Mass-producible low-cost flexible electronic fabrics for azo dye wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation is progressively becoming an ecologically friendly water treatment method owing to its lack of secondary pollution,high active ingredient concentration,high treatment effectiveness,simple equipment,and simplicity of automated control implementation.Herein,electrocoagulation is offered as a method for treating wastewater containing azo dyes using a revolutionary flexible electronic fabric that can be mass-producible at a reasonable price.A computer-controlled machine embroiders 316L stainless steel fiber(316L SSF)onto an insulating fabric to manufacture a flexible electronic device of cathode and anode with a monopolar arrangement on the fabric surface.Using methyl orange(MO)solution to simulate azo dye wastewater,the decolorization rate of 500 ml MO reached 99.25% under the conditions of 50 mg·L^(-1)initial mass concentration,120 min electrolysis time,15 mA·g^(-1)current density,1 cm electrode spacing,0.1 mol·L^(-1)NaCl,pH 7.6,200 r·min^(-1)rotational speed of the stirrer,and 22-25℃ room temperature.In addition,it is feasible to embroider flexible electronic fabrics with varied sizes and numbers of electrodes based on the amount of treated sewage to increase the degradation rate,which has significant practical application value.

Copper Ions Removal from Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Using Cement-based Cathode Plates

The present work uses PEO solution to well disperse carbon fiber and identifies percolation thresholds of carbon fiber and carbon black which are used as conductive fillers.The resultant cathode plates have an average compressive strength of 27.3 MPa and flexural strength of 29.09 MPa,which demonstrate excellent mechanical properties.The Cu^(2+)removal efficiency was measured at different current densities in EC process with cement-based cathode plate,while the voltage changes were recorded.The results showed that the cement-based cathode plate operated stably and achieved 99.7%removal of 1 L of simulated wastewater with a Cu^(2+)concentration of 200 ppm at a current density of 8 m A/cm^(2)for 1 h.Characterization of floc and tested cathode plates,SEM and EDS analyses,and repeatability testing of the tested plates demonstrate the reusability of the plates,proving that cement-based plates can effectively replace metal cathode plates,reduce the cost of EC and improve the applicability of EC devices.

High total Joule heat increases the risk of post-endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome after colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection

BACKGROUND We hypothesized that thermal damage accumulation during endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)causes the pathogenesis of post-ESD electrocoagulation syndrome(PECS).AIM To determine the association between Joule heat and the onset of PECS.METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study in patients who underwent colorectal ESD from May 2013 to March 2021 in Japan.We developed a novel device that measures swift coagulation time with a sensor adjacent to the electrosurgical coagulation unit foot switch,which enabled us to calculate total Joule heat.PECS was defined as localized abdominal pain(visual analogue scale≥30 mm during hospitalization or increased by≥20 mm from the baseline)and fever(temperature≥37.5 degrees or white blood cell count≥10000μ/L).Patients exposed to more or less than the median Joule heat value were assigned to the high and low Joule heat groups,respectively.Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U and chisquare tests and logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)analyses.RESULTS We evaluated 151 patients.The PECS incidence was 10.6%(16/151 cases),and all patients were followed conservatively and discharged without severe complications.In multivariate analysis,high Joule heat was an independent PECS risk factor.The area under the ROC curve showing the correlation between PECS and total Joule heat was high[0.788(95%confidence interval:0.666-0.909)].CONCLUSION Joule heat accumulation in the gastrointestinal wall is involved in the onset of PECS.ESD-related thermal damage to the peeled mucosal surface is probably a major component of the mechanism underlying PECS.

Optimizing electrocoagulation process for the treatment of biodiesel wastewater using response surface methodology

The production of biodiesel through a transesterification method produces a large amount of wastewater that contains high levels of chemical oxygen demand （COD） and oil and grease （O＆G）. Currently, flotation is the conventional primary treatment for O＆G removal prior to biological treatments. In this study, electrocoagulation （EC） was adopted to treat the biodiesel wastewater. The effects of initial pH, applied voltage, and reaction time on the EC process for the removal of COD, O＆G, and suspended solids （SS） were investigated using one factor at a time experiment. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken design, an experimental design for response surface methodology （RSM）, was used to create a set of 15 experimental runs needed for optimizing of the operating conditions. Quadratic regression models with estimated coefficients were developed to describe the pollutant removals. The experimental results show that EC could effectively reduce COD, O＆G, and SS by 55.43%, 98.42%, and 96.59%, respectively, at the optimum conditions of pH 6.06, applied voltage 18.2 V, and reaction time 23.5 min. The experimental observations were in reasonable agreement with the modeled values.

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation

Treatment of tannery wastewater by electrocoagulation with low cell current （≤ 1A） and soluble electrodes （mild steel electrodes and aluminum electrodes） was studied. Compared with aluminum electrodes, mild steel electrodes were more effective for the removal of sulfide, with a removal efficiency of over 90%. But during the treatment process, black color precipitate typical to iron（Ⅱ） sulfides was produced. While aluminum electrodes were effective to eliminate the colority of the effluent, the removal efficiency of sulfide was lower than 12%. The mechanisms of the removal of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total organic carbon, sulfide and colority with the two soluble electrodes （mild steel and aluminum electrodes） were discussed in detail. In order to exert the predominance of diffenent types of electrodes, the tannery wastewater was treated using mild steel electrodes first followed by the filter and finally by the aluminum electrodes, the elimination rates of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, total organic carbon, sulfide and colority were 68.0%, 43.1%, 55.1%, 96.7% and 84.3%, respectively, with the initial concentrations 2413.1 mg/L, 223.4 mg/L, 1000.4 mg/L, 112.3 mg/L and 256 dilution times, respectively. The absorbance spectra and energy consumption during electrocoagulation process were also discussed.

An alternative treatment process for upgrade of petroleum refinery wastewater using electrocoagulation

An electrocoagulation treatment process was developed for treatment and upgrade of petroleum refinery effluent （wastewater）, instead of the conventional methods, which can consume higher amounts of chemicals and produce larger amounts of sludge. The effect of the operation parameters, such as current density, initial pH, anode material, anode dissolution, energy consumption and electrolysis time, on treatment efficiency was investigated. The experimental results showed that the effluent can be effectively treated under optimal conditions. Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） analysis of the effluent, and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） coupled with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays （EDAX） of the sludge produced, revealed that the unwanted pollutants can be eliminated. The electrocoagulation treatment process was assessed by using the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total suspended solids （TSS）, and the general physicochemical characteristics of wastewater, and the results showed that the electrocoagulation is an efficient process for recycling of petroleum wastewater; it is faster and provides better quality of treated water than the conventional methods.

Risk factors of electrocoagulation syndrome after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection

AIM To investigate post endoscopic submucosal dissection electrocoagulation syndrome(PEECS) of the esophagus.METHODS We analyzed 55 consecutive cases with esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms at a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. Esophageal PEECS was defined as "mild" meeting one of the following criteria without any obvious perforation: fever(≥ 37.8 ℃), leukocytosis(> 10800 cells/μl), or regional chest pain more than 5/10 points as rated on a numeric pain intensity scale. The grade of PEECS was determined as "severe" when meet two or more of above criteria.RESULTS We included 51 cases without obvious complications in the analysis. The incidence of mild and severe esophageal PEECS was 47.1% and 17.6%, respectively. Risk factor analysis revealed that resected area, procedure time, and muscle layer exposure were significantly associated with PEECS. In multivariate analysis, a resected area larger than 6.0 cm^2(OR = 4.995, 95%CI: 1.110-22.489, P = 0.036) and muscle layer exposure(OR = 5.661, 95%CI: 1.422-22.534, P = 0.014) were independent predictors of esophageal PEECS. All patients with PEECS had favorable outcomes with conservative management approaches, such as intravenous hydration or antibiotics.CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider the possibility of esophageal PEECS when the resected area exceeds 6.0 cm^2 or when the muscle layer exposure is noted.

Optimization and mechanisms analysis of indigo dye removal using continuous electrocoagulation

Electrocoagulation(EC) is among the most effective techniques that remove color and decontaminate effluent.Coagulants are delivered in situ by anode corrosion.In this research,indigo dye removal using iron electrodes in continuous electrocoagulation process and the responsible species for decolorization were investigated.The Response Surface Methodology(RSM) was used to optimize the process parameters.The finding in this study shows that at fixed conductivity at 15,000 μS·cm^(-1) the neutral conditions(pH from 6 to 8),the low absorbance,the low flow rate and the high voltage level enhance the color removal efficiency.The high R~2 value of 97.8% and ANOVA analyses show a good correlation between the experimental and predicted results.Under the optimum conditions,which are pH of 7.5, solution concentration of 60 mg·L^(-1), inlet flow rate of 2 L·min^(-1) and voltage of 47 V, the predicted decolorization of 94.083% was achieved at 93.972% with a total cost of 0.0927 USD·m^(-3) of treated effluent.At the optimum pH(7.5),the zeta potential value(-4 mV) of the effluent during EC match with the one of iron Ⅲ hydroxide.The dye removal is ensured thanks to physical adsorption and flocculation.The results exposed in this work prove that the continuous electrocoagulation process could be successfully used for indigo dye removal at industrial scale.

High performance electrocoagulation process in treating palm oil mill effluent using high current intensity application

Electrocoagulation process using high current intensity to treat palm oil mill effluent(POME) was investigated in this study.Various operating parameters such as electrolysis time, inter-electrode distance and initial pH were carried out to determine the efficient process condition on the removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD),biological oxygen demand(BOD) and suspended solids(SS).The highest treatment was achieved at 50 min with the removal efficiencies for COD, BOD and SS obtained as 85%, 83%, and 84%, respectively.More than 50 min treatment showed the fluctuated trends of removal efficiencies which can be considered insignificant.The application of higher current resulted in higher removals of organics while the gas bubbles also assisted in removing the pollutant particles by floatation.In an inter-electrode distance study, the removal efficiency decreased when inter-electrode distance was either higher or lower than 10 mm due to the increase of solution resistance and the decrease of anode active surface area.In initial pH study, it was found that high removal efficiencies were achieved in slightly acidic POME sample rather than in neutral or basic condition.An electrocoagulation process by using the optimum operating parameters was able to remove COD, BOD and SS up to 95%, 94% and 96% respectively.The experimental results confirm that application of high current intensity in electrocoagulation provided high treatment efficiency at a reduced reaction time.

Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation Technology Using Iron Electrodes:Effect of Some Variables

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electrocoagulation technology using iron electrodes on phenol removal in aqueous solutions. The removal of phenol was investigated in terms of various parameters, namely, current density, phenol and NaCl concentration, pH, and alginic acid concentration. The results showed that the removal efficiency of phenol increased with increasing the current density, pH and NaCl concentration, whereas it was inversely associated with initial concentration of phenol and alginic acid concentration. According to the results, electrocoagulation is a promising process for treatment of wastewater containing high concentration of phenol.

Oilfield produced water treatment in internal-loop airlift reactor using electrocoagulation/flotation technique

Oilfield produced water is large quantities of salty water trapped in underground formations and subsisted under high temperatures and pressures that are brought to the surface along with oil during production. Produced water(PW) contains a lot of pollutants such as hydrocarbons and metals, this water must be treated before disposal. Therefore, different techniques are being used to treat produced water. Electrocoagulation is an efficient treatment technique involving the dissolution of anodes and formation of electro-coagulants, while the simultaneous generation of H_2 bubbles at the cathode leads to the pollutant removal by flotation. Electrocoagulation(EC)method is one of the most promising and widely used processes to treat oilfield produced water. In the present work, a conventional internal-loop(draught tube) airlift reactor was utilized as electrocoagulation/flotation cell for PW treatment by inserting two aluminum electrodes in the riser section of the airlift reactor. The EC airlift reactor was operated in a batch mode for the liquid phase. Different experimental parameters were studied on the oil and turbidity removal efficiencies such as current density, initial pH, electrocoagulation time, and air injection.The experimental results showed that mixing of the oil droplets in the PW was accomplished using only the liquid recirculation resulted by H_2 microbubbles generated by EC process which enhanced the oil removal. The experimental results further showed that the EC time required achieving ≥ 90% oil removal efficiency decreases from 46 to 15 min when operating current density increases from 6.8 to 45.5 mA·cm^(-2). This reactor type was found to be highly efficient and less energy consuming compared to conventional existing electrochemical cells which used mechanical agitation.

Removal of Humic Acid from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation

With this study,we investigated an approach of applying an electrocoagulation method for the removal of humic acid from groundwater. Aluminium electrodes were selected in the experiment. Some major experimental factors,such as electrode distance,current densities and pH values were explored. Results suggest that,given a small electrode interval and/or a high current density,a lower pH value leads to an improved removal rate of humic acid. Under acid conditions with a current density 47.6 A/m2,for instance,humic acid concentrations were reduced from 20 mg/L to 0.43 mg/L which resulted in the removal of 97.8% of the humic acid. This encouraging result demonstrated that our electro-coagulation method is effective in the removal of humic acid from groundwater.

Application of Electrocoagulation and Electrolysis on the Precipitation of Heavy Metals and Particulate Solids in Washwater from the Soil Washing

Soil washing, ex situ mechanical technique, is one of the few permanent treatment alternatives to remove metal contaminants from soils by employing physical separation based on mineral processing technologies to remove discrete particles or metal-bearing particles and/or chemical extraction based on leaching or dissolving process to extract the metals from the soils into an aqueous solution. However, washwater remained from soil washing process contains discrete particulate particles along with heavy metals as solution phase to be treated separately, as well as this process can produce large amount of sludge that requires further treatment, slow metal precipitation, poor settling, the aggregation of metal precipitates. Electrical treatments including electrocoagulation and electrolysis can be effective in removing these substances from washwater. This paper reviews the theoretical models in applying electrocoagulation and electrolysis to remove heavy metals and discrete particulate particles in washwater by examining and comparing the status of washwater treatment technologies which have been undertaken, mostly in the US and EU for the period 1990-2012.

Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluent Using Electrocoagulation Process

Electrocoagulation of pulp and paper industry effluent with SS-304 electrode has been carried out under varying process variable such as pH, current density, time and dose of electrolyte to find out the optimum conditions. Maximum reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 82% and color more than 99% from pulp and paper industry wastewater at the following conditions pH = 7, current density = 24.80 mA/cm2 time = 40 min and dose of electrolytes = 1.0 g/L. Moreover, effects of electrolytes dosage on electricity consumption were observed and found to be that NaCl is better in comparison of Na2SO4 in respect of lower down the electricity consumption. But application of NaCl causes the formation of hazardous compounds as secondary pollutants within treated water. Therefore, Na2SO4 could be a potent replacement of NaCl to enhance the conductivity of paper industry effluent treated by EC process. The treated water has been compared with standard of Central Pollution control board (CPCB) and World Health organization, and found to be suitable for the reuse in irrigation.

Ecofriendly Remediation of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Its Application in Agriculture

In the present study pulp and paper industry effluent was treated with the help of aluminum electrode using electrocoagulation (EC) process with feasible sludge management. The influences of pH, time, current density and electrolytes dose were investigated and optimum conditions were established to reduce the maximum amount of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and color. At optimum conditions 70% of COD and 98% of color were removed. Additionally, the behavior of electrolytes (NaCl and Na2SO4) was determined;it has shown that Na2SO4 results in the generation of less secondary pollutants than that NaCl and thereby could be used as better replacement in paper industries for electrocoagulation mediated treatment of wastewater. The residual amount of operational parameters in EC treated water was compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India. It was found to be safe for utilization in irrigation. Furthermore, sludge produced during the EC process has been analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. To understand the physical and elemental phases of sludge, the analytical technique such as field emission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy has been used to find out the possible management alternative.

Recent Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater—A Review

During the last two decades, and particularly during the last few years, the environmental sector has shown a largely growing interest in the treatment of different types of water and wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). The aim of this work was to review studies, conducted mainly during 2008-2011, on the wide and versatile range of feasible EC applications employed in the purification of different types of water and wastewater. The EC applications discussed here were divided into 7 following categories: tannery, textile and colored wastewater;pulp and paper industry wastewater;oily wastewater;food industry wastewater;other types of industrial wastewater;surface water as well as model water and wastewater containing heavy metals, nutrients, cyanide and other elements and ions. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the optimum process conditions (treatment times, current densities, and initial pH) and removal efficiencies (mostly high) achieved for the EC applications discussed. In the vast majority of the studies discussed in this review, the aforementioned values were found to be in the range of 5-60 min (typically less than 30 min), 10-150 A/m2 and near neutral pH, respectively. Both operating costs and electrical energy consumption values were found to vary greatly depending on the type of solution being treated, being between 0.004 -6.74 €/m3 and 0.002-58.0 kWh/m3, but in general they were rather low (typically around 0.1-1.0 €/m3 and 0.4-4.0 kWh/m3).

Kinetic Aspects of Gold and Silver Recovery in Cementation with Zinc Power and Electrocoagulation Iron Process

The Merrill-Crowe or Cementation process is used for concentration and purification of gold and silver from cyanide solutions. Among other available options for recovery of precious metals from cyanide solutions, Electrocoagulation (EC) is a very promising electrochemical technique for the recovery of this precious metals. In this work first, an introduction to the fundamentals of the Merrill Crowe and EC process are given, then Kinetic aspects conditions and results of the both process, for the removal of gold and silver from cyanide solutions are presented, and finally the characterization of the solid products formed during the EC process with X-ray Diffraction and SEM are shown. Results suggests that The cementation of both gold and silver by suspended zinc particles conforms to well-behaved fist order kinetics and for the EC process the results show that is an excellent option to remove Au and Ag from cyanide solution by using iron electrodes. Finally, 99.5% of gold and silver were removed in the experimental EC reactor, and it was achieved in 5 minutes or less.

A Review of Promising Electrocoagulation Technology for the Treatment of Wastewater

A review of the literature published on topics interrelated to electrochemical treatment within wastewater by using sacrificial anodes was presented. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique used for water and has a great ability on various wastewater treatments, industrial processed water, and medical treatment. It has potential in removing various pollutants such as chemical oxygen demand turbidity, ammonia, color, and suspended solid. One of the most necessities industries is Textile industries which release large volumes of wastewater that contains different dyes. Azo dyes contain strong N = N bond which is not easily broken by conventional methods. The discharge of this type of wastewater to natural watercourse can pose serious environmental impacts to aquatic life. Electrocoagulation (EC) method depends on several factors as electrode material, current density, operation time and PH. The review describes, discusses and compares the types of that electrode influencing the EC process in various wastewater and leachate. Both operating costs and electrical energy consumption values were found to vary greatly depending on the type of electrodes material and solution being treated.

Removal of Real Textile Dyes by Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation in a Pilot External-Loop Airlift Reactor

This paper studied the efficiency of electrocoagulation/electroflotation in removing colour from real textile wastewater by using aluminum and iron electrodes in an innovative pilot external-loop airlift reactor of 150 L. The reactor was designed to operate in batch and continuous modes. The real effluent contained 90% of disperse dye and 10% of reactive dye. A complete flotation of pollutants with acceptable mixing was achieved in this reactor using only the overall liquid recirculation induced by H2 microbubbles. The treatment of these discharges was easier using electrodes of iron rather than aluminum. The optimal initial pH was 10 for both aluminum and iron electrodes. By using iron electrodes, the maximum decolourisation efficiency and COD reduction efficiency reached respectively 96% and 65% for 90 minutes of treatment. Similarly, by using aluminum electrodes, the maximum decolourisation efficiency reached 90%, COD reduction reached 51% for 120 minutes of treatment. In the case of an initial pH slightly different to 10, the required time to reach 90% ranged from double to triple.

Optimization of continuous electrocoagulation-adsorption combined process for the treatment of a textile effluent

The aims of this study is to design and optimize the functioning of a full continuous combined process based on electrocoagulaion-adsorption on crude Tunisian clay to treat a real textile effluent.The clay characterization shows that the used clay is a rich-smectite clay.The response surface methodology(RSM)technique based on Box-Behnken design(BBD)was used to optimize the process.At optimum conditions which are initial pH solution of 8.24,effluent flow rate of 0.5 L·min^(-1),voltage of 70 V,and added suspension of clay flow rate of 100 ml·min^(-1) the achieved color,chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total suspended solid(TSS)removal efficiencies were respectively 96.87%,89.77%and 84.46%with0.75 USD·m^(-3) as total cost.The additional laboratory experiments at optimum conditions agree with the predicted results,which confirm the accuracy and the capability of RSM to predict results in the defined space.Finally the designed process could be a good eco-friendly alternative to treat and reuse wastewater in industrial process with reasonable cost.