Quantification of Cement Content in Mortars Using the Background of X-Ray Diffraction Spectra

This study proposes a model to determine the content of cement in mortars using the background of X-ray diffraction （XRD） spectra taking advantage of the fact that fluorescence radiation for the Cu anticathode is different in cement paste and aggregates, and also that cement paste and aggregates have different crystallinity degrees. The method has been tested for limestone mortars with five different types of cement： I52,5N/SR, CEMII/A-L32,5N, IIIA42,5N/SR, IVA（V）32,5N/SR y CAC.

Prediction of Free Lime Content in Cement Clinker Based on RBF Neural Network

Considering the fact that free calcium oxide content is an important parameter to evaluate the quality of cement clinker, it is very significant to predict the change of free calcium oxide content through adjusting the parameters of processing technique. In fact, the making process of cement clinker is very complex. Therefore, it is very difficult to describe this relationship using the conventional mathematical methods. Using several models, i e, linear regression model, nonlinear regression model, Back Propagation neural network model, and Radial Basis Function （RBF） neural network model, we investigated the possibility to predict the free calcium oxide content according to selected parameters of the production process. The results indicate that RBF neural network model can predict the free lime content with the highest precision （1.3%） among all the models.

High Water Content Material Based on Ba-Bearing Sulphoaluminate Cement

A new type of high water content material which is made up of two pastes is prepared, one is refute from lime and gypsum, and another is based on Ba-bearing sulphoaluminate cement. It has excellent properties such as slow single paste solidifing ,fust double pustes solidifing ,fast coagulating and hardening, high early strength, good suspeasion property at high W/C ratio and low cost. Meanwhile, the properties and hydration mechanism of the material were analyzed by using XRD, DTA- TG and SEM. The hydrated products of new type of high water content material are Ba-bearing ettringite, BaSO4 , aluminum gel and C-S-H gel.

Effect of Sand Content on Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Mortar

The effects of four sand contents on the compressive, flexural and splitting-tensile strength of cement mortars were evaluated. Moreover, we experimentally investigated the pore structure of cement mortar brought about by changing the sand content and water/cement ratio. The changes in the pore structure were quantified by measuring the porosity and pore size distribution obtained by using mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） technique. The test results show that the strengths of cement mortar increase with increasing sand content. It is also suggested that the traditional water/cement ratio law can be applied to cement mortar with different sand contents, provided that a slight modification is introduced. Sand content is an important parameter influencing the pore structure of cement mortar. Moreover, there is a good relationship between the pore structure and strength of cement mortar.

Influence of Water Content on Conductivity and Piezoresistivity of Cement-based Material with both Carbon Fiber and Carbon Black

The influence of water content on the conductivity and piezoresistivity of cement-based material with carbon fiber （CF） and carbon black （CB） was investigated. The piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB was compared with that of cement-based material with CF only, and the changes in electrical resistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB under static and loading conditions in different drying and soaking time were studied. It is found that the piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB has better repeatability and linearity than that of cement-based material with CF only. The conductivity and the sensitivity of piezoresistive cement-based material with both CF and CB are enhanced as the water content in piezoresistive cement-based material increases.

Key parameters controlling electrical resistivity and strength of cement treated soils

The improvement of question soils with cement shows great technical, economic and environmental advantages. And interest in introducing electrical resistivity measurement to assess the quality of cement treated soils has increased markedly recently due to its economical, non-destructive, and relatively non-invasive advantages. This work aims to quantify the effect of cement content （aw）, porosity （nt）, and curing time（T） on the electrical resistivity （p） and unconfined compression strength （UCS） of cement treated soil. A series of electrical resistivity tests and UCS tests of cement treated soil specimen after various curing periods were carried out. A modified Archie empirical law was proposed taking into account the effect of cement content and curing period on the electrical resistivity of cement treated soil. The results show that nt/（aw·T） and nt/（aw·T^1/2） ratio are appropriate parameters to assess electrical resistivity and UCS of cement treated soil, respectively. Finally, the relationship between UCS and electrical resistivity was also established.

The Mechanical Properties of Coastal Soil Treated with Cement

The influences of cement type, cement content, and curing time on the unconfined compression strength （UCS） of soil-cement were investigated. The influence of groundwater on UCS of soil- cement was also studied. The experimental results indicate that the soil treated with high grade cement presents a higher UCS. Additionally, the UCS of soil-cement presents linearly increased with the cement content. A logarithm correlation between UCS and curing time presents to forecast the strength development. Compared with the UCS of samples immersed in distilled water, those immersed in groundwater oresent a hizher value.

Physical model investigation on effects of drainage condition and cement addition on consolidation behavior of tailings slurry within backfilled stopes

Estimation of stressses within the tailings slurry during self-weight consolidation is a critical issue for cost-effective barricade design and efficient backfill planning in underground mine stopes.This process requires a good understanding of self-weight consolidation behaviors of the tailings slurry within practical stopes,where many factors can have significant effects on the consolidation,including drainage condition and cement addition.In this paper,the prepared tailings slurry with different cement contents(0,4.76wt%,and 6.25wt%)was poured into1.2 m-high columns,which allowed three drainage scenarios(undrained,partial lateral drainage near the bottom part,and full lateral drainage boundaries)to investigate the effects of drainage condition and cement addition on the consolidation behavior of the tailings slurry.The consolidation behavior was analyzed in terms of pore water pressure(PWP),settlement,volume of drainage water,and residual water content.The results indicate that increasing the length of the drainage boundary or cement content aids in PWP dissipation.In addition,constructing an efficient drainage boundary was more favorable to PWP dissipation than increasing cement addition.The final stable PWP on the column floor was not sensitive to cement addition.The final settlement of uncemented tailings slurry was independent of drainage conditions,and that of cemented tailings slurry decreased with the increase in cement addition.Notably,more pore water can drain out from the cemented tailings slurry than the uncemented tailings slurry during consolidation.

Experimental Study on Improvement Effects of Completely Weathered Phyllite Using Red Clay and Cement for High-Speed Railway Embankments

Completely weathered phyllite(CWP)has the characteristics of difficult compaction,low shear strength after compaction and large settlement after construction.The traditional improvement method using a single agent of red clay or cement for CWP satisfies the subgrade requirements for ordinary railway,but cannot meet the requirements of immediate strength and long-term post-construction settlement of high-speed railway at the same time.A series of experimental investigations were undertaken for the blended CWP soils,with three additives used.The first additive was red clay,the second was cement and the third was a combination of both red clay and cement at various portions.Results of consolidation test and shear strength test carried out for the treated CWP soils show that:1)The effect of cement on improving the compression modulus of CWP is much better than that of red clay;2)The settlement of an embankment of 10 m high formed by blended soil of CWP with 3%cement can be controlled within 15 mm,while the settlement will be 25.15 mm for the same embankment of blended soil of CWP with 40%red clay;3)The shear strength and ultimate bearing capacity of CWP improved by red clay are much better than those of 5%cement;4)The ultimate bearing capacity of CWP improved by 40%red clay is 3.42 times of that by 3%cement and 2.95 times by 5%cement.Furthermore,the bearing capacity of CWP when improved by red clay can meet railway subgrade requirements immediately after compaction,while cement improved CWP needs a curing time of 1 day or longer.This is an impediment to rapid construction process.The improvement mechanism of red clay is mainly filling effect and grading improvement effect,while the improvement mechanism of cement is mainly hardening reaction,which produces high strength material to cement.It is found that 40%red clay and 3%cement treated CWP,which is considered to be optimum,can meet the subgrade requirements of both immediate bearing capacity and long-term post-construction settlement for the high-speed railway.

Correlative Mechanism of Hydraulic-mechanical Property in Cemented Paste Backfill

Hydraulic characteristic is a good indication of binder hydration, which determines the strength development of cemented paste backfill（CPB）. Therefore, the hydraulic characteristic should be communicated with the mechanical property to provide an advanced knowledge that can help mine workers make a rational strategy and reduce the mining cycle. An experimental program was performed to obtain the hydraulic（monitored by suction and volumetric water content） and mechanical properties（unconfined compressive strength（UCS） test） of CPB at the 28 days curing age. According to the monitoring and testing results, the relationships between the hydration reaction rate and volumetric water content（VWC）, suction and VWC, suction and UCS were established. The hydration degree showed a liner rise as the VWC decreased. Curves of the VWC and UCS were featured with a nonlinear reduction and nonlinear growth（both are exponential functions） as the suction rising, respectively. These established relationships validated the strong correlative mechanism of hydraulic and mechanics behavior for CPB. Also, the results of the present research indicated that the hydraulic characteristics and mechanical property were strongly coupled. These correlations and couplings will be of great importance to understand the hardening process of CPB and bring to a safe CPB field operation.

Microstructure and properties of Y_2O_3-doped steel-cemented WC prepared by microwave sintering

Steel-cemented WC was prepared by ball milling, cold compacting and microwave sintering with Fe powder as the matrix, WC as the hard phase and the addition of rare earth Y2O3. The results show that the interface of the WC particles and Fe matrix exhibits excellent wettability and liquidity when the microwave sintering temperature reaches 1,280℃. The density and mechanical properties of the steel bonded WC carbides could be greatly improved, the hard phases become finer and more uniform dispersed owing to the addition of Y2O3. With the increase of the Y2O3 contents, the grain becomes uniform and fine first, and then gathers and grows up. The relative density, microhardness and bending strength all rise first, reaching the maximum values of 97.29 %, HV1024 and 1,267.60 MPa at 0.5 % Y2O3, respectively, and then decrease. Moreover, the relative density and mechanical properties of the steel-cemented WC with nano-Y2O3 are higher than that with micron-Y2O3, which indicates that the effect of nano-Y2O3 is better than that of the micron-Y2O3.

Analytical Methods for Prediction of Water Absorption in Cement-Based Material

The capillary absorption of water by unsaturated cement-based material is the main reason of degradation of the structures subjected to an aggressive environment since water often acts as the transporting medium for damaging contaminants. It is well known that the capillarity coefficient and sorptivity are two important parameters to characterize the water absorption of porous materials. Generally, the former is used to describe the penetration depth or height of water transport, which must be measured by special and advanced equipment. In contrast, the sorptivity represents the relationship between cumulative volume of water uptake and the squareroot of the elapsed time, which can be easily measured by the gravimetric method in a normal laboratory condition. In the present study, an analytical method is developed to build up a bridge between these two parameters, with the purpose that the sorptivity or the gravimetric method can be used to predict the penetration depth of water absorption. Additionally, a new model to explain the dependence of sorptivity on initial water content of the material is developed in order to fit the in situ condition. The comparison of predicted results by the analytical method with experimental data or numerical calculation results, as well as some previous models, validates the feasibility of the methods presented in this paper.

干湿循环对自密实水泥土力学特性影响研究

为了探究干湿循环对自密实水泥土力学性能的影响规律,通过试验对比分析了不同水泥掺量下的自密实水泥土在不同干湿循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度,探讨了自密实水泥土的外观破损程度和强度劣化规律,并根据强度衰减规律,建立循环次数与劣化后强度的经验公式。研究发现干湿循环作用下自密实水泥土第j次循环后的强度衰减率是第1次强度衰减率的j^(0.3)倍;自密实水泥土应力-应变曲线峰值强度会随着循环次数的增加逐渐降低,试样的破坏类型由脆性破坏变成塑性破坏。

碱含量对水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响

选择低热硅酸盐水泥、中热硅酸盐水泥和普通硅酸盐水泥作为研究对象,利用外掺Na2SO4和K_(2)SO_(4)将其总碱含量调节至0.8%和1.2%,利用椭圆环法,并从干燥收缩性能、水化产物形貌、显微硬度及水化产物微观力学的角度,探究了碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响。结果表明:随着碱含量的提高,不同水泥基材料的开裂敏感性增加;低热硅酸盐水泥具有较高的抗裂能力,且适当地提高碱含量,有助于提高其抗裂性能;干燥收缩性并不能完全揭示碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响机制。碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的提高还与其微观特性有关,通过促使水化产物形貌发生转变,提高其显微硬度,降低水泥基材料浆体适应变形的能力;通过降低唯一具有胶凝特性的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)簇间粘结力,降低水泥基材料浆体抵抗开裂的能力。

基于高岭土增韧环氧树脂水泥基材料的多强度组合指标配比优化法

煅烧高岭土能有效改善环氧树脂水泥基材料的力学性能,实验表明:煅烧高岭土可大大提高环氧树脂水泥基材料的3 d早期抗折、抗压强度,当高岭土掺量为30%时,改性环氧树脂水泥基材料的抗折及抗压强度分别提高了134.28%、106.25%;当高岭土掺量小于30%时,改性环氧树脂水泥基材料具有二次抗折强度,且抗折强度残余率大于50%。根据不同高岭土掺量对改性环氧树脂水泥基材料抗压强度、抗折强度、二次抗折强度的影响规律,提出了适用于不同结构工程受力特点的多强度组合指标配比优化法,获得了考虑二次抗拉强度影响的不同最大拉应力和最大压应力组合条件下最优的高岭土配比,为实际不同结构体不同部位不同受力特征的高岭土改性环氧树脂水泥基材料制备提供了理论依据。

注浆-冻结联合工法加固地铁隧道地表融沉特性研究

在地铁隧道修建过程中若遇到复杂不良地质,单一工法有时无法将冻胀融沉位移控制在预期范围内,而采用注浆-冻结联合工法施工,能够有效控制土体融沉位移的施工参数。本文以广州地铁三号线某折返线隧道冻结工程为背景,隧道所处地层为砂质黏土地层,采用有限元数值分析软件,建立水热力耦合模型分析地铁隧道冻胀融沉位移场的发展规律,并与实测数据进行对比验证了模型可靠性,建立不同注浆半径的地铁隧道模型。通过对比其注浆控制效果,得出该法能够控制地表融沉位移的最佳注浆半径,并在此基础上研究了不同水泥掺量对土体融沉位移的影响,进一步得出能够有效控制土体融沉位移的施工参数。结果表明,采用水泥预加固-人工冻结联合工法施工,注浆半径选取4~5 m对融沉的控制效果最佳,注浆半径在4 m以上时土体融沉位移的效率开始有了明显的减弱。水泥掺量大于9%时,改善土体融沉位移的效率开始提高;而水泥掺量达到12%以后,改善土体融沉竖向位移的效率变缓。注浆半径设定在4 m,水泥掺量设定为12%,此时与原施工方案对比,自然解冻末期地表融沉量减小了73%。本研究的设计参数可为其他类似工程施工提供理论依据。

压滤渣粉活性及其对水泥胶砂性能的影响研究

针对搅拌站压滤渣的资源化利用问题,分析了其矿物组成,利用化学滴定法和热重法分析了压滤渣中未水化水泥的近似含量,并研究了搅拌站压滤渣粉对水泥胶砂需水性、力学性能的影响。结果表明:压滤渣中矿物种类稳定,相对于水泥,压滤渣粉的需水量增加;存放18 d,压滤渣中未水化水泥质量分数约为27.7%,活性较低,粉磨处理对提高压滤渣粉活性影响不大;相对于原状压滤渣粉,粉磨处理后的压滤渣粉对水泥胶砂抗压强度和抗折强度提升效果甚微。磨细压滤渣粉混凝土的干燥收缩性能低于基准组,且在28 d时的干燥收缩率达到最大,标准养护28 d时压滤渣粉混凝土的表面存在不连续的纤维状C-S-H凝胶,分布零乱,没有形成网状结构。

基于无侧限抗压强度试验的不同养护环境对水泥土强度影响研究

以福建省宁德市连城路(疏港路-学院路段)道路工程项目为依托,采用无侧限抗压强度试验系统研究了不同养护条件、不同水泥掺量、不同养护龄期对水泥土强度的影响。结果表明:当水泥掺量和养护龄期均相同时,试验箱中水泥土的无侧限抗压强度均小于标养箱;在同一水泥掺量下,试验箱和标养箱中水泥土的无侧限抗压强度均与养护龄期成正相关,即随着养护龄期的增加而增长,但其强度增长幅度随着养护龄期的增加逐渐降低;同一养护龄期下,不同养护条件下水泥土的无侧限抗压强度均随着水泥掺量的增加而增长,且试验箱和标养箱中试样的强度差值随着水泥掺量的增加逐渐加快。

新拌固化淤泥流动性测试标准试验研究

流动性是评判新拌固化淤泥能否进行流动化施工的关键指标,一般采用流动度试验方法。研究流动度测试试验标准是推动新拌固化淤泥流动化施工的重要内容。采用目前主流的3种流动度测量筒/截锥圆模,研究初始含水比、水泥掺量及水化反应时间对淤泥和新拌固化淤泥流动度的影响,讨论3种流动度测量模具所反映的流动度规律异同及适用性。研究发现:(1)淤泥和新拌固化淤泥流动度具有最大/小值,随着初始含水比的增加呈现S形增长。(2)水泥掺量从0变为50 kg/m^(3)时对流动度影响最大,掺量继续增加流动度变化趋缓;水泥掺量固定时,水灰比和流动度呈现较明显的线性关系;3种流动度测量模具所得的拟合参数变化规律类似。(3)随着水泥水化反应的进行,新拌固化淤泥流动度下降,较高水泥掺量时流动度下降更快。(4)JHS.A 313和GB/T2419流动度测量筒对初始含水比的变化关联度更强;ASTM D6103流动度测量筒因为其过长的高度,在实际操作中易造成试样倾斜,GB/T2419测量筒则更容易混进空气,二者均对试验结果产生较大影响,因此推荐使用JHS.A313流动度测量筒进行淤泥、新拌固化淤泥流动度的研究。

矿渣水泥基复合材料在杂散电流作用下的抗软水溶蚀机理研究

在轨道交通工程运营期间,复杂的服役环境导致混凝土结构耐久性下降。本文主要研究了在杂散电流与软水溶蚀耦合作用下,矿渣掺量、水胶比和杂散电流电压强度对矿渣水泥基复合材料微观结构的影响。结合X射线衍射、热重、扫描电子显微镜和压汞等方法,分析了矿渣水泥基复合材料经溶蚀90 d后的物相组成、Ca(OH)_(2)含量、微观形貌以及孔结构变化。研究结果表明:矿渣掺量越大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量越少,材料的孔隙率越低,结构更均匀致密;随着杂散电流电压强度的增加,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)和AFt含量变少,且AFt和Ca(OH)_(2)等物相边界变得模糊不清;矿渣水泥基复合材料中C-(A)-S-H的含量略有增多,孔隙率略有下降;随着水胶比的增大,矿渣水泥基复合材料内部的Ca(OH)_(2)含量变少,剩余物相含量变少,微观结构变得松散多孔,孔径结构整体粗化,孔隙率增大。