosette forming rate,acidic a-naphthyl acetate esterase positive rate, lymphocyte transformation rate (as the indexes of cellular immunity) of mice were tested. Results RBC-C3Br rate, RBC-IC rat- e,E-rosette forming rate, acidic α-naphthyl acetate esterase positive rate and lymphocyte transformation rate in the Cy-RDAEB group were markedly higher than those in the Cy group (P<0.0l),and returned to the levels of normal group. Conclusion RDAEB is effective in recovering and enhancing cellular and erythrocyte immunity of immuno- suppressed mice.

Changes in cellular proliferation and plasma products are associated with liver failure

AIM To study the differences in immune response and cytokine profile between acute liver failure and selflimited acute hepatitis.METHODS Forty-six patients with self-limited acute hepatitis(AH), sixteen patients with acute liver failure(ALF), and twenty-two healthy subjects were involved in this study. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory products in plasma samples were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunoassays and quantitative real-time PCR. The cellular immune responses were measured by proliferation assay using flow cytometry. The groups were divided into viral- and non-viral-induced selflimited AH and ALF. Thus, we worked with five groups: Hepatitis A virus(HAV)-induced self-limited acute hepatitis(HAV-AH), HAV-induced ALF(HAV-ALF), nonviral-induced self-limited acute hepatitis(non-viral AH), non-viral-induced acute liver failure(non-viral ALF), and healthy subjects(HC). Comparisons among HAV and non-viral-induced AH and ALF were performed.RESULTS The levels of mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA) and the cytokines investigated [interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor] were significantly increased in ALF patients, independently of etiology(P < 0.05). High plasma mt DNA and IL-10 were the best markers associated with ALF [mt DNA: OR = 320.5(95%CI: 14.42-7123.33), P < 0.0001; and IL-10: OR = 18.8(95%CI: 1.38-257.94), P = 0.028] and death [mt DNA: OR = 12.1(95%CI: 2.57-57.07), P = 0.002; and IL-10: OR = 8.01(95%CI: 1.26-50.97), P = 0.027]. In the cellular proliferation assay, NK^(bright), NKT and regulatory T cells(TReg) predominated in virusspecific stimulation in HAV-induced ALF patients with an anergic behavior in the cellular response to mitotic stimulation. Therefore, in non-viral-induced ALF, anergic behavior of activated T cells was not observed after mitotic stimulation, as expected and as described by the literature. CONCLUSION mt DNA and IL-10 may be predictors of ALF and death. TReg cells are involved in immunological disturbance in HAV-induced ALF.

Effect of Different Oligosaccharides on Immunity and Production Performance of Piglets

[ Objective] To study the effects of different oligosaccharides on immunity and production performance of piglets.[ Method] A total of 75 Yorkshire x Rongchang piglets were assigned into five groups, 15 in each group. Isomalto-oligosaccharide （ IMO）, fructo-oligosaccharide （ FOS）, mannan-oligosacchadde （MOS）, and mixed oligosacchadde were supplemented to basal diet （7.5 g/kg）, respectively. The control group was also set. The experimental period lasted for 53 d. The clinic symptoms and diarrhea were observed. All piglets were weighed once a week. Feed intake was also recorded. Blood was collected via precaval vein for determination of immunology indexes at the age of 30 and 60 d, respectively. [ Result] The IMO and FOS enhanced cellular immunity of 30-day-old piglets significantly （P 〈 0.05）, and the IMO also enhanced their humoral immunity. The MOS enhanced cellular immunity and humoral immunity of 60-day-old piglets significantly （P 〈 0.05）. It also improved production performance largest, and its diarrhea rate was the lowest. [ Conclusion] Different oligosaccharides have various effects on immunity and production performance of oiolets.

Humoral and cellular immunogenecity of DNA vaccine based on hepatitis B core gene in rhesus monkeys

INTRODUCTIONHepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most commonetiologic agent for infectious liver diseases. It isestimated that there are more than 250 millionchronic HBV carriersin the world today and thereis a significant association among persistentinfection, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellularcarcinoma[1-3].

THE HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES INDUCED BY HPV18L1-E6/E7 DNA VACCINES IN MICE

Objective To construct eukaryotic expression vector of HPV18 L1-E6, E7 chimeric gene and examine the humoral and cellular immune responses induced by this DNA vaccines in mice. Methods The C-terminal of major capsid protein L1 gene and mutant zinc finger domains of early E6/7 oncogenes in HPV18 were integrated and inserted into eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1 to generate vaccines pVAX1-L1E6Mxx, E7Mxx. CHO cells were transiently transfected with the individual construct. Target protein expressions in the lysate of the transfected cells were measured by ELISA and immunocytochemistry. After BALB/c mice were vaccinated with various recombinant plasmids(pVAX1-L1-E6M3 or pVAX1-L1-E7M3) and immunie adjuvants (pLXHDmB7-2 or LTB) through different administration routes (intramuscular or intranasal) , the great cellular immune responses were produced as revealed by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and lymphocyte proliferation, and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ cells in CD4 + and CD8 + subpopulations. Results The highly efficient expression of pVAX1-L1E6Mxx, E7Mxx vector in host eukaryotic cells were demonstrated both by ELISA and immunocytochemistry. The level of specific serum IgG against HPV in experiment groups mice was much higher than that of control group, and intranuscular immunization group had the highest antibody level. Intramuscular immunization groups were superior to intranasal immunization groups in DTH response, splenocyte proliferation and CD8+ IFN-γ + cells number, but CD4 + IL4 + cell number was higher in intranasal immunization groups. The immunization groups using pLXHDmB7-2 as adjuvant were superior to other groups in immunoresponse. Conclusion These DNA vaccines produce remarkable cellular and humoral immune responses in the mouse and may provide as prophylatic and therapeutic candidates for HPV induced cancer treatment.

Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with physiological responses during rat liver regeneration:Cellular immune response

AIM： To study the cellular immune response during rat liver regeneration （LR） at a transcriptional level. METHODS： Genes associated with the cellular immune response were obtained by collecting the data from databases and retrieving articles. Gene expression changes during LR were detected by rat genome 230 2.0 array. RESULTS： A total of 127 genes were found to be associated with LR. The number of initially and totally expressing genes in the initial phase of LR [0.5-4 h after partial hepatectomy （PH）], transition from Go-G, （4-6 h after PH）, cell proliferation （6-66 h after PH）, cell differentiation and structure-function reconstruction （66-168 h after PH） was 54, 11, 34, 3 and 54, 49, 70, 49 respectively, illustrating that the associated genes were mainly triggered at the initiation of LR, and worked at different phases. According to their expression similarity, these genes were classified into 41 up-regulated, 21 predominantly up-regulated, 41 down-regulated, 14 predominantly down-regulated, 10 similarly up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. The total up- and down-regulated expression times were 419 and 274, respectively, demonstrating that the expression of most genes was increased while the expression of a small number of genes was decreased. Their time relevance was classified into 14 groups, showing that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities were staggered during LR. According to the gene expression patterns, they were classified into 21 types, showing the activities were diverse and complicated during LR.CONCLUSION： Antigen processing and presentation are enhanced mainly in the forepart, prophase and anaphase of LR. T-cell activation and antigen elimination are enhanced mainly in the forepart and prophase of LR. A total of 127 genes associated with LR play an important role in cellular immunity.