Role of Complements and Immunoglobulins in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophies are myopathies and tend to progressive, with ongoing degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibers. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and polio myelitis are essentially diseases of the anterior horn cells of the spine. It has been reported in literature that humoral immunity is manifested by the antibodies production. These are special chemical substances that react against foreign body. Antibodies are serum proteins, which are immunoglobulins and possess antibody activity and are classified according to antigens and stimulate their production such as IgA, JgG, IgM, IgD and IgE. All the immunological parameters such as of C3, C4, IgG, IgM and IgA, which are measured in Duchenne muscular dystrophy go down in comparison to healthy subjects. Complement C3 and Complement C4 go down about 44.3% and 78.57% respectively from the normal values. The serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels were also go down about 65%, 84% and 99.56% respectively in comparison to healthy subjects. A trend between all the immunoglobulins has been set up and it is rAG.M > rMA.G. > rGM.A, while we have a trend in DMD cases is rMA.G. > rAG.M > rGM.A We are in a position to say that our data have a relevance of high authenticity and reliability to accept that there is a deficit in immunity in DMD cases. The deficit in immunity may be a cause to damage muscle for abnormal functioning.

Cross-Cultural Analysis on Complements

Nativized varieties of English must reflect native pragmatic norms and cultural conventions.Complements,as a polite social behavior,is analyzed from the perspective of Chinese English speaker and American English speaker to emphasize the importance of the cross-cultural differences in pragmatic uses.

The Case-agreement System in Subjunctive Complements

Unlike matrix verbs, the verb in subjunctive complements in Standard Arabic lacks tense; nonetheless, it inflects for agreement and mood. The subject of subjunctive verbs is Case-marked accusative if it surfaces in a preverbal position; and nominative if it appears in a postverbal position. In addition, the subjunctive verb shows agreement asymmetry with its subject, depending on the position of the subject. Subjunctive complements appear in tenseless contexts in this language, i.e. control structures, ECM-like structures, and obviative structures. In this paper, I provide a new analysis for subject-verb agreement asymmetry in these complements and account for the different Case markers that appear on their subject. In particular, I argue that feature-specification on the inflectional head T triggers the verbal agreement asymmetry in subjunctive complements. I also argue that formal features and nominative Case in these complements can be valued by a defective probe. Crucially, I argue that the defective probe can establish agreement and assign nominative Case in-situ, without resorting to A-movement, and the subsequent movement of the embedded subject to a preverbal position is triggered by the EPP feature on the O-complete T. The corollary of this investigation lends support to the assumption that the Case-agreement system in this language is not contingent on tense.

Role of Complements and Immunoglobulins in Alzheimer’s Disease

Our findings show that the value of IgG in serum of Alzheimer’s Disease patients is (17.2059 ± 2.6317) g/l and in controls i.e. (17.6720 ± 3.1457) g/l. Values of IgM in AD patients go down up to 62.5% in comparison to healthy subjects. A sudden change was observed in the levels of IgA of AD patients. It has been put on the value 137.9% high in comparison to healthy subjects. The levels of complement C3 have also value of lower side and go down up to 52.66% in AD patients. The value of levels of complement C4 shows no deflection from the control values. On the basis of regression and multiple correlation analysis, we found that the partial correlation coefficients rGA.M, which has value 0.44815 in AD patients and 0.45555 in controls, do not show any resemblance. The multiple partial correlation rAM.G has value 0.3082 in AD patients and 0.3912 in controls slightly better correlated in comparison to healthy controls. Multiple RA.MG has strongly correlation in comparison to controls. RM.AG is also strongly correlated. Regression coefficients and regression equations are basic foundations of correlation measurements and show a specific character of variation. A relation between all the three multiple correlations has been established in the present work and it is given by the following relation RA.MG > RM.AG > RG.AM.

Analysis of immunoglobulin, complements and CRP levels in serum of captive northern pig-tailed macaques （Macaca leonina）

The northem pig-tailed macaque （NPM, Macaca leonina） has become a widely used animal model in biomedical research. In this study, we measured serum immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgA, complement C3, C4 and CRP levels in 3-11 year old captive northem pig-tailed macaques using HITACHI 7600-20 automated chemistry analyzer in order to determine the influences of age and gender on these items. The results showed that serum IgA, IgM, C3 and C4 levels were not correlated with age （P〉0.05）, while serum IgG levels increased progressively with age （r=0.202; P=0.045）. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 levels were higher in females than in males （P〈0.05）. Moreover, serum C3 concentration was both positively and strongly correlated with that of C4 （r=0.700; P〈0.0001）. This study provides basic serum immunoglobulin and complement data of captive northem pig-tailed macaques, which may prove useful for future breeding efforts and biomedical research.

Complements are involved in alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis and fibrosis

The complement system is a key component of the body's immune system. When abnormally activated, this system can induce inflammation and damage to normal tissues and participate in the development and progression of a variety of diseases. In the past, many scholars believed that alcoholic liver disease(ALD) is induced by the stress of ethanol on liver cells, including oxidative stress and dysfunction of mitochondria and protease bodies, causing hepatocyte injury and apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that complement activation is also involved in the genesis and development of ALD. This review focuses on the roles of complement activation in ALD and of therapeutic intervention in complement-activation pathways. We intend to provide new ideas on the diagnosis and treatment of ALD.

On the ordering of the Kirchhoff indices of the complements of trees and unicyclic graphs

The Kirchhoff index Kf(G) of a graph G is defined to be the sum of the resistance distances between all pairs of vertices of G. In this paper, we develop a novel method for ordering the Kirchhoff indices of the complements of trees and unicyclic graphs. With this method, we determine the first five maximum values of Kf■ and the first four maximum values of Kf(ū),where ■ and ū are the complements of a tree T and unicyclic graph U, respectively.

On the Property of Cubic Complements

Let n be any positive integer, and S（n） be the cubic complements of n. The main purpose of this paper is to study the asymptotic of ∑n≤x（n/S（n））^k （k ≥ 1）. And by using the elementary methods, it intends to give two sharper asymptotic formulas, and thus extends the related conclusions.

Different serum levels of IgG and complements and recurrence rates in IgG4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion

·AIM:To analyze the differences in immune indicators and prognosis between Ig G4-positive and negative lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesion(LGBLEL).·METHODS:This was a single-center retrospective clinical study including 105 cases of Ig G4-positive LGBLEL and 41 cases of Ig G4-negative LGBLEL.Basic information,related indicators of peripheral venous blood samples using immunoscattering turbidimetry,treatment(partial surgical excision and glucocorticoid therapy)and prognosis(recurrence and death)were collected.Survival curves for recurrence were created using the Kaplan-Meier analysis.Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze prognostic factors.·RESULTS:The mean age was 50.10±14.23y and 44.76±11.43y(P=0.033)in Ig G4-positive and negative group respectively.The serum C3 and C4 was lower in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.005,P=0.002),while the serum Ig G and Ig G2 was higher in Ig G4-positive group(P=0.000 and P=0.008).Twenty-one cases had recurrence in Ig G4-positive group and 3 cases recurrence in Ig G4-negative group.The 5-year recurrence-free cumulative percentages of Ig G4-positive group was 81.85%,and 83.46%in the Ig G-negative group(P=0.216).The history of preoperative glucocorticoid therapy,serum C4,Ig G1 and Ig G2 were the factors affecting recurrence in Ig G4-positive group,while serum C4,and Ig G1 were the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL.·CONCLUSION:Serum C4 and Ig G1 are the factors affecting recurrence of LGBLEL,while the Ig G4 does not affect recurrence of LGBLEL.

On Chromatic Polynomials of Complements of All Wheels with Any Missing Consecutive Spokes *

In this paper, a new method has been used to calculate the chromatic polynomials of graphs. In particular, the chromatic polynomials of complements of all wheels with any missing consecutive spokes are given.

ON INNERπ'-CLOSED GROUPS AND NORMAL π-COMPLEMENTS

In this paper, the author classifies the finite inner π′-closed groups, and proves the following results1. If each proper subgroup K of a group G is weak π-homogeneous and weak π′-homogeneous, then G is a Schmidt group, or a direct product of two Hall subgroups.2. If G is a weak π-homogeneous group, then G is π′-closed if one of the following statements is true: (1)Each π-subgroup of G is 2-closed. (2) Each π-subgroup of G is 2′-closed.3. Let G be a group and π be a set of odd primes. If N_G(Z(J(P))) has a normal π-completement for a Sytow p-subgroup of G with prime ρ in π then so does G.

Complement-dependent neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury:from pathology to therapeutic implications

Spinal cord injury remains a major cause of disability in young adults,and beyond acute decompression and rehabilitation,there are no pharmacological treatments to limit the progression of injury and optimize recovery in this population.Following the thorough investigation of the complement system in triggering and propagating cerebral neuroinflammation,a similar role for complement in spinal neuroinflammation is a focus of ongoing research.In this work,we survey the current literature investigating the role of complement in spinal cord injury including the sources of complement proteins,triggers of complement activation,and role of effector functions in the pathology.We study relevant data demonstrating the different triggers of complement activation after spinal cord injury including direct binding to cellular debris,and or activation via antibody binding to damage-associated molecular patterns.Several effector functions of complement have been implicated in spinal cord injury,and we critically evaluate recent studies on the dual role of complement anaphylatoxins in spinal cord injury while emphasizing the lack of pathophysiological understanding of the role of opsonins in spinal cord injury.Following this pathophysiological review,we systematically review the different translational approaches used in preclinical models of spinal cord injury and discuss the challenges for future translation into human subjects.This review emphasizes the need for future studies to dissect the roles of different complement pathways in the pathology of spinal cord injury,to evaluate the phases of involvement of opsonins and anaphylatoxins,and to study the role of complement in white matter degeneration and regeneration using translational strategies to supplement genetic models.

Repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced complement C1–related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis

Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus,leading to long-term cognitive impairment.However,the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown.In this study,we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury.Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development,delayed neuronal maturation,and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines.Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval.Moreover,following repetitive traumatic brain injury,neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased,C1q binding protein levels were decreased,and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated.An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function.These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury–induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.

On infinite additive complements

Two infinite sequences A and B of non-negative integers are called infinite additive complements if their sum contains all sufficiently large integers. For a sequence T of non-negative integers, let T（x） be the number of terms of T not exceeding x. In 1994, Sarkozy and Szemer′edi confirmed a conjecture of Danzer by proving that, for infinite additive complements A and B, if lim sup A（x）B（x）/x 1, then A（x）B（x）-x → ＋∞ as x → ＋∞. In this paper, it is proved that, if A and B are infinite additive complements with lim sup A（x）B（x）/x〈（√4 ＋ 2）/7 = 1.093 …, then（A（x）B（x）-x）/min{A（x）, B（x）} → ＋∞ as x → ＋∞.

Effects of Chinese Medicine Shen-Fu Injection(参附注射液)on the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines and Complements during Post-Resuscitation Immune Dysfunction in A Porcine Model

Objective：To investigate the action of Shen-Fu Injection（参附注射液,SFI） in regulating the expression of the serum complements and inflammatory cytokines synthesized and released in response to the stress of global ischemia accompanying cardiac arrest（CA） and resuscitation.Methods：Thirty pigs were randomly divided into the sham（n=6） and 3 returns of spontaneous circulation（ROSC） groups（n=24）.After 8-min untreated ventricular fibrillation and 2-min basic life support,24 pigs of the ROSC groups were randomized into three groups（n=8 per group）,which received central venous injection of SFI（SFI group）,epinephrine（EP group）,or saline（SA group）.Hemodynamic status and blood samples were obtained at 0,0.5,1,2,4,6,12,and 24 h after ROSC.Results：Serum concentrations of specific activation markers of the complement system C3,C4 and C5b-9 were increased during cardiopulmonary resuscitation th rough1 24 h after ROSC.There were intense changes of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines as early as 0.5 h after CA.Compared with the EP and SA groups,SFI treatment reduced the proinflammatory cytokines levels of interleukin（IL）-6,IL-8and tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α,P〈0.05）,and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-4 and IL-10（P〈0.05）.Further,SFI treatment decreased the values of C3,C4 and C5b-9 compared with the EP and SA groups.Conclusions：SFI,derived from the ancient Chinese medicine,has significant effects in attenuating post-resuscitation immune dysfunction by modulating the expression of complements and cytokines levels.The current study provided an experimental basis for the clinical application of a potential pharmacologic target for post resuscitation immune dysfunction.

The diffeomorphic types of the complements of arrangements in CP^3Ⅱ

For any arrangement of hyperplanes in CP^3,we introduce the soul of this arrangement. The soul,which is a pseudo-complex,is determined by the combinatorics of the arrangement of hyper- planes.In this paper,we give a sufficient combinatoric condition for two arrangements of hyperplanes to be diffeomorphic to each other.In particular we have found sufficient conditions on combinatorics for the arrangement of hyperplanes whose moduli space is connected.This generalizes our previous result on hyperplane point arrangements in CP^3.

Compatibility and Schur Complements of Operators on Hilbert C~*-Module

Let E be a Hilbert C＊-module,and Y be an orthogonally complemented closed submodule of E.The authors generalize the definitions of Y-complementability and Y-compatibility for general（adjointable） operators from Hilbert space to Hilbert C＊-module,and discuss the relationship between each other.Several equivalent statements about Y-complementability and Y-compatibility,and several representations of Schur complements of Y-complementable operators（especially,of Y-compatible operators and of positive Y-compatible operators） on a Hilbert C＊-module are obtained.In addition,the quotient property for Schur complements of matrices is generalized to the quotient property for Schur complements of Y-complementable operators and Y＊-complementable operators on a Hilbert C＊-module.

ON RELATIVE NORMAL COMPLEMENTS IN FINITE GROUPS

All groups considered in this note are finite. Let π be a set of some primes and π′ the complementary set of primes, π(G) denotes the set of primes dividing the order |G| of a group G.

General H-matrices and their Schur complements

The definitions of θ-ray pattern proposed to establish some new results matrix and θ-ray matrix are firstly on nonsingularity/singularity and convergence of general H-matrices. Then some conditions on the matrix A ∈ C^n×n and nonempty α （n） = {1,2,... ,n} are proposed such that A is an invertible H-matrix if A（α） and A/α are both invertible H-matrices. Furthermore, the important results on Schur complement for general H-matrices are presented to give the different necessary and sufficient conditions for the matrix A E HM and the subset α C （n） such that the Schur complement matrix A/α∈ HI^n-｜α｜ or A/α ∈ Hn-｜α｜^M or A/α ∈ H^n-｜ α｜^S.

Homology Groups of Simplicial Complements

This paper deals with homology groups induced by the exterior algebra generated by the simplicial compliment of a simplicial complex K. By using ech homology and Alexander duality, the authors prove that there is a duality between these homology groups and the simplicial homology groups of K.