Image edge detection based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform and mathematical morphology

A novel algorithm for image edge detection is presented. This algorithm combines the nonsubsampled contourlet transform and the mathematical morphology. First, the source image is decomposed by the nonsubsampled contourlet transform into multi-scale and multi-directional subbands. Then the edges in the high-frequency and low-frequency sub-bands are respectively extracted by the dualthreshold modulus maxima method and the mathematical morphology operator. Finally, the edges from the high- frequency and low-frequency sub-bands are integrated to the edges of the source image, which are refined, and isolated points are excluded to achieve the edges of the source image. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress noise, eliminate pseudo-edges and overcome the adverse effects caused by uneven illumination to a certain extent. Compared with the traditional methods such as LoG, Sobel, and Carmy operators and the modulus maxima algorithm, the proposed method can maintain sufficient positioning accuracy and edge details, and it can also make an improvement in the completeness, smoothness and clearness of the outline.

Contourlet transform for image fusion using cycle spinning

A new method for image fusion based on Contourlet transform and cycle spinning is proposed. Contourlet transform is a flexible multiresolution, local and directional image expansion, also provids a sparse representation for two-dimensional piece-wise smooth signals resembling images. Due to lack of translation invariance property in Contourlet transform, the conventional image fusion algorithm based on Contourlet transform introduces many artifacts. According to the theory of cycle spinning applied to image denoising, an invariance transform can reduce the artifacts through a series of processing efficiently. So the technology of cycle spinning is introduced to develop the translation invariant Contourlet fusion algorithm. This method can effectively eliminate the Gibbs-like phenomenon, extract the characteristics of original images, and preserve more important information. Experimental results show the simplicity and effectiveness of the method and its advantages over the conventional approaches.

Digital watermarking algorithm based on scale-invariant feature regions in non-subsampled contourlet transform domain

Contraposing the need of the robust digital watermark for the copyright protection field, a new digital watermarking algorithm in the non-subsampled contourlet transform （NSCT） domain is proposed. The largest energy sub-band after NSCT is selected to embed watermark. The watermark is embedded into scaleinvariant feature transform （SIFT） regions. During embedding, the initial region is divided into some cirque sub-regions with the same area, and each watermark bit is embedded into one sub-region. Extensive simulation results and comparisons show that the algorithm gets a good trade-off of invisibility, robustness and capacity, thus obtaining good quality of the image while being able to effectively resist common image processing, and geometric and combo attacks, and normalized similarity is almost all reached.

Spectral matching algorithm based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform and scale-invariant feature transform

A new spectral matching algorithm is proposed by us- ing nonsubsampled contourlet transform and scale-invariant fea- ture transform. The nonsubsampled contourlet transform is used to decompose an image into a low frequency image and several high frequency images, and the scale-invariant feature transform is employed to extract feature points from the low frequency im- age. A proximity matrix is constructed for the feature points of two related images. By singular value decomposition of the proximity matrix, a matching matrix （or matching result） reflecting the match- ing degree among feature points is obtained. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can reduce time complexity and possess a higher accuracy.

Directional Filter for SAR Images Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Immune Clonal Selection

A directional filter algorithm for intensity synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform （NSCT） and immune clonal selection （ICS） is presented. The proposed filter mainly focuses on exploiting different features of edges and noises by NSCT. Furthermore, ICS strategy is introduced to optimize threshold parameter and amplify parameter adaptively. Numerical experiments on real SAR images show that there are improvements in both visual effects and objective indexes.

Feature Extraction of Fabric Defects Based on Complex Contourlet Transform and Principal Component Analysis

To extract features of fabric defects effectively and reduce dimension of feature space,a feature extraction method of fabric defects based on complex contourlet transform （CCT） and principal component analysis （PCA） is proposed.Firstly,training samples of fabric defect images are decomposed by CCT.Secondly,PCA is applied in the obtained low-frequency component and part of highfrequency components to get a lower dimensional feature space.Finally,components of testing samples obtained by CCT are projected onto the feature space where different types of fabric defects are distinguished by the minimum Euclidean distance method.A large number of experimental results show that,compared with PCA,the method combining wavdet low-frequency component with PCA （WLPCA）,the method combining contourlet transform with PCA （CPCA）,and the method combining wavelet low-frequency and highfrequency components with PCA （WPCA）,the proposed method can extract features of common fabric defect types effectively.The recognition rate is greatly improved while the dimension is reduced.

Image Fusion Based on Complex Contourlet Transform and Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

An image fusion method combining complex contourlet transform(CCT) with nonnegative matrix factorization(NMF) is proposed in this paper.After two images are decomposed by CCT,NMF is applied to their highand low-frequency components,respectively,and finally an image is synthesized.Subjective-visual-quality of the image fusion result is compared with those of the image fusion methods based on NMF and the combination of wavelet /contourlet /nonsubsampled contourlet with NMF.The experimental results are evaluated quantitatively,and the running time is also contrasted.It is shown that the proposed image fusion method can gain larger information entropy,standard deviation and mean gradient,which means that it can better integrate featured information from all source images,avoid background noise and promote space clearness in the fusion image effectively.

Multimodal Medical Image Fusion in Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform Domain

Multimodal medical image fusion is a powerful tool for diagnosing diseases in medical field. The main objective is to capture the relevant information from input images into a single output image, which plays an important role in clinical applications. In this paper, an image fusion technique for the fusion of multimodal medical images is proposed based on Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform. The proposed technique uses the Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) to decompose the images into lowpass and highpass subbands. The lowpass and highpass subbands are fused by using mean based and variance based fusion rules. The reconstructed image is obtained by taking Inverse Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (INSCT) on fused subbands. The experimental results on six pairs of medical images are compared in terms of entropy, mean, standard deviation, QAB/F as performance parameters. It reveals that the proposed image fusion technique outperforms the existing image fusion techniques in terms of quantitative and qualitative outcomes of the images. The percentage improvement in entropy is 0% - 40%, mean is 3% - 42%, standard deviation is 1% - 42%, QAB/Fis 0.4% - 48% in proposed method comparing to conventional methods for six pairs of medical images.

Bayesian-Based Speckle Suppression for SAR Image Using Contourlet Transform

A novel and efficient speckle noise reduction algorithm based on Bayesian contourlet shrinkage using contourlet transform is proposed.First,we show the sub-band decompositions of SAR images using contourle transforms,which provides sparse representation at both spatial and directional resolutions.Then,a Bayesian contourlet shrinkage factor is applied to the decomposed data to estimate the best value for noise-free contourle coefficients.Experimental results show that compared with conventional wavelet despeckling algorithm,the proposed algorithm can achieve an excellent balance between suppresses speckle effectively and preserve image details,and the significant information of origina image like textures and contour details is well ma intained.

Shift Invariance Level Comparison of Several Contourlet Transforms and Their Texture Image Retrieval Systems

In this paper, we proposed a metric to measure the shift invariance of the three different contourlet transforms. And then, using the same structure texture image retrieval system which use subband coefficients energy, standard deviation and kurtosis features with Canberra distance, we gave a comparison of their texture description abilities. Experimental results show that contourlet-2.3 texture image retrieval system has almost retrieval rates with non-sub sampled contourlet system;the two systems have better retrieval results than the original contourlet retrieval system. On the other hand, for the relatively lower redundancy, we recommend using contourlet- 2.3 as texture description transform.

Fusion Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

就图象的人的视觉系统和特征而言，新奇图象熔化策略为在 nonsubsampled contourlet 的高分辨率图象和 multispectral 图象转变的 panchro matic (NSCT ) 被介绍域。NSCT 能由它好 multiresolution，移动不变性，和高 directionality 的特征的优点在图象给 asymptotic 边和轮廓的最佳的表示。紧张部件增加策略基于 LHS 变换被介绍进 NSCT 领域保存空间分辨率和颜色内容。熔化方法建议了的实验表演能改进空间分辨率并且保留光谱信息同时，并且与传统的原则部件分析( PCA )相比在视觉效果和量的肛门 ysis 两个都有改进方法， intensity-hue-saturation (代表耶稣之符号)变换技术，小浪变换加权的熔化方法，相应小浪基于变换的熔化方法，和 contourlet 基于变换的熔化方法。

False Color Fusion for Multi-band SAR Images Based on Contourlet Transform

为合成的孔雷达(SAR ) 图象基于 contourlet 转变的多乐队的一个假颜色图象熔化方法被介绍。它以下列方法工作：第一， contourlet 变换的灵活 multiresolution，高 directionality 和 anisotropy 被用于为 SAR 图象实现多尺度的分解。在 contourlet 变换领域，一条边信息测量规则被用来合并方向性的 subbands，并且一条平均规则被用来合并 lowpass subbands。然后，一个混合高增加过滤器算法被建议生产 red-green-blue (红绿蓝) 的隧道基于灰色的熔化图象建模的红、绿、蓝的颜色。最后，假颜色熔化了图象在 RGB 颜色空间被显示。这个方法把灰色的信息翻译成对人的视觉系统可得到的颜色信息并且提高光谱为 SAR 图象的分辨率。试验性的结果被证实建议方法的有效性。

Image Fusion Algorithm Based on Spatial Frequency-Motivated Pulse Coupled Neural Networks in Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform Domain

Nonsubsampled contourlet 变换(NSCT ) 为图象提供灵活 multiresolution， anisotropy，和方向性的扩大。与原来的 contourlet 变换相比，它是移动不变的并且能在奇特附近克服 pseudo-Gibbs 现象。脉搏联合了神经网络(PCNN ) 是一个视觉启发外皮的神经网络并且由全球联合和神经原的脉搏同步描绘。它为图象处理被证明合适并且成功地在图象熔化采用。在这份报纸， NSCT 与 PCNN 被联系并且在图象熔化使用了充分利用他们的特征。在 NSCT 领域的空间频率是输入与大开火的时间在 NSCT 领域激发 PCNN 和系数作为熔化图象的系数被选择。试验性的结果证明建议算法超过典型基于小浪，基于 contourlet，基于 PCNN，并且 contourlet-PCNN-based 熔化算法以客观标准和视觉外观。

Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Region of Interest Detection and Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

In order to enhance the contrast of the fused image and reduce the loss of fine details in the process of image fusion,a novel fusion algorithm of infrared and visible images is proposed.First of all,regions of interest(RoIs)are detected in two original images by using saliency map.Then,nonsubsampled contourlet transform(NSCT)on both the infrared image and the visible image is performed to get a low-frequency sub-band and a certain amount of high-frequency sub-bands.Subsequently,the coefcients of all sub-bands are classified into four categories based on the result of RoI detection:the region of interest in the low-frequency sub-band(LSRoI),the region of interest in the high-frequency sub-band(HSRoI),the region of non-interest in the low-frequency sub-band(LSNRoI)and the region of non-interest in the high-frequency sub-band(HSNRoI).Fusion rules are customized for each kind of coefcients and fused image is achieved by performing the inverse NSCT to the fused coefcients.Experimental results show that the fusion scheme proposed in this paper achieves better efect than the other fusion algorithms both in visual efect and quantitative metrics.

A Novel Scrambling Digital Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on Contourlet Transform

Digital watermarking technology is a very good method for protecting copyright. A novel image watermarking scheme based on contourlet transform is proposed. The original carrier image was executed in contourlet transform and four directions of the second level subband were marked, afterwards, the scrambled digital watermarking is embedded in them. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is feasible and simple. The embedded watermarking images have tiny difference with the original images and the extracted watermarking is accurate. It is imperceptible and robust against various signals processing such as noise adding, rotating, altering, cropping, compression, brightness variations and mosaic, etc.

Speckle Reduction Based on Contourlet Transform Using Scale Adaptive Threshold for Medical Ultrasound Image

A new speckle suppression method in contourlet domain was presented. By modeling the subband contourlet coefficients of the ultrasound images after logarithmic transform as generalized Gaussian distribution (GGD), we gave a scale-adaptive threshold in Bayesian framework. Experimental results of both synthetic and clinical ultrasound images show that our method has a better performance on speckle suppressing than the wavelet-based method while well preserving the feature details.

Deformable Registration Algorithm via Non-subsampled Contourlet Transform and Saliency Map

Medical image registration is widely used in image-guided therapy and image-guided surgery to estimate spatial correspondence between planning and treatment images.However,most methods based on intensity have the problems of matching ambiguity and ignoring the influence of weak correspondence areas on the overall registration.In this study,we propose a novel general-purpose registration algorithm based on free-form deformation by non-subsampled contourlet transform and saliency map,which can reduce the matching ambiguities and maintain the topological structure of weak correspondence areas.An optimization method based on Markov random fields is used to optimize the registration process.Experiments on four public datasets from brain,cardiac,and lung have demonstrated the general applicability and the accuracy of our algorithm compared with two state-of-the-art methods.

Fusion of Remote Sensing Images Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform and Region Segmentation

The purpose of remote sensing images fusion is to produce a fused image that contains more clear,accurate and comprehensive information than any single image.A novel fusion method is proposed in this paper based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform(NSCT) and region segmentation.Firstly,the multispectral image is transformed to intensity-hue-saturation(IHS) system.Secondly,the panchromatic image and the component intensity of the multispectral image are decomposed by NSCT.Then the NSCT coefficients of high and low frequency subbands are fused by different rules,respectively.For the high frequency subbands,the fusion rules are also unalike in the smooth and edge regions.The two regions are segregated in the panchromatic image,and the segmentation is based on particle swarm optimization.Finally,the fusion image can be obtained by performing inverse NSCT and inverse IHS transform.The experimental results are evaluated by both subjective and objective criteria.It is shown that the proposed method can obtain superior results to others.

Non Sub-Sampled Contourlet with Joint Sparse Representation Based Medical Image Fusion

Medical Image Fusion is the synthesizing technology for fusing multi-modal medical information using mathematical procedures to generate better visual on the image content and high-quality image output.Medical image fusion represents an indispensible role infixing major solutions for the complicated medical predicaments,while the recent research results have an enhanced affinity towards the preservation of medical image details,leaving color distortion and halo artifacts to remain unaddressed.This paper proposes a novel method of fusing Computer Tomography(CT)and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)using a hybrid model of Non Sub-sampled Contourlet Transform(NSCT)and Joint Sparse Representation(JSR).This model gratifies the need for precise integration of medical images of different modalities,which is an essential requirement in the diagnosing process towards clinical activities and treating the patients accordingly.In the proposed model,the medical image is decomposed using NSCT which is an efficient shift variant decomposition transformation method.JSR is exercised to extricate the common features of the medical image for the fusion process.The performance analysis of the proposed system proves that the proposed image fusion technique for medical image fusion is more efficient,provides better results,and a high level of distinctness by integrating the advantages of complementary images.The comparative analysis proves that the proposed technique exhibits better-quality than the existing medical image fusion practices.

Fast Algorithm for Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

多尺度的几何分析(MGA ) 为图象处理作为有效策略被认出了。作为 MGA 的分离工具之一， nonsubsampled contourlet 变换(NSCT ) 广泛地被使用了图象降噪，图象熔化，图象改进，特征抽取等等。然而，处理表演由于它的高冗余性被限制，并且导致集中的计算效率。因此，它的快算法在实践被需要。在这份报纸，我们采用一个优化方向性的过滤器银行(DFB ) 并且把它嵌进 NSCT 当使重建的表演的损失细微时，显著地加速计算速度。试验性的结果证明重建的图象质量能满足人的视觉系统。而且，改进 NSCT 有速度关于若干次比传统的的。图象降噪上的试验性的结果也验证建议方法的可行性和效率。