Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

Mechanism and control technology of strong ground pressure behaviour induced by high-position hard roofs in extra-thick coal seam mining

This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient,through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support and coal wall)and its comprehensive supporting strength,the criteria of ground pressure behaviour(GPB)induced by HHR were discussed.The types of Ⅰ_(1),Ⅰ_(2),Ⅱ_(1),andⅡ_(2) of GPB were interpreted.Results showed that types Ⅰ_(1) and Ⅰ_(2) were the main forms of SGPB in extra-thick coal seam mining.The main manifestation of SGPB was static stress,which was mainly derived from the instability of HHR rather than fracture.Accordingly,an innovative control technology was proposed,which can weaken static load by vertical-well separated fracturing HHR.The research results have been successfully applied to the 8101 working face in Tashan coal mine,Shanxi Province,China.The results of a digital borehole camera observation and stress monitoring proved the rationality of the GPB criteria.The control technology was successful,paving the way for new possibilities to HHR control for safety mining.

Behaviors of overlying strata in extra-thick coal seams using top-coalcaving method

Accidents such as support failure and excessive deformation of roadways due to drastic changes in strata behaviors are frequently reported when mining the extra-thick coal seams Nos.3e5 in Datong coal mine with top-coal caving method,which significantly hampers the mine's normal production.To understand the mechanism of strata failure,this paper presented a structure evolution model with respect to strata behaviors.Then the behaviors of strata overlying the extra-thick coal seams were studied with the combined method of theoretical analysis,physical simulation,and field measurement.The results show that the key strata,which are usually thick-hard strata,play an important role in overlying movement and may influence the mining-induced strata behaviors in the working face using top-coal caving method.The structural model of far-field key strata presents a 'masonry beam' type structure when'horizontal O-X' breakage type happens.The rotational motion of the block imposed radial compressive stress on the surrounding rock mass of the roadway.This can induce excessive deformation of roadway near the goaf.Besides,this paper proposed a pre-control technology for the hard roof based on fracture holes and underground roof pre-splitting.It could effectively reduce stress concentration and release the accumulated energy of the strata,when mining underground coal resources with top-coal caving method.

Numerical Study on an Applicable Underground Mining Method for Soft Extra-Thick Coal Seams in Thailand

The EGAT Mae Moh Mine is the largest open pit lignite mine in Thailand and it produces lignite about 16 million tons annually. In the near future, the pit limit of the mine will be reached and underground mine will then be developed through the open pit in the depth of 400 - 600 m from the surface. However, due to the challenges for underground mining such as poor geological conditions, extra thickness (20 - 30 m) of coal seams, and weak mechanical properties of coal seams and the surrounding rock, the success possibility of underground mining and an applicable underground mining method is being investigated at the present. The paper discusses the applicability of multi-slice bord-and-pillar method for the soft extra thick coal seams in the Mae Moh mine by means of numerical analyses using the 3D finite difference code “FLAC3D”.

Gas Drainage Technology in Fully Mechanized Caving Face with Horizontal Sublevel Mining in Steep and Extra-Thick Coal Seam

This paper analyzes the gas source of the horizontally sectioned fully mechanized caving face in the steeply inclined and extra-thick seam of Adaohai Coal Mine, and numerically simulates the stress distribution and pressure relief of the lower section coal after the upper section working face is mined. It theoretically analyzed the reasonable layout of the drainage boreholes, and designed the drainage borehole layout accordingly. In the upper and lower section of the working face, the actual drainage effect of the boreholes was inspected, and the air exhaust gas volume in the working face was statistically analyzed. It was confirmed that the layout of boreholes was reasonable, the gas control effect of working face was greatly improved and fully met the needs of safe mining. The control effect was greatly improved and the need for safe mining was fully met, and thus a gas drainage technology suitable for the coal seam storage conditions and mining technology of the Adaohai Coal Mine was found. That is to say: the gas emission from the working face of the section mining mainly comes from its lower coal body. Pre-draining the lower coal body of the section and depressurizing gas interception and drainage are the key to effectively solve the problem of gas emission from the working face. Drainage boreholes in the working face of the section should be arranged at high and low positions. The high-level boreholes are located about 2 m from the top of the working face, and the high-level boreholes are about 9 m away from the top of the working face. Through the pre drainage of high and low-level boreholes in advance and the interception and pressure relief drainage, the gas control in the horizontal sublevel fully mechanized caving mining face in steep and extra thick coal seam can realize a virtuous cycle.

Arch structure effect of the coal gangue flow of the fully mechanized caving in special thick coal seam and its impact on the loss of top coal

Based on the characteristics of the top coal thickness of the fully mechanized caving in special thick coal seam,the long distance of coal gangue caving,as well as the different sizes of the coal gangue broken fragment dimension and spatial variation of drop flow,this paper uses laboratory dispersion simulation experiment and theoretical analysis to study the arch structure effect and its influence rule on the top coal loss in the process of coal gangue flow.Research shows that in the process of coal gangue flow,arch structure can be formed in three types:the lower arch structure,middle arch structure,and upper arch structure.Moreover,the arch structure has the characteristics of dynamic random arch,the formation probability of dynamic random arch with different layers is not the same,dynamic random arch caused the reduction of the top coal fluency;analyzing the dynamic random arch formation mechanism,influencing factors,and the conditions of instability;the formation probability of the lower arch structure is the highest,the whole coal arch and the coal gangue arch structure has the greatest impact on top coal loss.Therefore,to prevent or reduce the formation of lower whole coal arch structure,the lower coal gangue arch structure and the middle whole coal arch structure is the key to reduce the top coal loss.The research conclusion provides theoretical basis for the further improvement of the top coal recovery rate of the fully mechanized caving in extra thick coal seam.

急倾斜深埋巨厚煤层掘巷冲击地压前兆特征及其灾害防治

随着冲击地压矿井逐渐向深开采,其巷道掘进伴随的冲击显现愈发强烈。针对巷道掘进过程中的冲击地压有效防治问题,以新疆乌东煤矿急倾斜煤层矿井为例,运用微震监测对巷道掘进的冲击地压时空前兆特征加以分析。结合巷道掘进的应力与能量变化数值模拟分析,揭示巷道掘进的冲击地压发生机理,提出急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道冲击地压防治策略,并完成现场工程实践验证。研究结果表明:急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的冲击地压发生前第2~5天出现微震总能量极低值,或存在至少4 d的能量潜伏期;冲击地压发生前5 d普遍存在3 d以上的最大能量占比高频波动期。冲击地压发生前存在明显缺震现象,发生位置集中分布在距离掘进工作面较近的微震能量极小值区间范围内,或位于微震能量极值区间附近的微震频次极小值区间范围内,且冲击地压事件位于冲击变形能指数较高区域。急倾斜巨厚煤层水平分段综放开采的坚硬覆岩结构不易破断,使得巷道掘进存在上水平采空区两侧“双翼型”应力集中,掘进工作面前方与巷道底部受顶底板岩层相互挤压的应力集中分布且能量积聚显著,随着巷道掘进深度增加其应力集中与能量积聚进一步增强,容易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害。综合分析形成急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道掘进的工作面爆破卸压、巷道钻孔卸压与补强支护、复杂区域架蓬的冲击地压防治策略。结合冲击地压时空前兆异常为及时加强卸压力度提供时机。通过工作面与巷道卸压使得掘进期间未发生单日累计1×105 J以上微震能量,在对支护优化调整与复杂区域重点防护后,巷道掘进日均微震能量降至2.2 kJ,其1 kJ以上微震事件占比下降且巷道断面整体平整。研究结果为急倾斜巨厚煤层巷道安全掘进提供了科学依据。

深埋倾斜特厚煤层窄煤柱护巷机理与围岩控制

我国中东部地区采深大、巷道变形和冲击风险大,窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术可改善巷道围岩环境。为掌握窄煤柱护巷机理并形成针对性围岩控制技术体系,以800 m埋深倾斜特厚煤层3 m窄煤柱沿空掘巷为背景,开展了理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟研究,结果表明:①该巷围岩破碎程度及变形煤柱侧比实体煤侧严重,煤柱破碎程度及变形采空区侧比巷道侧大,尽管埋深大,但已稳定采空区承担较大覆岩载荷,高应力已充分向深部岩体分流;②巷道变形非对称,实体煤侧顶板下沉量比煤柱侧大,巷帮以浅部变形为主,煤柱帮上部和实体煤帮中部变形较大;③采空区是掘巷卸荷后主要的形变通道,利于形变能向采空区缓释、降低冲击风险;④卸压区形状由掘巷前三角形扩展为掘巷后平行四边形,掘巷后应力集中区转移至实体煤帮右上方实体煤岩体中;⑤窄煤柱一次和二次剪切破坏的交界面及掘巷右上方实体高应力区为围岩关键控制区,据此提出基于煤柱多重塑性破坏区发育规律的煤柱加固和高应力区精准卸压联合的围岩控制技术体系。研究可为邻近工作面以及其他类似深埋倾斜特厚煤层开采提供理论支撑和科学依据。

建筑物下特厚煤层镁渣基全固废连采连充开采技术与实践

我国建筑物下压煤量巨大,同时煤矸石、粉煤灰等煤基工业固体废弃物排放量日益增加,严重制约地方经济社会发展。以榆林麻黄梁煤矿为试验矿井,针对其特厚煤层、建筑物下压煤、充填成本高等问题,提出了特厚煤层全固废连采连充开采技术。采用四阶段工序并将特厚煤层分为上、下2部分二次回采压覆煤炭,最大程度控制地面沉降。为降低充填原材料成本,采用化学优化剂对镁渣进行源头改性,抑制镁渣冷却粉化,稳定水化活性,协同粉煤灰、脱硫石膏等煤基固废,研发了改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料。采用改性镁−煤渣基胶凝材料胶结煤矸石、粉煤灰制备了全固废充填材料。针对麻黄梁煤矿四阶段强、弱充填强度要求,设计不同配比的改性镁渣基充填材料试验,优选配比并应用于井下充填。论述了膏体充填系统与充填接顶方法。麻黄梁煤矿全固废胶结充填工艺试验显示,井下28 d龄期充填体钻芯平均单轴抗压强度超设计强度27%,钻芯浸出毒性满足相关国家标准要求,成功回收了建筑物下压覆煤炭资源,社会经济效益显著。麻黄梁煤矿特厚煤层全固废胶结充填开采实践为国内类似矿井提供了有益借鉴,同时为我国大型煤炭基地的“煤−电−化−冶”固废大规模资源化利用提供了新的思路。

特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷支护技术研究

小煤柱沿空掘巷过程中易出现巷道围岩变形大、局部鼓出等现象,针对这一问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟、工程类比的方法,对巷道基本顶破断方式进行了判断,并采用数值模拟分析不同宽度下煤柱的应力及位移变化规律,初步确定了煤柱留设宽度为8 m;对比邻近矿井的沿空掘巷案例,采用工程类比法最终确定了煤柱宽度,并对巷道支护方案进行设计,现场应用效果良好。

千万吨级综放工作面智能化放煤理论及关键技术

针对综采放顶煤工作面在智能放煤理论、智能感知与识别关键技术、智能放煤综合决策技术和远程放顶煤智能控制技术方面存在的问题,依托“十三五”国家重点研发计划——千万吨级特厚煤层智能化综放开采关键技术及示范,开展了千万吨级综放工作面智能化放煤理论及关键技术研究,取得如下成果:(1)开展了顶板顶煤组合体压缩试验、煤岩组合体破碎块度分布试验和不同顶板-顶煤条件下综放开采放煤相似模拟试验,阐明了顶板顶煤的破碎-运移的相互作用过程;开发了采空区三维激光空间探测技术,证明了群组放煤过程中顶煤“面接触块体成拱现象;开展以采放协调、高回收率、低含矸率为约束条件的特厚煤层多口群组智能放煤数值模拟,确定了群组放煤口数量;综上,为智能放煤工艺优化提供了可靠理论基础。(2)对工作面煤矸地质信息及物性特征、顶煤放落过程全周期感知要素进行探索研究,形成了包含“顶煤厚度在线探测-煤矸精准识别-煤流动态测量”的综合感知技术体系,为智能化放煤决策技术提供了充分的数据信息支撑。(3)建立了综放面“人-机-环”多源信息数据库,构建了基于采放时间协调、采放空间协调、采放运能协调的特厚煤层综放面采放协调决策模型,开发了基于Q-learning算法的智能放煤决策软件,形成了基于煤矸识别、顶煤厚度探测和过煤量监测感知,结合煤矸运移时序特征和经验数据的人工智能决策技术。(4)研发了智能综放面三机位姿高精度惯导监测与控制技术,实现了采煤机、液压支架、刮板输送机的实时定位、姿态监测及动作控制;开发了智能化矿山融合通信调度系统,构建了智能综放远程综合控制平台,成功实现了“远程一键启动”模式的智能放煤。(5)在塔山矿8222工作面,开展了基于探地雷达的顶煤厚度在线探测技术、融合振动-音频-高光谱的煤矸精准识别技术、基于激光三维扫描的放煤量实时监测技术和综放工作面智能化放煤决策软件的应用,现场顶煤厚度探测、混矸率和放煤量的误差分别控制在10.71%、9.32%和7.8%以内,平均每个放煤循环节省时间约30 min,实现了年产1500万t的综放工作面智能高效放煤。

特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征及控制技术研究

针对特厚煤层大巷变形破坏特征分析及控制技术难题,以砚北煤矿二水平回风大巷为研究背景,在分析巷道围岩地质力学测试及围岩变形破坏特征与机理的基础上,提出了全断面注浆加固与高预应力支护综合围岩控制技术,制定了煤层大巷修复加固具体实施方案,并确定了相应的技术参数,开展了井下工业试验,试验结果表明:修复加固后35 d左右巷道变形趋于稳定,两帮最大位移量63.5 mm,顶底板最大移近量79.8 mm;注浆后水泥浆液与巷帮煤体裂隙及破碎区充分胶结,围岩裂隙明显减少,钻孔成型效果显著提高。研究表明采用高预应力锚杆支护及全断面注浆加固后,在巷道围岩内形成锚注加固体,提高了巷道围岩稳定性与抗变形能力以及浅部锚杆(索)锚固基础力学性能,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制。

特厚煤层工作面煤厚变化电磁波透视响应特征

目的为掌握煤厚变化对特厚煤层工作面电磁波透视探测的影响,以准确圈定地质异常区,保障工作面安全高效生产。方法根据煤层工作面地质条件,利用三维仿真软件,对煤厚变化进行了电磁波透视数值模拟,并结合工作面探查实例进行了分析。结果0~20m煤厚范围,随煤厚减小,电磁波透视场强值呈抛物线下降趋势,可分为缓慢降低(煤厚≥9m)、明显降低(9m>煤厚≥5m)和快速降低(煤厚<5m)3个范围。煤厚10m以上的工作面适合于依据相对煤层变薄程度和变薄区煤厚来分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/3正常煤厚且煤厚<8m的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄区煤厚越小,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。煤厚10m以下的工作面,可以仅依据相对煤层变薄程度分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/4正常煤厚的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄程度越大,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。陕西金源招贤矿业有限公司特厚煤层1304工作面探测实例表明:正常煤厚变化及薄煤区的电磁波响应特征与数值模拟结果一致;工作面物探圈定的落差1m以上断层及薄煤区范围,与实际揭露范围相吻合。结论利用煤厚变化电磁波响应特征能够可靠地探查特厚煤层工作面地质异常区范围。

特厚煤层掘进巷道两帮卸压钻孔合理参数数值模拟研究

目前钻孔卸压技术为冲击地压矿井巷道掘进期间防冲主要措施之一,钻孔布置和参数决定着卸压效果。目的为了探讨特厚煤层掘进巷道两帮卸压钻孔合理布置参数,方法基于耿村煤矿综放工作面运输巷道地质采矿条件,利用数值计算方法研究掘进巷道两帮在单排布置时孔深、孔径、孔间距,双排布置时排距等不同参数条件下,巷道围岩应力云图和两帮垂直应力分布特征。结果结果表明:(1)单排布置卸压钻孔时,随着孔深、孔径递增,巷道两帮高应力区逐渐向深部围岩转移,而巷道两帮浅部围岩处于低应力区。(2)当钻孔孔深、孔径达到一定值时,巷道两帮支承压力由“单峰型”转化为“双峰型”,浅部围岩处于临界卸压状态;随着孔深、孔径继续增加,巷道两帮处于过度卸压状态。(3)利用卸压后、无卸压时巷道两帮高应力区向深部围岩的转移量ΔL、峰值应力处距巷道表面距离的比值η表示临界卸压和过度卸压状态,确定出卸压钻孔的合理参数。在耿村煤矿13230综放工作面运输平巷进行超前钻孔卸压和锚网索+36U型可缩性金属支架二级支护后,对巷道两帮实施钻孔卸压防冲,效果显著。结论研究结果对冲击地压矿井回采巷道掘进期间的卸压防冲具有指导和借鉴意义。

特厚煤层沿空掘巷围岩支卸协同控制技术

针对特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷大范围塑性全煤巷道锚网索的支护难题,以塔山煤矿8204-2小煤柱工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、理论分析等方法,揭示了锚杆、锚索对沿空大范围塑性全煤巷道的支护机理。锚杆支护主要作用于浅部二次破碎区煤体,形成浅部连续承载结构;锚索主要作用于深部处于三向受力状态的稳定煤体,形成更大范围的连续稳定承载结构;进一步明确了锚杆、锚索有效长度的计算方法,形成了以高预紧力、高强“锚-网-索”支护为基础,以坚硬顶板井下磨料水射流切顶卸压、巷帮大直径钻孔卸压、底板卸压槽卸压为辅的“支卸协同”小煤柱沿空巷道围岩控制技术体系。工程应用结果表明,试验巷道围岩最大变形量小于700 mm,能够满足使用要求。

特厚煤层综放开采合理放煤工艺参数研究

针对不连沟煤矿特厚煤层综放开采放煤工艺参数确定的合理性问题,通过实测特厚煤层单轮顺序放煤时单个支架的连续放煤时间,在倾向方向基于“大、中、小、微”放煤理念确定了“大”放煤、“中”放煤、“小”放煤、“微”放煤的循环内位置和放煤间距;在走向方向通过布置多点位移计测试了不同顶煤高度、不同循环时的顶煤运移轨迹曲线,得出在倾斜方向的顶煤移动轨迹曲线方程,确定不同放煤步距时的工艺损失。研究结果表明:单放煤口充分放煤时,工作面倾向方向影响距离6~12架,倾向单架放煤影响半径平均7.6 m;循环内两端“大”放煤、中间“中”放煤、其余“小”放煤和“微”放煤交替;本架放煤在垂高12.3 m层位的走向影响距离平均4.9 m,在垂高8.3 m层位的走向影响距离平均3.8 m,拟合确定了不同放煤步距的顶煤走向运移方程,理论得出循环步距0.8 m比1.6 m减少煤炭损失694 t。研究结果为指导不连沟煤矿特厚煤层综放开采合理放煤和提高资源回收率提供依据。

不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面注浆扩散规律及加固技术

为了解决不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放强采动过程中矿压与围岩控制难题,以山西宁武榆树坡煤矿5106综放面为工程背景,通过现场监测的手段研究了不规则采空区下特厚煤层综放面矿压显现特征,并在此基础上采用数值模拟的方法分析了不同裂隙特征参数的浆液羽状扩散规律,揭示了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆增注机理,形成了三角锯齿形动态循环脉冲注浆加固技术,制定了围岩注浆加固技术实施方案,并进行了工程应用。研究结果表明:回采期间工作面支架阻力整体呈现出“两端小、中间大”的趋势,不同推进距离工作面方向支架工作阻力分布特征存在明显差异;注浆扩散形状受裂隙分布的影响,随裂隙数量的增加,注浆扩散形状从初始的圆形转变为裂隙引导的不规则羽状;实施脉冲注浆加固技术后,实测发现脉冲注浆扩散速率提升了约25%,综放面煤体裂隙被充分充填,围岩加固效果显著,实施效果良好。

近距离特厚煤层回采巷道合理布置优化研究

针对近距离煤层开采后遗留煤柱下位特厚煤层回采巷道布置的技术难题,以开滦集团唐山矿为研究对象,综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等研究手段,对上位煤层采动后的底板破坏深度、残留煤柱底板应力分布及下位煤层巷道顶板非均布载荷下易被破坏的原因进行了研究。研究表明:上位煤层开采引起的支承应力导致的最大破坏深度为31.5 m,对下位煤层回采巷道布置产生影响;煤柱底板的垂直应力分布具有明显的非均布性,下位煤层回采巷道更易达到抗拉极限而产生变形破坏。同时对比了下位煤层四种巷道布置方式下的主应力分布特征,优选出内错式和平移式布置方式。进一步,通过巷道的应力改变量Δσ和位移改变量ΔD评估回采巷道顶板受应力及变形的不均衡程度,结合数值模拟计算和现场工业性试验数据印证,得出9~#煤层工作面回采巷道最佳内错距离为37.5 m,为特厚煤层回采巷道布置提供了借鉴依据。

10m超大采高智能化开采关键技术及装备研究

通过调研陕西陕煤曹家滩煤矿业有限公司22煤层赋存条件,探究了超大开采空间矿压显现规律及超高煤壁片帮特点,总结了超大采高综采工作面围岩控制关键技术,分析了超大采高综采工作面端头区支护特点,提出“大梯度+小台阶”端头区过渡模式,实现了综采工作面中部到两端头巷道6 m高差的短缓过渡及端头区三角煤高回收率支护;基于综采工作面智能化成套开采装备选型配套,研发了适应10 m超大采高综采工作面的成套开采装备,实现了超大开采空间安全防护、特厚煤层高效截割、超大运量煤流顺畅运输;搭建工作面“采支运”一体化智能协同作业控制系统及多源系统集成与数据融合分析平台,支撑10 m超大采高综采工作面安全高效开采。

特厚煤层垂直分层区段窄煤柱围岩稳定性及控制技术

针对特厚煤层垂直分层区段窄煤柱大变形失稳控制难题,采用理论分析、数值模拟及现场试验相结合的方法,对内蒙古老公营子煤矿特厚煤层窄煤柱围岩稳定性及控制技术展开研究。笔者在对窄煤柱内三向应力计算的基础上,基于摩尔−库伦破坏强度得到窄煤柱平面应变的屈服准则,定性分析了窄煤柱破坏特征及损伤程度演化规律,进一步分析了区段窄煤柱失稳机理及其尺寸效应影响规律,最后给出区段窄煤柱围岩控制关键技术,并通过数值模拟及现场试验进行验证。研究成果表明:①窄煤柱中部破坏程度大于两帮,中部自顶端向下煤体破坏程度由严重向轻微发展。随着宽高比增大窄煤柱内破坏程度及严重破坏区域占比逐渐减小,当宽高比大于1∶1,窄煤柱中下部开始出现大范围的轻微破坏区,当宽高比大于5∶3,轻微破坏区占比超过50%。当黏聚力C≥3 MPa,或内摩擦角φ≥20°时,窄煤柱两帮破坏程度转变为轻微。②工作面回采巷道一侧为窄煤柱低强度承载区,在上部高应力作用下,大范围的低应力承载区煤体向巷道位移,造成两帮持续性大变形,进而影响顶板的稳定性。煤柱高度是中、底分层区段窄煤柱稳定的主控因素,窄煤柱宽高比增大,对高强度承载区承载强度影响程度较小,而低强度承载区承载强度增加较明显,合理的窄煤柱宽高比可平衡煤柱内高、低强度承载区比例,并提高承载强度。③分层窄煤柱留设需考虑工作面两侧采空时围岩稳定性,保证煤柱内部高强度承载区范围大于煤柱宽度及高度的一半,并通过联合加强支护措施使煤柱内形成由浅入深的多重联合控制区,共同维护煤柱的自稳能力。