Gentiana macrophylla Pall.:a review of the basic source,traditional use,chemical components,pharmacological activities and quality control

Gentiana macrophylla Pall.(G.macrophylla),whose genus and family belong to the Gentianaceae and Gentiana.The main distribution centers of G.macrophylla resources were the Loess Plateau and the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.G.macrophylla,as a traditional medicine,has a long history and was used in different ethnic medicines.Its roots were used in traditional Chinese medicine,which had the effect of anti-inflammatory,anti-rheumatism,antiviral,promote blood circulation,eliminate swelling and pain,while its flowers were used in traditional Mongolian medicine,which had the effect of removing“Xieriwusu”(“Xieriwusu”means rheumatism),antiviral,reducing swelling.From previous studies,it could be found that there were more than forty components isolated and identified from G.macrophylla.The main chemical components were iridoids,flavonoids,triterpenoids,steroids,phenylpropanoids,and alkaloids.Iridoid terpenoid components represented by gentiopicroside and Loganic acid were the main components of the root of G.macrophylla,which had anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,hepatoprotective,analgesic,antibacterial and promote gastrointestinal tract activities.The flower mainly contains isoorientin and isovitexin as the representative of flavonoids.They have anti-tumor,liver protection,heart protection,inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and inhibition of melanin.It could be seen from previous studies that the research on G.macrophylla was mainly focused on the root,and the flower was rarely studied.It was reported that the experimental data of the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of G.macrophylla flowers show that its curative effect was very good.Therefore,the flowers of the flower of G.macrophylla can be used as potential medicinal parts for research.Given that flavonoids are mostly found in flowers and exhibit a range of functions,it is possible to investigate the flowers in order to learn more about G.macrophylla’s potential medical benefits.Based on botanical books,Chinese classic texts,medical monographs and academic search engines(Google,Google Scholar,Web of Science,SciFinder,Pubmed,CNKI,Sci-hub,Elsevier and Wanfang),the data and information on G.macrophylla in the past 20 years are inquired and summarized comprehensively.The basic source,traditional use,chemical composition,biological activity,pharmacodynamics and quality control of G.macrophylla was systematically reviewed,in order to provide reliable basis for the subsequent development and utilization of G.macrophylla.

Effects of Tobacco Curing on Accumulation of Chemical Components and Aroma Components in Tobaccos

[Objective]The aim was to explore effects of curing technique parameters on chemical components and aromatic material accumulation to formulate a suitable curing technique and for and to achieve tobacco scalding, drying and giving aromat- ic flavor. [Method] With tobacco variety KRK 26 as test materials, the test involved parameters of three curing-techniques in down, middle and upper parts of flue-cured tobaccos in an oven to measure chemical components and aromatic substances in tobaccos. [Result] The effects of curing techniques on total sugar and reducing sug- ar differed upon temperature and humidity. The contents of chemical components, such as total alkaloid, total N and the ratio of sugar/ alkali by moderate temperature and high humidity technique were of significant differences with those by moderate temperature and moderate humidity technique and with low temperature and low hu- midity technique; the chemical components by moderate temperature and moderate humidity were of insignificant differences with the treatment by low temperature and low humidity technique. Total amount of aroma components by different curing tech- niques from high to low was the treatment by low temperature and low humidity technique （461.72 μg/g）, the treatment by moderate temperature and moderate hu- midity technique （450.06μg/g） and the treatment by moderate temperature and high humidity technique （385.12μg/g）, suggesting the content of aromatic substances is high at low temperature and low humidity. [Conclusion] Moderate temperature and high humidity curing technique has significant effects on total alkaloid, total N and the ratio of sugar/ alkali of tobaccos and different curing techniques also affect the total amount of aromatic substances of flue-cured tobaccos.

Research on the Correlation between Meteorological Factors and Flue-cured Tobacco Chemical Components in Different Altitudes of Lincang Region

In this study, the relationship between major meteorological factors and tobacco chemical components in different altitudes of Yongde County, Lincang Region of Yunnan Province was studied using correlation analysis and path analysis methods.The results showed that there was a difference on meteorological factors in different altitudes, causing different impacts on chemical components of flue-cured tobacco; contents of nicotine and total nitrogen decreased with the rising of altitude, conversely, total sugar and reducing sugar contents increased with the rising trend of altitude, and the differences on the contents of potassium （K） and chlorine（CI）, and the ratio of K to CI in different altitudes were not significant, at the altitude of 1 250-1 450 m, each chemical component indicator was better. The correlation between main meteorological factors and conventional chemical components of tobacco leaves was as follows： contents of reducing sugar and total sugar increased with the increase of rainfall and relative humidity, and decreased with the increase of sunshine duration; nicotine content increased with the increase of accumulated temperature and sunshine duration; total nitrogen （N） content increased with the increase of daily mean temperature and accumulated temperature; sugar-alkali ratio increased with the increase of rainfall. Path analysis showed that the direct effect of sunshine duration on reducing sugar and total sugar of tobacco leaves was faint, but the indirect effect was obvious; meanwhile, the direct and indirect effects of it on nicotine and total N were the greatest.

Qualitative analysis of chemical components in Lianhua Qingwen capsule by HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS coupled with GC-MS

The Lianhua Qingwen(LHQW) capsule is a popular traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of viral respiratory diseases.In particular,it has been recently prescribed to treat infections caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,due to its complex composition,little attention has been directed toward the analysis of chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule.This study presents a reliable and comprehensive approach to characterizing the chemical constituents present in LHQW by high-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).An automated library alignment method with a high mass accuracy(within 5 ppm) was used for the rapid identification of compounds.A total of 104 compounds,consisting of alkaloids,flavonoids,phenols,phenolic acids,phenylpropanoids,quinones,terpenoids,and other phytochemicals,were successfully characterized.In addition,the fragmentation pathways and characteristic fragments of some representative compounds were elucidated.GC-MS analysis was conducted to characterize the volatile compounds present in LHQW.In total,17 compounds were putatively characterized by comparing the acquired data with that from the NIST library.The major constituent was menthol,and all the other compounds were terpenoids.This is the first comprehensive report on the identification of the major chemical constituents present in the LHQW capsule by HPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap-MS,coupled with GCMS,and the results of this study can be used for the quality control and standardization of LHQW capsules.

Effects of Chemical Components on the Amount of Green Tea Cream

The relationship between the amount of tea cream and the chemical components contents in the original green tea infusion was investigated. The results showed that the amounts of tea cream in the green tea infusions obtained from different cultivars and different parts of new shoots were varied. There were many chemical components participating in the formation of green tea cream. However, there were only the contents of caffeine （Y=0.85, P〈0.01） and polyphenols （Y=0.65, P〈0.05） in the original green tea infusion highly correlated with the amount of green tea cream. Stepwise regression analysis of overall chemical components indicated that the contents of caffeine and gallated catechins in the original green tea infusion had a significant effect （P〈0.01） on green tea cream levels. Cream （g L-1）=-172.071＋ 0.129×Ccaffeine＋0.024×Ggallated catechins （R2=0.936）. The amount of green tea cream can be predicted by the contents of gallated catechins and caffeine in the original tea infusion. Principal component analysis also indicated that catechins, minerals, and polysaccharides were the important chemical components in the formation of green tea cream.

Analysis of volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric resolution

The volatile chemical components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (RPR) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the method of heuristic evolving latent projections and overall volume integration. The results show that 38 volatile chemical components of RPR are determined, accounting for 95.21% of total contents of volatile chemical components of RPR. The main volatile chemical components of RPR are (Z, Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy- benzaldehyde, 1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-ethanone, 6,6-dimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1] heptane-2-methanol, 4,7-dimethyl-benzofuran, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, and cyclohexadecane.

Changes of Polyphenols in Tobacco Leaves During the Flue-Curing Process and Correlation Analysis on Some Chemical Components

The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan Province, China. The results indicated that the content of total phenols increased during the first 24 h of curing, and then decreased. It reached the lowest value at 72 h of curing and increased rapidly after that. The content of chlorogenic acid also increased during 0-24 h of curing. But the lowest point occurred at 60 or 72 h of curing and then it increased till the end of the curing process. The content of mtin generally increased with curing, and showed little fluctuations. The changes of PPO and POD activity were the opposite. Rutin was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with total sugar （r=0.822^＊＊）, but a highly significant negative correlation with starch, nicotine, and protein.

Identification and Analysis of Chemical Components in Zhideke Granules by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

[Objectives]To identify and analyze chemical components in Zhideke Granules by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS).[Methods]Zhideke Granules were isolated on a Thermo Hypersil Gold C18 column(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.9μm).The mobile phase was 0.1%formic acid acetonitrile and 0.1%formic acid aqueous solution(containing 10 mmol ammonium acetate)with gradient elution.Chemical components in Zhideke Granules were rapidly isolated and identified by HRMS in the positive and negative ion mode with full scan data-dependent two stage threshold-triggered mass modes(Full MS/dd-MS2).[Results]The secondary fragment ion information of the target compound was selected and compared with the compound reported in the databases and related literatures for further confirmation.In total,30 chemical compounds were identified,including 12 flavonoids and glycosides,9 organic acids,3 nitrogen-containing compounds,and 6 other components.[Conclusions]In this study,the UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS was used for the first time to analyze the chemical components in Zhideke Granules.It is intended to provide a reference for the quality evaluation and further study of pharmacodynamic materials of Zhideke Granules.

Effects of Leptocybe invasa Damage on Chemical Components of Eucalyptus

[Objective] The aim was to illustrate the relation between Leptocybe invasa and eucalyptus, so as to provide the basis for scientific control of L. invasa. [Method] The chemical components of eucalyptus were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction （SPME） technique and ethanol extraction method, and detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The relative contents of various components were determined by area normalization. [Result] When eucalyptus was damaged by L. invasa, not only some substances disappeared, but also new substances were induced. Among 4 induced volatiles, the content of terpinolene was the highest of 37.66%. Eight new chemical substances were also detected from the ethanol extract of damaged leaves, and the content of 3-phenyl-2-propenyl phenpropionate was the highest of 30.95%.[Conclusion] The damage caused by L. invasa had obvious effect on composition and contents of chemical components of eucalyptus.

Investigation on Chemical Components of Higher Fungus Phellinus rhabarbarinus(Berk.) G. Cunn.

Five compounds including 2 benzene derivatives, 2 terpenoids and 1 sterol were separated by various separation methods such as positive silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and Rp-18 gel from higher fungi Phellinus rhabarbarinus （Berk.） G. Cunn. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectroscopy and other methods. All the compounds were separated from this higher fungus for the first time.

Correlation Analysis of Processing Technology,Physical Parameters and Chemical Components during Plain Stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix

[Objectives]To explore the correlation of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components during plain stir-baking of Trichosanthis Radix.[Methods]Based on mixture uniform experiment design,the Trichosanthis Radix was prepared by plain stir-bake method.Delphi method was used to evaluate and select the highest-scoring processed product for measuring physical parameters.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the contents of starch and polysaccharide.The correlation and linear regression model of processing technology,physical parameters and chemical components were established with the aid of SPSS 26.0[Results]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the relative density and chromaticity showed a decreasing trend in the processed products of Trichosanthis Radix,the oxidation value,hydroscopic rate and swelling decreased firstly and then increased,and pH increased firstly and then decreased.The content of total starch decreased,the content of polysaccharide increased,and there was a negative correlation between them.There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and oxidation value,swelling and hydroscopic rate,hydroscopic rate and polysaccharide,and there was a significant negative correlation between relative density and hydroscopic rate or polysaccharide,total starch and hydroscopic rate or swelling.The linear relation model between processing technology and physical parameters and chemical components was r2>0.9.[Conclusions]After processing by plain stir-bake method,the physical parameters of Trichosanthis Radix changed,and there may be mutual conversion between total starch and polysaccharides.To a certain extent,physical parameters can be used to evaluate the quality of processed products of Trichosanthis Radix.This study is expected to provide a reference for research on quality evaluation of processed products of traditional Chinese medicine.

Advances in Research of Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Platycladus orientalis Leaves

Platycladi Cacumen(Platycladus orientalis leaf)is a traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of medicinal values,and its efficacy has been recorded by many ancient books.Its chemical components mainly include flavonoids,volatile oil,tannins and so on.Pharmacological studies have confirmed that P.orientalis leaves have various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,hair growth promoting and hemostatic effects.Through review of the research on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P.orientalis leaves,this study is intended to provide reference for the research,development and utilization of P.orientalis.

Studies on the chemical components and biological activities of the genus of Juncus

Juncus is the largest genus of Juncaceae family,with about 240 species around the world.There are 77 species,1 variety and 10 deformations grown in China.Up to now,117 components have been identified as phenanthrenes and dihydrophenanthrenes,which are the characteristic constituents of this genus,and 48 ones have been identified as triterpenoids,glycerides,coumarins,flavonoids from this genus.The reported constituents displayed diverse bioactivities,including antiproliferative,antimicrobial,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,anxiolytic,sedative,spasmolytic,anticholinesterase and antialgal effects.This review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of the genus of Juncus so far.

A review:The chemical components and pharmacological activities of Piper auritum Kunth

Piper auritum Kunth,a member of the Piperacea family,is a small shrub native to the Central American tropics.This plant was traditionally used in Latin American countries for the treatment of various medical conditions.Increase in the recent studies of P.auritum’s chemical components leads to the isolation of monoterpenoids,sesquiterpenoids,phenylpropanoids and several other compounds.Previous research has revealed that these secondary metabolites have diverse pharmacological activities including antidiabetic,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-pathogeny microorganism and repellent activity.This review summarizes relevant findings on P.auritum,and hopes to contribute to the exploration of its potentials for further development as an alternative medicine.

Research review in the main chemical components and biological activities of Daphne aurantiaca Diels

Daphne aurantiaca Diels belongs to the Daphne L.genus of Thymelaeaceaen family and flavonoids,terpenoids,lignans,phenylpropanoids are the main chemical components isolated from this plant.And the extracts of Daphne aurantiaca Diels have been reported with multiple pharmacological activities and good development prospects,which have drawn enormous attention.Hence,this review summarized the research progress on the chemical components and the pharmacological effects of Daphne aurantiaca Diels.

Comparative Analysis on Chemical Components and Sensory Quality of Aging Flue-Cured Tobacco from Four Main Tobacco Areas of China

Complicated changes are happening during the aging process of flue-cured tobacco （FCT） and understanding of the changing components is of great significance in improving the quality,shortening aging time,and enhancing production and economic efficiency in tobacco industry.The aging samples of FCT from four main producing areas of China,i.e.,Yunnan,Sichuan,Hubei,and Dongbei,were used to study the changing rule of the components such as alkali,acid,and carbohydrate as well as the aroma and their relationship with sensory quality;and based on the correlation among the components and the sensory quality index,multivariable models were established to predict the aging quality.The results showed that the sensory quality of FCT increased steadily during the aging time,and at the same time,the acidic components （total organic acids,volatile acids） increased gradually,while the alkaline substances （nicotine,volatile alkali）,carbohydrate （total sugars,reducing sugar） and pH values showed a downward trend.Correlation analysis found that the sensory quality and pH values were negatively correlated （P0.05）,while the sensory quality with total organic acids and aroma were positively correlated.The optimal model for predicting the quality of FCT was y=56.75-0.63x12＋50.09x2-13.27x22,（y：sensory quality;x1：pH;x2：total organic acids）.The average predicating error was 1.04% with maximum predicating error of 2.89% and the accuracy rate of above 97%.

Characterization of multiple chemical components of GuiLingJi by UHPLC-MS and ^(1)H NMR analysis

GuiLingJi(GLJ),a classic traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula,is composed of over 20 herbs,according to the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China.Owing to its various activities,GLJ has been used in clinical settings for more than 400 years in China.However,the ambiguous chemical material basis limits the development of studies on the quality control and pharmacological mechanisms of GLJ.Therefore,comprehensive characterization of the multiple chemical components of GLJ is of great significance for the modernization of this formula.Given the great variety of herbs in GLJ,both UHPLCMS and ^(1)H NMR techniques were employed in this study.In addition,solvent extraction with different polarities was used to eliminate signal interference and the concentration of trace components.A variety of MS analytic methods were also used,including implementation of a self-built compound database,diagnostic ion filtering,mass defect filtering,and Compound Discoverer 3.0 analysis software.Based on the above strategies,a total of 150 compounds were identified,including 5 amino acids,13 phenolic acids and glycosides,11 coumarins,72 flavones,20 triterpenoid and triterpenoid saponins,23 fatty acids,and 6 other compounds.Moreover,13 compounds were identified by ^(1)H NMR spectroscopy.The UHPLC-MS and ^(1)H NMR results supported and complemented each other.This strategy provides a rapid approach to analyzing and identifying the chemical composition of Chinese herbal prescriptions.The current study provides basis for further research on the quality control and pharmacological mechanism of GLJ.

Analysis of F_1 Heterosis of Agronomic Traits and Chemical Components on Selfbred Highpotassium New Lines

F1 heterosis of agronomic characters and chemical components of 8 fluecured tobacco varieties and 6 self-bred high-potassium new lines was studied. The results showed that 4-5 weeks after transplanting was the main changing period of agronomic traits. Compared with the comparative heterosis, among the proportions of combinations showing positive comparative heterosis at the significant level, the heterosis proportions of plant height （97.92%）, internode length （100%） and stem girth （58.33%） were larger, these of total nitrogen （83.33%）, protein （79.17%）, nicotine （79.17%） and potassium （95.83%） in upper leaves were larger, these of total sugar （64.58%）, total nitrogen （68.75%）, protein （72.92%） and nicotine （64.58%） in middle leaves were larger, and in lower leaves, except that the proportion of chlorine was smaller （12.50%）, the proportions of other chemical components all exceeded 40%. Compared with average heterosis, among the proportions of combinations showing positive comparative heterosis at the significant level, the heterosis proportions of plant height （54.17%）, leaf width （43.75%）, stem girth （43.75%） and internode length （72.92%） were larger, these of total sugar （47.92%） and reducing sugar （54.17%） in upper leaves were larger, these of all the chemical components in middle leaves exceeded 30%, and these of all the chemical components in lower leaves were in the range of 27.08%-41.67%. Compared with heterobeltiosis, among the proportions of combinations showing positive comparative heterosis at the significant level, that of the internode length （60.42%） was larger, these of chemical components in upper leaves were in the range of 8.33%-29.17%, these of chemical components in middle leaves were in the range of 20.83%-39.58%, and these of chemical components in lower leaves were in the range of 16.67%-35.42%. It was indicated that rational effective control of water and fertilizer in this sensitive period could significantly enhance heterosis.

The impact of^(60)Co-γirradiation on the chemical constituents of Chuanxiong Rhizoma

Background:In order to clarify the inmpat ofγirradiation on the chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine,this paper carefully choosed Chuanxiong Rhizoma to carry on a demonstration study.Methods:Through a meticulous assessment,a comprehensive comparison was made between the irradiated and unirradiated Chuanxiong Rhizoma samples.The property characteristics were investigated by colorimeter and electronic nose.The changes in chemical structures and contents was analyzed by fourier infrared spectroscopy,high performance liquid chromatography and fingerprinting.In a quest to uncover the presence of any new radiolysis products,cutting-edge techniques like ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were employed.Moreover,the difference of antioxidant activity were investigated.Results:The irradiation doses within 12 kGy had no significant effects on the content of the main chemical components,characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activity of Chuanxiong Rhizoma,while changes in some functional groups and degradation of some volatile oil components containing olefins need further study.Conclusion:This study indicates that^(60)Co-γirradiation is a stable method for sterilization of Chuanxiong Rhizoma.It’s also provide a reference for the establishment of irradiation standards for Chuanxiong Rhizoma and other aromatic medicinal plants.

Water-soluble matter in PM_(2.5)in a coastal city over China:Chemical components,optical properties,and source analysis

Although marine and terrestrial emissions simultaneously affect the formation of atmospheric fine particles in coastal areas,knowledge on the optical properties and sources of water-soluble matter in these areas is still scarce.In this work,taking Qingdao,China as a typical coastal location,the chemical composition of PM_(2.5)duringwinter 2019was analyzed.Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was combined with parallel factor analysis model to explain the components of water-soluble atmospheric chromophores of PM_(2.5).Our analysis indicated that NO_(3)^(-),NH_(4)^(+)and SO_(4)^(2-)ions accounted for 86.80%of the total ion mass,dominated by NO_(3)^(-).The ratio of[NO_(3)^(-)]/[SO_(4)^(2-)]was up to 2.42±0.84,suggesting thatmobile sources play an important role in local pollutants emission.The result of positive correlation between Abs_(365)with K^(+)suggests that biomass burning is an important source of water-soluble organic compounds(WSOC).Six types of fluorophores(C1-C6),all humic-like substances,were identified in WSOC.Humification index,biological index and fluorescence index in winter were 1.66±0.34,0.51±0.44 and 1.09±0.78,respectively,indicating that WSOC in Qingdao were mainly terrestrial organic matters.Overall,although the study area is close to the ocean,the contribution of terrestrial sources to PM_(2.5),especially vehicle exhaust and coal combustion,is still much higher than that of marine sources.Our study provides a more comprehensive understanding of chemical and optical properties of WSOC based on PM_(2.5)in coastal areas,and may provide ground for improving local air quality.