Steady State Creep Rate Equation of Inconel 718 Superalloy

The steady state creep rate equdtion of a nickel base superalloy Inconel 718, strengthened by coherent ordered disc-shaped bct γ^(11) phase and coherent spherical fcc γ~1 phase precipitates, has been established in the stress and temperature ranges of 620-840 MN m^(-2) and 853-943K, respecti- vely. Constant stress tensile creep tests were used to medsure the values of steady state creep rate, ε_s, and the consecutive stress reduction method was used to measure the back stress during creep deformation. The values of effective stress exponent, n_e, were detemined from the slopes of the lgε_s vs. lg(σ_a-σ_0)/G plots. The effect of grain size, d, on steady state creep rdte has been also studied in this investigation, and the grain size sensitive exponents m were detemined from the slopes of lgε_s vs. lg(b/d) plots. The creep rate equations of Inconel 718, in the above stress and temperature ranges, have been proposed to be ε_s=1.6×10^(-5)(D_1Gb/KT) (b/d )^(0.19)[(σ_a-σ_0)/G]^(1.35) in diffusional creep region, and ε_s =75(D_1Gb/KT) (b/d)^(-0.42)[(σ_a-σ_0)/G]^(5.5) in dislocation power law creep region.

Creep rate sensitivities of materials by a depth-sensing indentation technique

The strain rate sensitivity to creep of single crystal Cu（110）, metal tantalum, and 128°Y-X LiNbO3 piezoelectric single crystal were measured at room temperature by MTS Nanoindenter XP. Among the three kinds of materials studied, Cu showed the highest degree of resistance to creep-induced deformation, which is followed by Ta, while the LiNbO3 single crystal deformed more readily than the others. The values of the steady-state strain rate sensitivities determined by the indentation methods are in the range of 0.002-0.006, 0.02-0.06 and 0.02-0.03 for Cu, Ta, and LiNbO3, respectively. The mechanisms for the indentation-induced creeping behavior and the factors that influenced the creeping are discussed.

Correct Interpretation of Creep Rates: A Case Study of Cu

Traditionally the deformation resistance in creep is characterized by the minimum creep rate εmin and its sensitivity to stress （stress exponent n） and temperature （activation energy Q）. Various values of constant n have been reported in the literature and interpreted in terms of specific mechanisms. The present case study of coarse-grained Cu at 573 K yields a stress exponent n = 9 for εmin. in tension and a relatively low activation energy. The evolution of the deformation resistance with strain at constant tensile creep load and comparison with creep in compression without fracture indicates that the tensile εmin. result from transition from uniform deformation to strain localization during fracture. This is confirmed by the results of creep in compression where fracture is suppressed. Both the tensile εmin, and the compressive creep rate at strains around 0.3 can be described using existing equations for quasi-stationary deformation containing the subgrain boundary misorientation θ as structure parameter. While in the latter case constant θ leads to monotonic increase of n with stress, the tensile nine-power-law results from variable θ, and has no simple meaning. The result of this case study means that uncritical interpretation of minimum tensile creep rates as stationary ones bears a high risk of systematic errors in the determination of creep parameters and identification of creep mechanisms.

Understanding the creep behaviors and mechanisms of Mg-Gd-Zn alloys via machine learning

Mg-Gd-Zn based alloys have better creep resistance than other Mg alloys and attract more attention at elevated temperatures.However,the multiple alloying elements and various heat treatment conditions,combined with complex microstructural evolution during creep tests,bring great challenges in understanding and predicting creep behaviors.In this study,we proposed to predict the creep properties and reveal the creep mechanisms of Mg-Gd-Zn based alloys by machine learning.On the one hand,the minimum creep rates were effectively predicted by using a support vector regression model.The complex and nonmonotonic effects of test temperature,test stress,alloying elements,and heat treatment conditions on the creep properties were revealed.On the other hand,the creep stress exponents and creep activation energies were calculated by machine learning to analyze the variation of creep mechanisms,based on which the constitutive equations of Mg-Gd-Zn based alloys were obtained.This study introduces an efficient method to comprehend creep behaviors through machine learning,offering valuable insights for the future design and selection of Mg alloys.

Creep property research of new martensite heat-resistant steel G115

G115 steel was jointly developed by China Iron & Steel Research Institute Group Co.,Ltd.and Baosteel for usage in 600-650 ℃ ultrasupercritical boiler tubes.Using a hot extruded G115 tube,creep tests were conducted under a constant stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 625,650 and 675 ℃.Comparing creep curves under different temperatures,it is observed that the creep performance of a G115 tube is more sensitive to temperature than stress.Steady-state creep rates of creep specimens are significantly increased by enhancing the temperature.A micro-structural analysis of ruptured creep specimens under a stress of 130 MPa and temperatures of 650 ℃ and 675 ℃ was performed;the fracture mechanism of creep specimens under these two temperatures mainly included the appearance of creep holes on the grain boundary and a decrease in the martensite lath density.

Effect of cooling rate during quenching on the microstructure and creep property of nickel-based superalloy FGH96

The effect of cooling rate during quenching on the microstructure and creep property of nickel-based superalloy FGH96 was investigated. Three groups of samples were quenched continuously with three fixed cooling rates, respectively, then subjected to a creep test under a constant load of 690 MPa at 700℃. Clear differences in size of secondary γ′ precipitates, creep properties and substructure of creep-tested samples were observed. The quantitative relationship among cooling rate, the size of secondary γ′ precipitates, and steady creep rate was constructed. It was found that with increasing cooling rate, the size of secondary γ′ precipitates decreases gradually, showing that the relationship between the size of secondary γ′ precipitates and the cooling rate obeys a power law, with an exponent of about –0.6, and the creep rate of steady state follows a good parabola relationship with cooling γ′ precipitate size. For 235℃/min, FGH96 alloy exhibited very small steady creep rate. The density of dislocation was low, and the isolated stacking fault was the dominant deformation mechanism. With decreasing cooling rates, the density of dislocation increased remarkably, and deformation microtwinning was the dominant deformation process. Detailed mechanisms for different cooling rate were discussed.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SHAPE AND CARBIDE ON CREEP CRACK GROWTH IN HK40

The influence of two different grain shapes and carbides in the HK40 alloy,the material for use of furnace tube,on the rate of creep crack growth has been investigated.The resistance to creep crack growth of the material with columnar grains is inferior than that with equiaxial grains when the load line is perpendicular to the columnar grain axis.The influence of secon- dary carbide on the rate of creep crack propagation depends upon the Brain shape.

THE CREEP AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF TWO NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOYS

The creep and fracture behavior of the cast K417 and forged GH4049 nickel-based superalloys were investigated in the temperature range of 700-900℃ C. Within the ranges of stress and temperature studied, the steady state creep rates exhibited a power law relationship with the applied stress and temperature. The time to rupture is inversely proportional to the steady state creep rate. Under all testing conditions, the creep fracture process was mainly controled by crack initiation and growth of the intergranular oxidation. Casting porosities, pores and carbides were also prefecentral locations of creep crack initiation in the cast K417 alloy. In addition, the intergranular fracture feature in the forged GH4049 alloy was apparently associated with the formation and coalescence of the cavitations on the grain boundaries.

Creep resistance of as-cast Mg-5Al-5Ca-2Sn alloy

In the present study, creep properties of as-cast Mg-5Al-5Ca-2Sn(AXT552) alloy were investigated by means of a GWT304 creep testing machine at temperatures of 175 °C and 200 °C in the stress range of 35-90 MPa. Results show that creep rates increase with applied stress at an identical temperature. Creep strain at 100 hours is 0.0518% and 0.083% at creep conditions of 175°C/75 MPa and 200°C/60 MPa, respectively, which is comparable to MRI230 D and much lower than most of AX series alloys. By the observation and analysis for samples before and after creep tests using a Shimadzu XRD-7000 type X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and a Hitachi S-3400 N type scanning electron microscope(SEM), it was found that Al_2Ca(C15) phase precipitated out of C36 phase or matrix. The cavity formation and connection at the interface of soft matrix and hard intermetallics caused the propagation of cracking along the eutectic phase during creep process and dislocation accommodated grain/phase boundary sliding is expected to be the dominant creep mechanism.

EFFECT OF Mg AND Zr ADDITION ON CREEP CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR OF A Ni-BASE SUPERALLOY

The creep crack growth(CCG)and the time to carck initiation and rupture of specimen (t_(rc)and t_r)were measured by means of electrical potential method on single edge notched specimens at 700℃.The field near the crack tip under steady-state creep was represented by energy rate integral(C~*),and the CCG rate as a function of C~* has been obtained.The agreement between the predicted and observed t_(rc)values is quite good.It was found that the addition of small amount of Mg and Zr in the alloys causes t_(rc)and t_r of the specimens to in- crease significantly.

CREEP CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY 718 DURING HIGH TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE

Alloy 718 is a precipitation strengthened nickel-based superalloy based on the precipitation of γ″-Ni3Nb (DO22 structure) and γ′-Ni3(Al,Ti) (L12 structure) phases. Creep crack growth rate (CCGR) was investigated after high temperature exposure at 593, 650 and 677℃ for 2000h in Alloy 718. In addition to the coalescence of γ′/ γ″ and the amount increasing of δ phase, the existence of a bcc chromium enriched α-Cr phase was observed by SEM, and the weight fraction of α-Cr and other phases were determined by chemical phase analysis methods. The CCGR behavior and regulation have been analyzed by means of strength and structure analysis approaches. The experimental results show higher the exposure temperature and longer the exposure time, lower the CCGR. This is probably attributed to the interaction of material softening and brittling due to complex structure changes during high temperature exposure. Therefore, despite α-Cr phase formation and amount enhancement were run in this test range. It seems to us a small amount of α-Cr will be not harmful for creep crack propagation resistance, which is critical for disk application in aircraft and land-based gas turbine.

Creep Function Parameter Analysis for Optimum Design with Calcium Carbonate Nanofiller – Polypropylene Composite

This paper is about the use of power law model to fit experimental creep data of PP reinforced with calcium carbonate nanofiller at 10% optimum volume fraction with a view to characterizing the new material (PPC2) parametrically. The creep parameters were evaluated for neat (PPC0) and reinforced PP (PPC2) to establish the influence of reinforcement on the creep variables like creep rate and creep activation energy. The coefficient parameter A estimated within the stress level range 13.08MPa-22.88MPa has the range 0.0165-0.0651 while the exponent parameter n has 0.299-0.370. The creep stress coefficient K and exponent m has the respective values 161.495 and 0.3288 for PPC0 and 1881.4965 and 0.5448 for PPC2. The value of the parameter p similar to Larson-Miller has the value 4014.1871. Two creep function models used found that PPC0 has higher activation energy with value 9.3642E-20 J/mol for the stress 13.08MPa and PPC2 has values for the stresses 13.08MPa, 19.61MPa and 22.88MPa as 5.55998E- 20J/mol,5.4573E-20J/mol and 4.845E-20J/mol respectively. Of the two master curves produced, that following Larson-Miller parameter is recommended as the relationship between lnσ and parameter f(σ) is relatively linear and will give better results than the curve assumed to follow Sherby-Dorn that will give average result.

Superplasticity-like creep behavior of coarse grained ternary Al alloys

Enhanced tensile ductilities in coarse grained Al-Mg-Zn and Al-Mg-Fe materials were studied.The materials were Al-2Mg-5Zn,Al-3Mg-5Zn,Al-4Mg-5Zn,Al-3Mg-0.11Fe,Al-3Mg-0.27Fe,and Al-3Mg-0.40Fe.Tensile elongation-to-failure tests were conducted at constant cross-head speed and constant temperatures from 300 to 450℃.Strain rate change tests were conducted at a constant temperature from 300 to 450℃and in strain-rate range from 4.31×10-5to 1.97×10-2s-1.Experimental results show that over 100%ductilities are consistently achieved in these materials.This superplasticity-like behavior is rate-controlled by solute-drag creep.Although ternary Zn and Fe additions do not have an adverse effect on solute-drag creep and ductility,they increase stress exponent and its sensitivity to Mg content during solute-drag creep.

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Sustained Load Dual Grip Creep Testing Machine

The design and performance evaluation of a sustained load creep testing machine was undertaken in this research. The design was motivated by the need to make locally available, a cost effective, technically efficient, and easily operated creep testing facility;for creep behaviour studies of materials. Design drawings and purchase of materials and components for the design were undertaken after thorough evaluation of the following design and materials selection criteria: design principle and theory, local availability of raw materials and components required for the design, material properties, cost of materials and design, ease of utilization and maintenance, and basis of testing and data capture. The machine casing and frame, heating chamber (consisting of the furnace and a dual specimen mounting stage), load lever and hanger system, and the electro-technical components;were fabricated and coupled following the produced design specifications. The machine was tested and its performance was assessed using its heating efficiency, repeatability and reproducibity of experimental test results, maintainability and cost-effectiveness as criteria. It was observed from repeat tests that the machine has the capacity of generating reliable data for computing creep strain-time results. The efficiency and temperature regulating capacity of the heating unit of the machine were also observed to be very satisfactory. The cost of the design was about 112,000 Naira ($700.00) which is cheaper in comparison to similar commercial creep testing machines from abroad. The machine was also found not to pose maintenance or repairs challenges.

协同Orowan绕过和攀移机制的镍基高温合金蠕变新模型

提出一种用于准确便捷预测析出相增强镍基高温合金稳态蠕变速率的蠕变新模型。基于析出相的空间分布,采用概率依赖的方法将位错-析出相交互作用中Orowan绕过和位错攀移机制的协同模式耦合到新的蠕变模型中。结果表明,新模型预测的稳态蠕变速率与实验数据吻合很好。此外,当前模型不再依赖于可调参数;同时,确定了阈值应力与温度的定量关系。这项工作为蠕变变形过程中位错-析出相交互作用提供新思路,并为设计具有更优异蠕变性能的析出强化合金提供有效模型。

基于蠕变曲线对称的蠕变模型研究及参数敏感性分析

为了获得滇中引水隧洞围岩的蠕变特性和研究隧洞围岩的长期稳定性,采用中国科学院武汉岩土所自主研发的全自动三轴开展绿泥页岩的单轴蠕变试验,获得了绿泥页岩的轴向蠕变曲线和等时应力-应变曲线,并基于等时应力-应变曲线的特征确定出绿泥页岩的长期强度值。基于经典蠕变曲线特征与大量试验蠕变曲线,发现描述衰减蠕变曲线的方程可以通过对称处理,故假设加速曲线与衰减蠕变曲线是关于稳定蠕变曲线的中点对称的,得到一种基于蠕变曲线对称的加速蠕变模型,并基于蠕变试验曲线的特征提出一套确定蠕变模型参数的方法。最后,将引入加速蠕变模型中的参数进行敏感性分析,使得引入模型中的参数具有明确的物理意义。结果表明:随着轴向应力的不断增大,岩石的瞬时应变值和蠕变变形值不断增大,而第一级荷载作用下岩石的瞬时应变占蠕变总变形比值最大。所建立的蠕变模型不仅可以很好地描述绿泥页岩的衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变变形规律,也较好地弥补了西原模型无法描述加速蠕变的缺陷,且该模型曲线与试验曲线的吻合度要远远高于西原模型与试验曲线的吻合度,并且不同应力作用下模型曲线与试验曲线的相关性系数均在0.90以上;同时,通过不同类型试验曲线与模型曲线的验证也说明了该模型是可用于不同类型岩石蠕变曲线的预测。最终,引入参数j值控制了加速蠕变的变形速率和进入加速蠕变的时间,参数k值控制了蠕变时间和加速阶段的蠕变速率。

铝合金电缆压接有限元分析及压蠕变试验研究

采用ABAQUS软件,通过有限元法模拟了常用标称截面为240 mm^(2)铝合金电力电缆导线压接接头处导线表面的应力和应变。模拟结果表明:在连接管与电缆导体间隙为1.0 mm~1.7 mm范围内,压接电缆导线表面的残留应力在压接范围内呈非均匀分布,以中间截面为中心,距离中心约20 mm处残留应力较大,最大值约50 MPa;距离中心20 mm~42 mm处残留应力较小,连接管端部5 mm范围内残留应力又变大。随着间隙由1.0 mm增大至1.7 mm,压接导线的轴向延展应变量由12.62%降至3.12%。以模拟获得的最大应力50 MPa和运行温度90℃为蠕变实验参数,将与铝合金绞线相同退火状态的压缩蠕变试样按模拟应变量进行预压缩后进行压缩蠕变实验,实验结果表明:退火导线经压接变形后,蠕变变形量减小,第二阶段蠕变速率降低,且预变形量越大,第二阶段蠕变速率越低。

宽幅温度和应力范围下蠕墨铸铁的蠕变试验及本构模型对比研究

随着发动机功率密度的增加,气缸盖在运行过程中所承受的温度和应力也增加,因此蠕变损伤预测需要考虑准确的蠕变本构模型和参数。针对蠕墨铸铁(Compacted Graphite cast Iron,CGI)气缸盖大范围的温度和应力工作条件,开展温度450~550℃、试验应力100~300 MPa条件下的CGI蠕变试验,进行表征宽幅温度和应力下CGI最小蠕变速率的蠕变本构模型对比研究。研究表明:与较小的温度和应力范围相比,在宽幅条件下CGI更容易发生蠕变损伤,且温度相比应力更能促使CGI发生蠕变变形;分别基于Norton⁃Bailey幂律模型、Garofalo双曲正弦模型和变形机制的真应力(Deformation Mechanism⁃based True Stress,DMTS)模型,结合多目标优化方法,构建了CGI蠕变本构模型。其中,基于DMTS模型的CGI蠕变模型有73%的预测值在两倍误差范围内,吻合效果在三种模型中为最佳。

温度及预紧载荷对氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片蠕变松弛和泄漏率的影响

垫片在高温长期使用过程中发生蠕变松弛导致垫片应力下降,从而影响密封效果。因此,采用理论模型预测垫片的蠕变松弛与确定垫片在高温环境长期使用过程中泄漏率的变化规律非常重要。通过实验测试氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在不同温度和不同预紧载荷下的垫片应力值,并与根据Burgers模型计算出的垫片应力值进行对比。然后,通过建立泄漏率与使用时间的关系,提出氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在不同温度和不同预紧载荷下长期使用时的泄漏率计算方法,并计算出该垫片随时间变化的泄漏率变化规律。结果表明:垫片应力的松弛量随着预紧载荷的增加而增加;随着使用时间的增加,垫片的应力松弛变得更加平缓;当预紧载荷相同的情况下温度越高垫片应力下降越明显;Burgers模型对垫片应力的预测值与实验值吻合度很好,最大误差为4.4728%;当温度一定时,氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片计算的泄漏率随着预紧载荷的增加而降低;当预紧载荷相同时,垫片的泄漏率随着温度的增加而增加,且泄漏率均小于密封等级T2的泄漏率2×10^(-3) mg·s^(-1)·mm^(-1)。研究结果为氧化石墨烯无石棉垫片在高温环境长期使用过程密封性能应用提供依据。