Toxicity of Cu and Cd in Soils and Detoxication by Additives

Results from laboratory experiments indicated that the concentrations and toxicities of both water-soluble and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu and Cd from soils were in the order of red soil> yellow brown earth> black earth.The toxicity of soil varied with the concentrations of metals.The form,concentration and toxicity of Cu and Cd in soils were determined by cation exchange capacity,content of organic matter and composition of clay minerals in the soil.Addition of CaCO3 could significantly decrease the concentration and toxicity of water-soluble and 0.1 M HCl-extractable Cu or Cd from the red soil,and could notably transform the Cu and Cd from the water-soluble or exchangeable form into the organic,free oxides-occluded or sulfic form.

UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS-based metabolomics survey on the toxicity of triptolide and detoxication of licorice

Triptolide(TP) from Tripterygium wilfordii has been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anticancer activities. TP is specially used for the treatment of awkward rheumatoid arthritis, but its clinical application is confined by intense side effects. It is reported that licorice can obviously reduce the toxicity of TP, but the detailed mechanisms involved have not been comprehensively investigated. The current study aimed to explore metabolomics characteristics of the toxic reaction induced by TP and the intervention effect of licorice water extraction(LWE) against such toxicity. Obtained urine samples from control, TP and TP + LWE treated rats were analyzed by UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS. The metabolic profiles of the control and the TP group were well differentiated by the principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The toxicity of TP was demonstrated to be evolving along with the exposure time of TP. Eight potential biomarkers related to TP toxicity were successfully identified in urine samples. Furthermore, LWE treatment could attenuate the change in six of the eight identified biomarkers. Functional pathway analysis revealed that the alterations in these metabolites were associated with tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and porphyrin metabolism. Therefore, it was concluded that LWE demonstrated interventional effects on TP toxicity through regulation of tryptophan, pantothenic acid, and porphyrin metabolism pathways, which provided novel insights into the possible mechanisms of TP toxicity as well as the potential therapeutic effects of LWE against such toxicity.

Randomized Double-blinded and Controlled Clinical Trial on Treatment of HIV/AIDS by Zhongyan-4 (中研-4号)

Objective： To assess the efficacy and safety of Zhongyan-4 （中研-4号, ZY-4, a Chinese herbal preparation worked out according to the therapeutic principle of supplementing qi, nourishing Yin, clearing heat and detoxication） in treating HIV/AIDS patients in the early or middle stage. Methods： Adopted was randomized double-blinded and placebo-parallel-controlled method, with 72 HIV/AIDS patients randomly divided into the ZY-4 group （36 patients） treated with ZY-4 and the control group （36 patients） treated with placebo. The treatment course was six months. The index of OD4^＋, OD8^＋ counts, body weight, clinical symptom scoring were estimated at 4 time points （0, 1, 3 and 6 month in the course）, and also the viral load before and after treatment. The whole course of observation was completed in 63 patients, 30 in the ZY-4 group and 33 in the control group. Results： OD4^＋ count in the ZY-4 group got elevated by 7.70 4±150.96/mm^3 on average, while that in the control group lowered by 27.33 4±85.28 /mm^3 . Fifteen out of the 30 patients in the ZY-4 group had their OD4^＋ count increased, which was evidently much higher than that in the control group （8/33, P〈0. 05）, suggesting that the efficacy of ZY-4 is superior to that of placebo in elevating OD4^＋ count. Moreover, ZY-4 showed actions in elevating OD45RA^＋ and OD8^＋ count, reducing HIV virus load, improving clinical symptom/sign and increasing body weight of patients. No obvious adverse reaction was found in the clinical trial. Conclusion： ZY-4 has an immunity-protective and/or rebuilding function in HIV/AIDS patients in the early and middle stage, and also shows effects in lowering viral load, increasing body weight and improving symptoms and signs to a certain degree.

Effect of Magnetized Water on the Mice Given High Doses of Antineoplastic Drugs

To broaden the applications of magnetized water(MW) in medical science, the possible detoxicative effect of MW to anticancer drugs in vivo were studied. After being given ip with cyclophosphomide (CTX) 500 mg/kg, cisplatin (DDP) 40 mg/kg, harringtonine (HA) 20 mg/kg, mitomycin C (MMC) 8 mg/kg, lycobetaine (Lyc) 200 mg/kg, respectively, the mice were given MW ip 0.2 ml for 7 days. The average life span was calculated for each group. After being given subacutely lower doses of anticancer drugs ( CTX 100 mg/kg, HA 3 mg/kg ) ip 3 times, the mice were given MW ip 0.2 ml for 7 days and the blood white cells were counted as routine. It was shown that the mice in MW groups after ip anticancer drugs survived longer than those without MW. The effects of various anticancer drugs on life span were different. The white cell numbers of groups with MW were higher than that of the groups without MW. So it is possible that MW can remarkably extend the life span of mice and attenuate the leukopenia by mitigating the toxicity of anticancer drugs in vivo .

Ozone Therapy in Patients with Burn Disease

Objectives. Using of systemic ozone therapy connecting with antioxidants in early period of burn disease for detoxication and metabolic disorders correction is investigated. Materials and Methods. We used active preventive metabolic detoxication in early period of burn disease (5th - 15th days after shock stage). It includes, besides complex infusion and transfusion therapy and classic pharmacological treatment, employment of antioxidants with succinic acid (reamberin, mexidol), systemic ozone therapy (intravenous injections of ozonated sodium chloride solution with ozone concentration 120 - 240 μg/mL;saturating ozone concentration in gas flow—5000 μg/L, sparging speed—2 l/min), major autohemotherapy (twice a week;ozone dose—250 - 300 μg/mL) and monitor cleansing of bowels with rectal ozone insufflations (ozone dose—1000 μg/mL). Estimation of personal oxidant dose and treatment effectiveness is carried out by biochemiluminescence control of pro- and antioxidant system state. Complex patient study also includes endotoxicosis markers (blood level of glucose, creatinine, bilirubin, urea and intermediate molecular weight peptides), proteolytic enzymes activity (tripsin, antitripsin, elastase), cardiovascular and microcirculation function examination (tetrapolar rheography, spirography, laser Doppler flowmetry) at burn disease dynamics. We formed two patients groups: first control group (20 burned patients) received a traditional therapy;second group (20 burned patients) got a described detoxication complex additional to treatment of first group. All patients had large burns (more than 20% body square). Indications for parenteral ozone therapy are signs of hypoxia (hypoxemia, elevated lactate level, depressed lactate dehydrogenase activity) and toxemia (increased blood level of glucose, creatinine, urea, intermediate molecular weight peptides, fibrine degradation products, lypoperoxidation intensification);cardiovascular dysfunction;respiratory function disorders. Results. Method of ozone dose individualization in intravenous ozone therapy and pharmacological treatment as oxidation stress correction is shown. This method is based on biochemiluminescence detection of patient blood antioxidant system reaction in ozonization in vitro. It is important that first stage of method is pro- and antioxidant potential estimation. Conclusions. It was shown that this algorithm use determines fully correction of oxygen homeostasis disorders and endotoxicosis. It optimizes results of complex treatment of burned patients.

Simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid and baicalin in heat-clearing and detoxicating oral liquid by NIRS

The calibration model for simultaneous deter-mination of chlorogenic acid and baicalin in heat-clearing and detoxicating oral liquid was built by partial least squares and near infrared spectroscopy, and the method of spectral pre-treatment was discussed. Building model from calibration set obtained good results, and vali-dated by prediction. According to heat-clearing and detoxicating oral liquid from 30 batches of 6 factories, the correlation coefficient of chloro-genic acid and baicalin model are 0.9993 and 0.9923, The root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) are 0.467 and 0.480, and the standard Error of prediction (SEP) of chloro- genic acid and baicalin are 0.356 and 0.370 re-spectively. The correlation coefficients in pre-diction set are 0.9997 and 0.9969, prediction results are accurate and reliable. This method can be applied in rapid analysis of heat- clearing and detoxicating oral liquid, and it is fit for on-line detection and has a wide application prospect.

Experience in the Treatment of Tumors by Replenishing Qi and Nourishing Blood,Detoxicating and Resolving Masses

The pathogenesis of malignant tumors is the deficiency of vital Qi and the excess of pathogenic Qi.Its basic treating principle is to strengthen vital Qi to eliminate pathogenic factor.The paper is to summarize the clinical experiences in tumor treatment of Dr.Chen Shizhou,a well-known traditional Chinese medicine expert in Weifang City,Shandong Province.He put forward the treatment method of"replenishing Qi and nourishing blood,detoxicating and resolving masses",paying attention to protecting stomach qi and advocating survival with tumor,with remarkable clinical effects.

Establishment of one-step approach to detoxification of hypertoxic aconite based on the evaluation of alkaloids contents and quality

Aconite is a valuable drug and also a toxic material, which can be used only after detoxification processing. Although traditional processing methods can achieve detoxification effect as desired, there are some obvious drawbacks, including a significant loss of alkaloids and poor quality consistency. It is thus necessary to develop a new detoxification approach. In the present study, we designed a novel one-step detoxification approach by quickly drying fresh-cut aconite particles. In order to evaluate the technical advantages, the contents of mesaconitine, aconitine, hypaconitine, benzoylmesaconine, benzoylaconine, benzoylhypaconine, neoline, fuziline, songorine, and talatisamine were determined using HPLC and UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Multivariate analysis methods, such as Clustering analysis and Principle component analysis, were applied to determine the quality differences between samples. Our results showed that traditional processes could reduce toxicity as desired, but also led to more than 85.2% alkaloids loss. However, our novel one-step method was capable of achieving virtually the same detoxification effect, with only an approximately 30% alkaloids loss. Cluster analysis and Principal component analysis analyses suggested that Shengfupian and the novel products were significantly different from various traditional products. Acute toxicity testing showed that the novel products achieved a good detoxification effect, with its maximum tolerated dose being equivalent to 20 times of adult dosage. And cardiac effect testing also showed that the activity of the novel products was stronger than that of traditional products. Moreover, particles specification greatly improved the quality consistency of the novel products, which was immensely superior to the traditional products. These results would help guide the rational optimization of aconite processing technologies, providing better drugs for clinical treatment.

Clinical Study of Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy Combined with Routine Western Medicine on Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Objective： To investigate the mechanism of Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy in treating patients with chronic renal failure （CRF）. Methods： A total of 142 patients were assigned to the Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy group （the treatment group, 82 patients） and the Western medicine treatment group （the control group, 60 patients）. All of the patients were treated with NovoNorm 1 mg and metformin hydrochloride tablets 0.15 g thrice per day for lowering the blood glucose, as well as Perindopril 4 mg twice daily for lowering blood pressure, recombinant human erythropoietin 2 000 U and a hypodermic injection thrice a week for rectifying anemia, 30 days as one course of treatment, and all patients were treated for two courses. Patients in the treatment group were treated with the Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy [dispersing the five-zang （脏） organs, expelling toxins through colonic dialysis and skin dialysis fumigation] in addition to the aforementioned drugs. Parameters observed and recorded in the study included renal function [serum creatinine （SCr）, blood urea nitrogen （BUN）], blood lipids [triglyceride （TG）, total cholesterol （TC）, low-density lipoprotein C （LDL-C）, high-density lipoprotein C （HDL-C）], plasma total protein （TP）, hemoglobin （Hb）, serum interleukin-6 （IL-6）, and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） before and after the treatment. Results： After two courses of treatment, the levels of SCr, BUN, TG, TC, LDL-C, serum IL-6 and TNF-α decreased significantly, meanwhile HDL-C increased in the treatment group （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. In contrast, no obvious changes of the above mentioned items occurred in the control group. In both groups, the levels of TP and Hb were significantly elevated （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, but the changes were more obvious in the treatment group （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Trilogy Detoxicating Therapy played a therapeutic role on patients with CRF possibly through lowering the levels of blood lipids, serum IL-6 and TNF- α.

Bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution and chemical forms of yttrium in rice seedling

Yttrium（Y） accumulation in soil is a serious environment problem in China. To understand the mechanisms involved in Y tolerance and detoxification in rice seedling, the bioaccumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms of Y was investigated in the present study. The results show that the content of Y both in roots and shoots increases with the increasing concentration of Y, and a large amount of Y is stored in roots. Subcellular distribution of Y in rice indicates that the majority of Y is bound to cell wall. Meanwhile, various chemical forms of Y is absorbed by rice. The greatest amount of Y is extracted by 2% hydrate acetic acid（HAc） and 0.6 mol/L HCl（particularly 2% HAc）, which indicates that most of Y is combined with un-dissolved phosphate and oxalate（particularly phosphate）. Cluster analysis, based on Y abundance levels, reveals the relationship between Y distribution patterns and chemical forms. Our results imply that Y forming of precipitates with phosphate（and/or oxalate） and depositing in the cell wall may be a key strategy for Y detoxicity and tolerance in rice.

OUT OF STEPPE

Blue skies, white yurts, and galloping steeds: Modern movies and songs imbue the grasslands of Inner Mongolia with escapist longing, but rural isolation, poverty, and environmental problems create a predatory industry for tourism scams. Is it still possible, or wise, for urbanites to book an arcadian vacation? Or do the grasslands truly belong to the past?

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