RFID Anti-Counterfeiting for Retailing Systems

Counterfeiting is one of the most serious problems in the consumer market. One promising approach for anti-counterfeiting is to attach a low-cost Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) tag to the product authentication. In this paper, we propose an RFID system for detecting counterfeiting products. This RFID system consists of the tag authentication protocol and the database correction protocol. We use the tag authentication protocol for authenticating tags without revealing their sensitive information. This protocol also allows the customer to freely inquire the tag. To prevent the widespread of the counterfeit products, we use the tag status information along with tag identity information. Meanwhile, the database correction protocol guarantees the correctness of the tag status. Our anti-counterfeiting system is the first work considering the seller who plays an important role in the consumer product supply chain. Finally, we show that anti-counterfeiting system is quite secure against counterfeiting and the tag authentication protocol is lightweight enough to be implemented in RFID-based applications.

Preparation of NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+@NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu3+double-jacket microtubes for dual-mode fluorescent anti-counterfeiting

Novel hydrophilic NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+@NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+double-jacket microtubes(DJMTs)with upconversion/downconversion dual-mode luminescence were designed and prepared through epitaxial growth of NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+shell onto the NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+microtube via poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)mediated hydrothermal method.It is demonstrated that PAA ligand played an important role in guiding the direct growth of NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+shell onto the surface of NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+parent microtubes.The growth of NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+shell experienced a crystal phase transition fromβ-NaGdF4 andβ-NaYF4 mixture toβ-NaYF4@NaGdF4 composite crystal,and morphology evolution from mixture ofβ-NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+nanorods andβ-NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+microtubes to NaYF4:Yb^3+,Tm^3+@NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+DJMTs.The formation mechanism of DJMTs was the dissolution−renucleation ofβ-NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+nanorods and the growth ofβ-NaGdF4:Ce^3+,Eu^3+shell via the classical Ostwald ripening mechanism.The as-prepared DJMTs could exhibit blue upconversion and red downconversion luminescence,which was further made into environmentally benign luminescent inks for creating highly secured and fluorescent-based anti-counterfeiting patterns via inkjet printing.

Preliminary Study on Counterfeiting of Artemether and Artesunate Marketed in Lubumbashi

Pharmaceutical counterfeiting is a health scourge responsible for several cases of morbidity and mortality. Counterfeit medicines cause therapeutic failure, emergence of resistance in the treatment of infections. This study was conducted in order to identify counterfeit and authentic medicines in circulation in Lubumbashi. The study included artemether and artesunate for oral administration. A careful visual inspection of medicine, investigation of authenticity of pharmaceutical products from manufacturers and pharmaceutical regulatory authorities and determination of content were used as study parameters. 52 samples: 37 artemether and 15 of artésunate were collected. 7 samples (13%) have proven to be counterfeit. Artemether was the most counterfeit (71%) and 29% for artesunate. 6 (12%) samples were substandard according to the international pharmacopoeia in terms of content of active ingredient. Sixty-seven percent of non-compliance concerned counterfeit medicines. The proportion of non-compliance is highest among counterfeit medicines (71.43% vs 2.22%;p = 0.000004). It is obvious that strengthening the capacity of the drug regulatory authority of the DRC reduces the influx of counterfeit drug and substandard.

Comparative dissolution study on counterfeit medicines of PDE-5 inhibitors

Counterfeit medicines are a growing problem in both developing and industrialised countries. In general the evaluation of these medicines is limited to the identification and the dosage of the active ingredients. In this study in vitro dissolution tests were conducted on two sets of counterfeit medicines containing PDE-5 inhibitors （sildenafil citrate and tadalafil）. The dissolution profiles were statistically compared to the ones of the genuine products using the f2-method and a comparison at each time point using the Cochran test. The results showed low equivalences between counterfeit and genuine products as well as higher variations around the mean dissolution value at the different time points for the counterfeit products.

Field-Deployable Raman Anti-Counterfeit Screening of Tamiflu Capsules

In an effort to promote the availability of safe and effective drugs, the US Food and Drug Administration is developing spectroscopic methods to assess the quality of drugs in the field. Here we report a rapid screening classification method for Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) capsules using a portable Raman spectrometer to perform screening on three solid oral dosage strengths of Tamiflu, 30 mg, 45 mg and 75 mg. Tamiflu is an antiviral drug that is stockpiled for use in the event of pandemic influenza outbreak. The qualitative classification methods reported were developed using the Raman spectra of intact capsules. The classification algorithms used were able to reliably distinguish the three dosage strengths of Tamiflu. These qualitative models are validated with additional Tamiflu samples from different batches and simulated counterfeits of Tamiflu. The probability that a test sample belongs to each dosage strength class is calculated, and strict class predictions are used to assign each sample to a particular class. The classification methods reported here enable development of user-independent, field-deployable methods for finished drug products and are able to correctly assign 92% of the validation samples using authentic Tamiflu and 100% of the simulated counterfeits.

Webinar on “Existing challenges and solutions on combating counterfeiting of ICT devices”

February-15,virtual ITU is organizing a series of webinars on Combating counterfeiting and stolen information and communications technology(ICT)devices.The Episode 1:"Existing challenges and solutions on combating counterfeiting of ICT devices",will take place fully virtually on 15 February 2023.

Chemical Fingerprinting of Counterfeits of Viagra and Cialis Tablets and Analogues via Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is shown to provide an efficient tech- nique for the investigation of polar composition of forensic tablets for male erectile dysfunction. ESI-MS fingerprinting of 41 commercial sildenafil samples (Viagra?, Cialis?, Lazar?, Libiden?, , Maxfil?, , Plenovit?, Potent 75?, Rigix?, V-50?, Vimax?, Pramil 75? and Pramil?) and 56 counterfeit samples (Viagra and Cialis) were obtained. The spectra for the authentic Viagra? tablets showed abundant ions exclusively corresponding to the sildenafil (SLD) molecule: [SLD + H]+ of m/z 475;[SLD + Na]+ of m/z 497;and [2SLD + H]+ of m/z 949. The spectra for com-mercial sildenafil samples also showed predominat SLD ions. Tablets of authentic Cialis? showed mainly ions of m/z 343, 365 and 707 from the lactose molecule (the excipient);as well as a minor ion of m/z 390 corresponding to the active ingredient tadalafil (TAD) in its protonated form [TAD + H]+. For counterfeit Cialis samples, how-ever, normally TAD ions of much high abundances was observed, together with ions corresponding to sildenafil analogues such as those of m/z 489 (homosildenafil) and 505 (hydroxyhomosildenafil). Principal component analysis was applied to ESI-MS fingerprint data, placing samples according to their contents of active ingredients hence authentic and counterfeit samples are easily recognized.

NEQM （NFC Based Equipment Qualification Management） System Preventing Counterfeit and Fraudulent Item

Qualification of equipment essential to safety in NPPs （nuclear power plants） ensures its capability to perform designated safety functions on demand under postulated service conditions. However, a number of incidents identified by the NRC （Nuclear Regulatory Commission） since 1980s catalysed the US nuclear industry to adopt standard precautions to guard against counterfeit items. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the NFC （near field communication） based equipment qualification management system preventing counterfeit and fraudulent items. The NEQM （NFC based equipment qualification management） system works with the support of legacy systems such as PMS （procurement management system） and FMS （facility management system）.

THE STUDY OF UV-PHOTOCHROMIC ANTI-COUNTERFEIT PAPER

The hydrophilicity, dispersity and minuteness of UV (ultraviolet)-photochromic special function materials and its retention and formation mechanisms in stock were comprehensively studied, and the retention mechanism of UV-photochromic fiber was also studied. In addition, according to the disadvantages of special function materials such as big grain, bad hydrophilicity, expensive price and so on, this paper displays our effects focused on the developing of anti-counterfeit pigments slurry system. Moreover, the properties and anti-counterfeit mechanism of the paper with different special function materials were researched by fluorescent spectrum.

论混合型平台知识产权侵权责任的边界——以美国“恶名市场名单”构陷微信为切入点

美国“恶名市场名单”报告以微信被用于售假链条的环节中为由,无端构陷其整体属于电商生态系统并苛责其承担过重的知识产权注意义务,这既给我国相关企业招致过度关注和不当监管,也对我国在知识产权保护方面的国际声誉造成不应有的负面影响。实际上,与传统的单一型平台不同,以微信为代表的混合型平台创造性地将多种类型的功能和服务聚合为一体,在本质上属于混合型平台,其知识产权注意义务和法律责任应当根据具体功能模块的性质和特征予以类型化分析。在框定混合型平台知识产权侵权责任的边界时,必须冲破知识产权侵权行为碎片化以及知识产权注意义务模糊性的困境。一方面,要严格遵循混合型平台知识产权侵权判定的应然逻辑,重点考察混合型平台内各功能服务模块的角色定位;另一方面,要坚持秉承混合型平台知识产权侵权责任认定的理念思路,以分级分类理念、包容审慎理念和利益平衡理念为视角认真审视侵权责任边界之划定是否科学合理。

《民法典》第1014条(姓名权、名称权不得非法侵害)评注

《民法典》第1014条规定的姓名权、名称权不得非法侵害,是姓名权、名称权的消极防御权能,其与《民法典》第1012条、第1013条规定的姓名权、名称权的积极权能,共同构成现行法律体系下关于姓名权、名称权权能的一般规定。对于涉及姓名权、名称权消极权能的法律纠纷,在其他法律如《著作权法》《商标法》《反不正当竞争法》等没有具体规定时,应回溯到本条作为规范依据。本条在立法技术上采具体列举+概括规定的方式,既明确了应予禁止的典型侵害行为,也将那些尚不足以预先概括其事实构成的侵害行为纳入现行法调整范围,从而使制定法能够跟得上社会发展而为姓名权、名称权提供充分保护。主张本条规定的典型侵害行为及其他侵害行为的权利人负有证明责任,需要证明行为人实施了干涉、盗用和假冒等行为,若权利人不能证明或提供的证据前后矛盾等,则要承担不利后果。

刺激“泛化”与刺激“甄别”对仿冒品购买行为的影响

文章运用刺激泛化和刺激甄别理论,分析“泛化”和“甄别”情境对消费者仿冒品购买意愿的影响机理,探讨从众和品牌显著度在其中的调节作用。研究发现:“泛化”情境正向影响仿冒品购买意愿,“甄别”情境则起负向影响作用,质量感知在其中起完全中介作用;进一步地,在从众的调节下,仅“泛化”情境对仿冒品购买意愿的正向影响显著增强,并且“泛化”和“甄别”情境对仿冒品购买意愿的影响仅对高品牌显著度产品有效。研究结论为企业设计、推广产品提供了参考思路,并为有效遏制仿冒品的泛滥提供多元视角和启发。

冒充性攻击下无线传感节点信息数据安全推荐算法

冒充性攻击伪装成合法的通信实体,向无线传感网络中的传感节点发送虚假的信息或命令,降低了网络信息数据推荐的效率,影响网络安全性。为此,研究了一种冒充性攻击下的无线传感信息数据安全推荐算法,以保证通信质量。计算冒充性攻击下的无线传感网络邻居节点的信任度,从中选取信任度取值比较高的节点组建备选推荐无线传感节点集合。对备选节点推荐集合展开数据去噪、冒充性攻击检测和重构处理,同时将用户自定义标签映射为标准标签,以此建立可躲避攻击节点模型。获取可躲避攻击的无线传感节点进行组网。仿真结果表明,所提算法在冒充性攻击下,查全率高于88%、平均响应时间低于390 ms、MAE和RMAE低于1.09%和0.95%。证明所提算法无线传感节点信息数据推荐效果较好,提高了无线传感网络通信质量和通信效率,保证了传输安全性和可靠性。

纸张数字化图像处理与信息识别系统设计研究

针对纸张信息识别领域的图像处理技术进行研究,可构建出一种纸张数字化图像处理与信息识别的系统,具体可从软件、硬件两方面对该系统进行分析。将数字化图像处理技术与信息识别两者结合可从纸张中获取有效的防伪信息,并对纸张进行真假辨识,不仅可降低人工误检的现象,还可使检测的工作效率得到提升,而且适合数字化信息管理,同时可降低个人与企业的经济损失,符合现代社会的发展需求,有着重要的现实意义。

酸皮基磷光型碳点的制备及防伪应用

以浸酸山羊皮为碳源、硼酸为硼源,采用热解法制备了磷光型碳点(P-CDs)。探讨了浸酸山羊皮含量、反应pH、反应温度和反应时间对P-CDs余辉时间的影响。采用有机元素分析仪、SEM、EDS、TEM、FTIR、XRD对样品进行了表征,并评价了P-CDs的防伪应用。结果表明,在浸酸山羊皮含量(以3 g硼酸为基准,下同)4.10%、反应pH为7、反应温度为225℃、反应时间为7.5 h的条件下,制备的P-CDs的余辉时间达到12s;该材料的最佳发射波长为520 nm,对应明亮的青绿色余辉。P-CDs平均粒径为4.42 nm,具有典型的石墨结构,硼原子成功地掺入到碳点中,形成了C—B、B—O等共轭链结构,稳定了三重激发态,延长了余辉时间。

基于PEGPEA-高灵敏仿生光子晶体薄膜制备及应用

采用乳液聚合结合改良的Stӧber方法制备了单分散聚苯乙烯(PS)@SiO2核壳纳米微球,然后将其分散在聚(乙二醇)苯基醚丙烯酸酯(PEGPEA)中,形成非密集颗粒阵列后快速光聚合捕获规则阵列,制备了一种机械变色的光子晶体薄膜。采用SEM、光纤耦合光谱仪对光子晶体薄膜进行了表征,考察了PS@SiO2核壳纳米微球体积分数和粒径对光子晶体薄膜结构色的影响,并对光子晶体薄膜的力致变色机理进行了推测。结果表明,热处理改善了PS@SiO2核壳纳米微球的微观秩序,加快形成蛋白石光子晶体结构;光子晶体薄膜结构色随着PS@SiO2核壳纳米微球体积分数的增加或粒径的减小由红色向蓝色渐变;光子晶体薄膜具有的结构色反射率>60%、拉伸应变至少可达70%、灵敏度2.16 nm/%、响应速度1.9 nm/ms,反射波长调谐范围为151 nm;在100次拉伸/释放循环实验和25℃下维持拉伸状态3 d,恢复后光子晶体薄膜结构色保持不变。

论药品犯罪中“假药”的认定

在《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》删除了假药的概念之后,如何认定药品犯罪中的假药成为理论界与实务界共同关注的问题。该问题是一个典型的行刑衔接问题,法秩序统一性原理对其解决具有指导意义。违法相对论是对法秩序统一性原理最贴切的理解,因此,既不能赞成药品犯罪中的假药与《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定的假药完全一致的观点,也不能肯定可以完全脱离《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的规定独立认定药品犯罪中假药的观点,而应当以《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定的假药为前提,在此基础上进行实质危害性判断。一方面,只要某种药品不是《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定的假药,即使其对人体健康有实质危害性,也不属于药品犯罪中的假药;另一方面,若某种药品属于《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定的假药,但不会给人体健康带来实质危害,那么,也不能将其认定为药品犯罪中的假药。

论比例原则在医药假冒专利中的适用——以《专利法》六十八条为对象的考察

【目的】论证比例原则的适用既有利于实现医药假冒专利者承担合理的民事责任,又有利于医药假冒专利行政责任的合理适用,同时有利于两者的有效衔接。【方法】运用典型案例分析的方法,阐述发明专利、实用新型专利与外观设计专利的医药假冒专利类型,为比例原则在医药假冒专利适用中提供样本。【结果】有限度地适用比例原则对于医药假冒专利的侵权构成与责任承担具有一定的适用性。【结论】2020年《专利法》第六十八条的修订,加大了行政处罚的力度,并扩充了行政处罚的情形,有利于打击医药假冒专利人。

我国生产、销售假药犯罪特点及侦查对策研究——以2017—2021年裁判文书为分析样本

当前,生产、销售假药犯罪形势日益严峻。应用统计学方法,运用Spss27.0、Excel等软件基于2017—2021年788份涉网药品安全犯罪裁判文书以及1510名被告人样本的实证研究发现,我国生产、销售假药犯罪呈现犯罪地域性特征突出,数量显著减少,犯罪人以青壮年为主,文化水平特征突出,犯罪团伙地缘性、家族式特征突出,药物来源涉及种类复杂多样,危害后果两极化,量刑特征较为突出等特征。分析得出生产、销售假药犯罪侦查存在以下问题:犯罪主体团伙化,亲密性高致使案件突破难;假药成分多样、鉴定复杂,犯罪认定难,取证难度大;量刑轻刑化趋势致使犯罪屡禁不止。对此提出如下几点侦查对策:深挖犯罪线索,以“三维”信息打开假药案件突破口;加强综合侦查研判,以犯罪人社会关系摸排犯罪网络;组建专业侦查人才队伍,科学设置“预检分流”环节,健全药品保管制度;全面收集主客观证据,厘清各犯罪主体责任,提出合理量刑建议;提高资源保障力度,搭建合作交流平台,构建多元共治体系。

基于区块链的芝麻油防伪溯源系统的设计与实现

芝麻油作为日常饮食中不可或缺的食用油之一,其质量和安全性受到了广泛关注。然而,芝麻油掺假问题日益严重,这使得保障芝麻油的质量安全成为了一个急需解决的问题,所以建立芝麻油防伪溯源对保障质量安全十分重要。本实验设计研发了一套基于区块链技术的芝麻油防伪溯源系统,提出了“区块链缓存”的双存储设计,即链下存储并缓存溯源信息,链上同步存储溯源信息的哈希值;此外还设计了链码直连状态数据库的查询方案,解决了区块链网络数据存储压力大、查询效率低的问题。通过分析与验证,消费者利用微信扫码通过小程序能够快速方便地查验芝麻油真伪,有效解决了芝麻油溯源链不同环节之间在数据安全和溯源信息真实性上的问题,在实践中也取得了较好的应用效果。