Dynamic measurement of beam divergence angle of different fields of view of scanning lidar

The laser beam divergence angle is one of the important parameters to evaluate the quality of the laser beam.It can not only accurately indicate the nature of the beam divergence when the laser beam is transmitted over a long distance,but also objectively evaluate the performance of the laser system.At present,lidar has received a lot of attention as a core component of environment awareness technology.Micro-electromechanical system(MEMS)micromirror has become the first choice for three-dimensional imaging lidar because of its small size and fast scanning speed.However,due to the small size of the MEMS micromirror,the lidar scanning system has a small field of view(FOV).In order to achieve a wide range of scanning imaging,collimating optical system and wide-angle optical system are generally added to the system.However,due to the inherent properties of the optical lens,it is impossible to perfect the imaging,so the effects of collimating and expanding the beam will be different at different angles.This article aims to propose a measurement system that dynamically measures the divergence angles of MEMS scanning lidar beams in different fields of view to objectively evaluate the performances of scanning lidar systems.

Investigation on the effect of beam divergence angle upon output waveform based on stimulated Brillouin scattering optical limiting

This paper investigates the effect of beam divergence angle on output waveform based on stimulated Brillouin scattering optical limiting.Output waveforms in the case of different pump divergence angles are numerically simulated,and validated in a Nd：YAG seed-injected laser system.The results indicate that a small pump divergence angle can lead to good interaction between pump and Stokes,and a platform can be easily realized in the transmitted waveform.In contrast,a peak followed by the platform appears when the divergence angle becomes large.

Optimizing depth of field in 3D light-field display by analyzing and controlling light-beam divergence angle

A concept of divergence angle of light beams(DALB)is proposed to analyze the depth of field(DOF)of a 3D light-field display system.The mathematical model between DOF and DALB is established,and the conclusion that DOF and DALB are inversely proportional is drawn.To reduce DALB and generate clear depth perception,a triple composite aspheric lens structure with a viewing angle of 100°is designed and experimentally demonstrated.The DALB-constrained 3D light-field display system significantly improves the clarity of 3D images and also performs well in imaging at a 3D scene with a DOF over 30 cm.

Measurement method and results of divergence angle of laser-controlled solid propellants used in space propulsion

The plume divergence angle is an important reference index for evaluating the thrust efficiency and propellant utilization of space propulsion systems.However,the characteristics of the dynamic variation of plume divergence angle over time cannot be measured using current methods.This paper utilizes high-speed photography and image processing methods to develop a strategy that can give a quick,non-destructive and real-time detection of the divergence angle.Effectiveness of the strategy is verified,and the characteristics of plume divergence angles of different lasercontrolled solid propellants were further analyzed and fitted.The experimental results indicate that graphene could effectively reduce the divergence angle,while oxide-doped samples had larger divergence angles than alloy-doped and carbon-doped samples.

Optimization of magnetic field design for Hall thrusters based on a genetic algorithm

Magnetic field design is essential for the operation of Hall thrusters.This study focuses on utilizing a genetic algorithm to optimize the magnetic field configuration of SPT70.A 2D hybrid PIC-DSMC and channel-wall erosion model are employed to analyze the plume divergence angle and wall erosion rate,while a Farady probe measurement and laser profilometry system are set up to verify the simulation results.The results demonstrate that the genetic algorithm contributes to reducing the divergence angle of the thruster plumes and alleviating the impact of high-energy particles on the discharge channel wall,reducing the erosion by 5.5%and 2.7%,respectively.Further analysis indicates that the change from a divergent magnetic field to a convergent magnetic field,combined with the upstream shift of the ionization region,contributes to the improving the operation of the Hall thruster.

A tunnel regenerated coupled multi-active-region large optical cavity laser with a high quality beam

A novel coupled multi-active-region large optical cavity structure cascaded by a tunnel junction is proposed to solve the problems of facet catastrophic optical damage （COD） and the large vertical divergence caused by the thin emitting area in conventional laser diodes. For a laser with three active regions, a slope efficiency as high as 1.49 W/A, a vertical divergence angle of 17.4~, and a threshold current density of 271 A/cm~ are achieved. By optimizing the structural parameters, the beam quMity is greatly improved, and the level of the COD power increases by more than two times compared with that of the conventional laser.

Graded index profiles and loss-induced single-mode characteristics in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with petal-shape holey structure

The 850-nm oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with petal-shape holey structures are presented. An area-weighted average refractive index model is given to analyse their effective index profiles, and the graded index distribution in the holey region is demonstrated. The index step between the optical aperture and the holey region is obtained which is related merely to the etching depth. Four types of holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with different parameters are fabricated as well as the conventional oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. Compared with the conventional oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser without etched holes, the holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser possesses an improved beam quality due to its graded index distribution, but has a lower output power, higher threshold current and lower slope efficiency. With the hole number increased, the holey vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser can realize the single-mode operation throughout the entire current range, and reduces the beam divergence further. The loss mechanism is used to explain the single-mode characteristic, and the reduced beam divergence is attributed to the shallow etching. High coupling efficiency of 86% to a multi-mode fibre is achieved for the single-mode device in the experiment.

Flame Morphology and Characteristic of Co-Firing Ammonia with Pulverized Coal on a Flat Flame Burner

Ammonia as a new green carbon free fuel co-combustion with coal can effectively reduce CO_(2)emission,but the research of flame morphology and characteristics of ammonia-coal co-combustion are not enough.In this work,we studied the co-combustion flame of NH_(3)and pulverized coal on flat flame burner under different oxygen mole fraction(X_(i,O_(2)))and NH_(3)co-firing energy ratios(E_(NH_(3))).We initially observed that the introduction of ammonia resulted in stratification within the ammonia-coal co-combustion flame,featuring a transparent flame at the root identified as the ammonia combustion zone.Due to challenges in visually observing the ignition of coal particles in the ammonia-coal co-combustion flame,we utilized Matlab software to analyze flame images across varying E_(NH_(3))and X_(i,O_(2)).The analysis indicates that,compared to pure coal combustion,the addition of ammonia advances the ignition delay time by 4.21 ms to 5.94 ms.As E_(NH_(3))increases,the ignition delay time initially decreases and then increases.Simultaneously,an increase in X_(i,O_(2))results in an earlier ignition delay time.The burn-off time and the flame divergence angle of pulverized coal demonstrated linear decreases and increases,respectively,with the growing ammonia ratio.The addition of ammonia facilitates the release of volatile matter from coal particles.However,in high-ammonia environments,oxygen consumption also impedes the surface reaction of coal particles.Finally,measurements of gas composition in the ammonia-coal flame flow field unveiled that the generated water-rich atmosphere intensified coal particle gasification,resulting in an elevated concentration of CO.Simultaneously,nitrogen-containing substances and coke produced during coal particle gasification underwent reduction reactions with NO_(x),leading to reduced NO_(x)emissions.

Simulation on Effect of Divergent Angle of Submerged Entry Nozzle on Flow and Temperature Fields in Round Billet Mold in Electromagnetic Swirling Continuous Casting Process

A new process for swirling flow generation in the submerged entry nozzle （SEN） in continuous casting process of steel was proposed. A rotating electromagnetic field was set up around the SEN to induce swirling flow by Lorentz force. The flow and temperature fields in the SEN and round billet mold with electromagnetic swirling were numerically simulated and then verified by the electromagnetic swirling model experiment of low melting point alloy. The effects of divergent angle of the SEN on the flow and temperature fields in mold with electromagnetic swirling were investigated. The electromagnetic swirling flow generator （EMSFG） could effectively induce swirling flow of molten steel in the SEN, which consequently improved greatly the flow and temperature fields in the mold. Below the nozzle outlet in mold, with the increase of divergent angle, the stream of bulk flow diverged more widely, the high temperature zone shifted up, and the temperature field became more uniform. Above the nozzle outlet in mold, with 350 A electromagnetic swirling, when the divergent angle of the SEN increased, the upward flow velocity and the meniscus temperature first increased and then decreased. With a divergent angle of 60~, the upward flow velocity and meniscus temperature reaced the largest value.