Research on the correlation between the dual diffusion behavior of zinc in InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche photodiodes and device performance

The development of InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche photodiodes(SPADs)necessitates the utiliza-tion of a two-element diffusion technique to achieve accurate manipulation of the multiplication width and the dis-tribution of its electric field.Regarding the issue of accurately predicting the depth of diffusion in InGaAs/InP SPAD,simulation analysis and device development were carried out,focusing on the dual diffusion behavior of zinc atoms.A formula of X_(j)=k√t-t_(0)+c to quantitatively predict the diffusion depth is obtained by fitting the simulated twice-diffusion depths based on a two-dimensional(2D)model.The 2D impurity morphologies and the one-dimensional impurity profiles for the dual-diffused region are characterized by using scanning electron micros-copy and secondary ion mass spectrometry as a function of the diffusion depth,respectively.InGaAs/InP SPAD devices with different dual-diffusion conditions are also fabricated,which show breakdown behaviors well consis-tent with the simulated results under the same junction geometries.The dark count rate(DCR)of the device de-creased as the multiplication width increased,as indicated by the results.DCRs of 2×10^(6),1×10^(5),4×10^(4),and 2×10^(4) were achieved at temperatures of 300 K,273 K,263 K,and 253 K,respectively,with a bias voltage of 3 V,when the multiplication width was 1.5µm.These results demonstrate an effective prediction route for accu-rately controlling the dual-diffused zinc junction geometry in InP-based planar device processing.

Influence of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of a Plasma Radical Nitrided SCM440 Steel

Plasma radical nitriding was performed to harden the surface of SCM440 steel for 1-10 h at temperature range of 450-550℃. This process involved the use of NH3 gas instead of N2 gas employed for the well-established plasma nitriding method. No compound layer was formed during this process except the experiment carried out at 500℃ for 10 h. The main phase produced in the diffusion zone was identified to be γ＇-Fe4（N, C）. A diffusion depth increased with increasing treatment temperature and time （up to about 250 μm）. The surface hardness of radical nitrided layer was about two times higher than that of the untreated surface. The tensile test was carried out to estimate the mechanical properties of surface-hardened SCM440 steel prepared at various plasma radical nitriding treatment time and temperature. The influence of radical nitriding treatment on the tensile strength of the specimen was found to be insignificant. The highest value of the ultimate tensile strength was obtained in the experiment carried out at 500℃ for 1 h. However, the elongation was greatly affected by the radical nitriding processing parameters. The maximum value of elongation, which is equal to about 18.1%, was also obtained under the condition of 500℃ for 1 h.

Experimental investigation on flow characteristics of a transverse jet with an upstream vortex generator

This paper aims at probing the flow characteristics of a jet in supersonic crossflow(JISC)by installing a vortex generator(VG)upstream of the jet orifice.Nanoparticle planar laser scattering(NPLS)and stereo-particle image velocimetry(SPIV)technologies were employed to observe the flowfield,and three cases were designed for comparison.CASE0 stands for JISC without passive VG.In CASE1 and CASE2,VG is installed at 20 mm and 80 mm upstream away from the jet orifice,respectively.Transient flow structures show that two flow modes exist when the VG wake interacts with the JISC.In CASE1,vortices are induced from both sides of the jet plume because of the VG wake.This leads to a complex streamwise vortex system.Penetration and lateral diffusion are enhanced.In CASE2,intermittent large-scale eddies in the VG wake cause large streamwise vortices at the windward side of the jet.The penetration depth is also enhanced while the lateral diffusion is restrained.In addition,experimental results show that the penetration depth is approximately 8.5%higher in CASE1 than that in CASE0,and the lateral diffusion is larger by about 17.0%.In CASE2,the penetration is increased by about 26.2%,while the lateral diffusion is enhanced by just 0.5%.

Static versus energy-dependent nucleus–nucleus potential for description of sub-barrier fusion dynamics of _8^(16)O+_(50)^(112,116,120)Sn reactions

The static and energy-dependent nucleus–nucleus potentials are simultaneously used along with the Wong formula for exploration of fusion dynamics of 8^16O＋50^112,116,120Sn reactions. The role of internal structure degrees of freedom of colliding pairs, such as inelastic surface vibrations, are examined within the context of coupled channel calculations performed using the code CCFULL. Theoretical calculations based on the static Woods–Saxon potential along with the one-dimensional Wong formula fail to address the fusion data of 8^16O＋50^112,116,120Sn reactions.Such discrepancies can be removed if one uses couplings to internal structure degrees of freedom of colliding nuclei.However, the energy-dependent Woods–Saxon potential model（EDWSP model） accurately describes the sub-barrier fusion enhancement of 8^16O＋50^112,116,120Sn reactions. Therefore, in sub-barrier fusion dynamics, energy dependence in the nucleus–nucleus potential governs barrier modification effects in a closely similar way to that of the coupled channel approach.