Maternal supplementation with n-3 fatty acids affects placental lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, the endocannabinoid system, and the neonate cytokine concentrations in dairy cows

Background The placenta plays a crucial role in supporting and influencing fetal development.We compared the effects of prepartum supplementation with omega-3(n-3)fatty acid(FA)sources,flaxseed oil(FLX)and fish oil(FO),on the expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism,inflammation,oxidative stress,and the endocannabinoid system(ECS)in the expelled placenta,as well as on FA profile and inflammatory response of neonates.Late-pregnant Holstein dairy cows were supplemented with saturated fat(CTL),FLX,or FO.Placental cotyledons(n=5)were collected immediately after expulsion,and extracted RNA and proteins were analyzed by RTPCR and proteomic analysis.Neonatal blood was assessed for FA composition and concentrations of inflammatory markers.Results FO increased the gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4(FABP4),interleukin 10(IL-10),catalase(CAT),cannabinoid receptor 1(CNR1),and cannabinoid receptor 2(CNR2)compared with CTL placenta.Gene expression of ECS-enzyme FA-amide hydrolase(FAAH)was lower in FLX and FO than in CTL.Proteomic analysis identified 3,974 proteins;of these,51–59 were differentially abundant between treatments(P≤0.05,|fold change|≥1.5).Top canonical pathways enriched in FLX vs.CTL and in FO vs.CTL were triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory processes.Both n-3 FA increased the placental abundance of FA binding proteins(FABPs)3 and 7.The abundance of CNR1 cannabinoid-receptor-interacting-protein-1(CNRIP1)was reduced in FO vs.FLX.In silico modeling affirmed that bovine FABPs bind to endocannabinoids.The FLX increased the abundance of inflammatory CD44-antigen and secreted-phosphoprotein-1,whereas prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 was decreased in FO vs.CTL placenta.Maternal FO enriched neonatal plasma with n-3 FAs,and both FLX and FO reduced interleukin-6 concentrations compared with CTL.Conclusion Maternal n-3 FA from FLX and FO differentially affected the bovine placenta;both enhanced lipid metabolism and modulated oxidative stress,however,FO increased some transcriptional ECS components,possibly related to the increased FABPs.Maternal FO induced a unique balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory components in the placenta.Taken together,different sources of n-3 FA during late pregnancy enhanced placental immune and metabolic processes,which may affect the neonatal immune system.

Mapping and identification of QTLs for seed fatty acids in soybean(Glycine max L.)

Soybean is one of the most important sources of vegetable oil.The oil content and fatty acid ratio have attracted significant attention due to their impacts on the shelf-life of soybean oil products and consumer health.In this study,a high-density genetic map derived from Guizao 1 and Brazil 13 was used to analyze the quantitative trait loci of palmitic acid(PA),stearic acid(SA),oleic acid(OA),linoleic acid(LA),linolenic acid(LNA),and oil content(OC).A total of 54 stable QTLs were detected in the genetic map linkage analysis,which shared six bin intervals.Among them,the bin interval on chromosome 13(bin106-bin118 and bin123-bin125)was found to include stable QTLs in multiple environments that were linked to OA,LA,and LNA.Eight differentially expressed genes(DEGs)within these QTL intervals were determined as candidate genes according to the combination of parental resequencing,bioinformatics and RNA sequencing data.All these results are conducive to breeding soybean with the ideal fatty acid ratio for food,and provide the genetic basis for mining genes related to the fatty acid and oil content traits in soybean.

Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology

Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber,and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health.As important mediators between the gut microbiota and the host,SCFAs serve as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells and maintain homeostasis in host immune and energy metabolism by influencing host epigenetics,activating G protein-coupled receptors,and inhibiting pathogenic microbial infections.This review provides a comprehensive summary of SCFAs synthesis and metabolism and offering an overview of the latest research progress on their roles in protecting gut health,enhancing energy metabolism,mitigating diseases such as cancer,obesity,and diabetes,modulating the gut-brain axis and gut-l ung axis,and promoting bone health.

Branched-chain fatty acids from goat milk alleviate ulcerative colitis via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway

Branched-chain fatty acids(BCFAs)are new bioactive fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties.However,the role of BCFAs in alleviating ulcerative colitis has not been clarified.Herein,we evaluated the protective effect of BCFAs from goat milk in mice with colitis induced using dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)and explored the corresponding mechanism.These results show that BCFAs extracted from goat milk can significantly alleviate weight loss in mice,and reduce the disease activity index and the activity of myeloperoxidase while increasing the content of antioxidant enzymes in colon tissue and reducing the oxidation stress response.These data also show that BCFAs can down-regulate the gene and protein expression of the toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factorκB p65(NF-κB p65)/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling pathway,and at the same time significantly reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),interleukin 1β(IL-1β),and IL-18 in colon tissue,and significantly increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10.In conclusion,these results demonstrated that BCFAs in goat milk exerted effects on colitis-related inflammatory cytokines and inhibited inflammation by inducing the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway to alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis.This study provides evidence for the potential of BCFAs as bioactive fatty acids in food products and to ameliorate ulcerative colitis development in mice.

Electrolyte dependence for the electrochemical decarboxylation of medium-chain fatty acids (n-octanoic acid) into fuel on Pt electrode

The deoxygenation of organic acids, important biomass feedstocks and derivatives, to synthesize hydrocarbon products under mild electrochemical conditions, holds significant importance for the production of carbon-neutral biofuels. There is still limited research on the influential factors of the electrochemical decarboxylation reaction of medium-chain fatty acids. In this study, n-octanoic acid (OA) was chosen as the research subject to investigate the electrochemical decarboxylation behavior of OA on a platinum electrode, focusing on the influence of different alkali metal cations (Li^(+), Na^(+), K^(+)), common anions (SO^(4)^(2−), Cl^(−)), and electrolyte pH. It was found that KOH as an electrolyte exhibited the best performance for OA. Possibly, the larger size of K^(+) increased the alkalinity of the electrode surface, facilitating OA deprotonation. LiOH electrolyte reduced the solubility of OA, thereby inhibiting the decarboxylation reaction. SO^(4)^(2−) exhibited a weak promoting effect on the decarboxylation reaction of OA, while Cl^(−) showed no adverse effect although Cl^(−) may adsorb on the electrode surface. Furthermore, unlike short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain OA can only achieve efficient decarboxylation under alkaline conditions due to its solubility properties. This study provides references and foundations for future efforts to enhance the efficiency of electrochemical decarboxylation synthesis of hydrocarbon biofuels from medium-chain fatty acids.

Expression and clinical significance of short-chain fatty acids in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy(ICP)is a pregnancy-specific liver condition that typically arises in the middle and late stages of pregnancy.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),prominent metabolites of the gut microbiota,have significant connections with various pregnancy complications,and some SCFAs hold potential for treating such complications.However,the metabolic profile of SCFAs in patients with ICP remains unclear.AIM To investigate the metabolic profiles and differences in SCFAs present in the maternal and cord blood of patients with ICP and determine the clinical significance of these findings.METHODS Maternal serum and cord blood samples were collected from both patients with ICP(ICP group)and normal pregnant women(NP group).Targeted metabolomics was used to assess the SCFA levels in these samples.RESULTS Significant differences in maternal SCFAs were observed between the ICP and NP groups.Most SCFAs exhibited a consistent declining trend in cord blood samples from the ICP group,mirroring the pattern seen in maternal serum.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between maternal serum SCFAs and cord blood SCFAs[r(Pearson)=0.88,P=7.93e-95].In both maternal serum and cord blood,acetic and caproic acids were identified as key metabolites contributing to the differences in SCFAs between the two groups(variable importance for the projection>1).Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that multiple SCFAs in maternal blood have excellent diagnostic capabilities for ICP,with caproic acid exhibiting the highest diagnostic efficacy(area under the curve=0.97).CONCLUSION Compared with the NP group,significant alterations were observed in the SCFAs of maternal serum and cord blood in the ICP group,although they displayed distinct patterns of change.Furthermore,the SCFA levels in maternal serum and cord blood were significantly positively correlated.Notably,certain maternal serum SCFAs,specifically caproic and acetic acids,demonstrated excellent diagnostic efficiency for ICP.

Protective effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatorenal syndrome in rats

BACKGROUND Hepatorenal syndrome(HRS)is the most prevalent form of acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients.It is characterized by reduced renal blood flow and represents the most severe complication in cirrhotic patients with advanced disease.Previous research has indicated that antioxidants can delay the onset of a hyperdynamic circulatory state in cirrhosis and improve renal function in HRS patients.Regular omega-3 supplementation has significantly reduced the risk of liver disease.This supplementation could represent an additional therapy for individuals with HRS.AIM To evaluated the antioxidant effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the kidneys of cirrhotic rats.METHODS Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced in rats by biliary duct ligation(BDL)for 28 d.We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into the following groups:I(control);II(treated with omega-3,1 g/kg of body weight);III(BDL treated with omega-3,1 g/kg of body weight);and IV(BDL without treatment).The animals were killed by overdose of anesthetic;the kidneys were dissected,removed,frozen in liquid nitrogen,and stored in a freezer at-80℃for later analysis.We evaluated oxidative stress,nitric oxide(NO)metabolites,DNA damage by the comet assay,cell viability test,and apoptosis in the kidneys.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance,and means were compared using the Tukey test,with P≤0.05.RESULTS Omega-3 significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species(P<0.001)and lipoperoxidation in the kidneys of cirrhotic rats treated with omega-3(P<0.001).The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the BDL+omega-3 group compared to the BDL group(P<0.01).NO production,DNA damage,and caspase-9 cleavage decreased significantly in the omega-3-treated BDL group.There was an increase in mitochondrial electrochemical potential(P<0.001)in BDL treated with omega-3 compared to BDL.No changes in the cell survival index in HRS with omega-3 compared to the control group(P>0.05)were observed.CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that omega-3 can protect cellular integrity and function by increasing antioxidant enzymes,inhibiting the formation of free radicals,and reducing apoptosis.

Milk fat globule membrane supplementation protects againstβ-lactoglobul-ininduced food allergy in mice via upregulation of regulatory T cells and enhancement of intestinal barrier in a microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids manner

Milk fat globule membrane(MFGM),which contains abundant glycoproteins and phospholipids,exerts beneficial effects on intestinal health and immunomodulation.The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects and possible underlying mechanisms of MFGM on cow’s milk allergy(CMA)in aβ-lactoglobulin(BLG)-induced allergic mice model.MFGM was supplemented to allergic mice induced by BLG at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight.Results demonstrated that MFGM alleviated food allergy symptoms,decreased serum levels of lipopolysaccharide,pro-inflammatory cytokines,immunoglobulin(Ig)E,Ig G1,and Th2 cytokines including interleukin(IL)-4,while increased serum levels of Th1 cytokines including interferon-γand regulatory T cells(Tregs)cytokines including IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β.MFGM modulated gut microbiota and enhanced intestinal barrier of BLG-allergic mice,as evidenced by decreased relative abundance of Desulfobacterota,Rikenellaceae,Lachnospiraceae,and Desulfovibrionaceae,while increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Lactobacillaceae and Muribaculaceae,and enhanced expressions of tight junction proteins including Occludin,Claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1.Furthermore,MFGM increased fecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)levels,which elevated G protein-coupled receptor(GPR)43 and GPR109A expressions.The increased expressions of GPR43 and GPR109A induced CD103+dendritic cells accumulation and promoted Tregs differentiation in mesenteric lymph node to a certain extent.In summary,MFGM alleviated CMA in a BLG-induced allergic mice model through enhancing intestinal barrier and promoting Tregs differentiation,which may be correlated with SCFAs-mediated activation of GPRs.These findings suggest that MFGM may be useful as a promising functional ingredient against CMA.

Effects of forsythin extract in Forsythia leaves on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in rats fed a high-fat diet

Forsythia suspensa,belonging to the deciduous shrubs of the Luteaceae family,a traditional Chinese medicine,has effects of alleviating swelling,clearing heat,detoxification and promoting blood circulation.The leaves of F.suspensa contain multiple chemical components and have a long history of use in folk medicines and health foods.The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of forsythin extract from F.suspensa leaves on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)content in rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet.Forsythin extract in F.suspensa leaves increased the abundance of the intestinal microbiota,ameliorated intestinal microbiota disorders and inhibited the increase in total SCFA content in the intestinal tract in rats with obesity induced by a high-fat diet.These results suggested that forsythin extract in F.suspensa leaves may slow the development of obesity induced by a high-fat diet;thus,its active components and efficacy are worthy of further study.

Goat milk-based infant formula regulates intestinal barrier function and promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids

Infant formula(IF)based on cow milk and goat milk is a substitute food for infants who are underfed with human milk.In our previous study,we reported the composition and physicochemical stability of IF based on milk from cows and goats and a combination of both milks.Here,we investigated the effects of these 3 IFs on intestinal immunity and short-chain fatty acid production(SCFAs)using human microbiota-associated(HMA)mice and selected human milk as a positive control.The results showed that goat milk-based IF is associated with a functional immune advantage,due to the rise in the levels of immune-related cytokines interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-10,decreased levels of intestinal permeability markers D-lactic acid and endotoxin,and increased mRNA levels of intestinal tight junction proteins occludin and claudin.In addition,the intestine of mice fed with goat milk-based IF contained 12.06μmol/g acetate,2.42μmol/g propionate,and 1.72μmol/g butyrate,which reached 69%,79%,and 60%of the levels in human milk,respectively.Our results indicate that goat milk-based IF improves intestinal immune function and promotes the production of intestinal SCFAs.

The role of gut microbiota and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids in food allergy

Emerging evidence indicated that the increase in food allergy(FA)over the past few decades was associated with the abnormal compositional and metabolic changes of gut microbiota.Gut microbiota played a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota promoted the occurrence of FA.Recent research suggested that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the main metabolites derived from gut microbiota,contributed to FA protection.Herein,we provided a comprehensive review on the relationship between gut microbiota and FA.The multifaceted mechanisms underlymg beneficial effects of gut microbiota composition/metabolites on the regulation of diverse cellular pathways in intestinal epithelial cells,dendritic cells,innate lymphoid cells,T cells,B cells and mast cells in the immune system were discussed systematically.These findings emphasized the positive function of gut microbiota in FA and provided novel ideas for the treatment or prevention of FA in the future.

Role of functional fatty acids in modulation of reproductive potential in livestock

Fatty acids are not only widely known as energy sources,but also play important roles in many metabolic pathways.The significance of fatty acids in modulating the reproductive potential of livestock has received greater recognition in recent years.Functional fatty acids and their metabolites improve follicular development,oocyte maturation and embryo development,as well as endometrial receptivity and placental vascular development,through enhancing energy supply and precursors for the synthesis of their productive hormones,such as steroid hormones and prosta-glandins.However,many studies are focused on the impacts of individual functional fatty acids in the reproductive cycle,lacking studies involved in deeper mechanisms and optimal fatty acid requirements for specific physiological stages.Therefore,an overall consideration of the combination and synergy of functional fatty acids and the establish-ment of optimal fatty acid requirement for specific stages is needed to improve reproductive potential in livestock.

Unlocking a novel determinant of athletic performance:The role of the gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids,and“biotics”in exercise

The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology.Recently,a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise.Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota,with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exerciseassociated states,and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa.More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship:the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance.Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism.Further,short-chain fatty acids—which modulate metabolism at various organ sites,including within skeletal muscle—have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice.This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise,with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.

Supplementing the early diet of broilers with soy protein concentrate can improve intestinal development and enhance short-chain fatty acid-producing microbes and short-chain fatty acids,especially butyric acid

Background:Research on nutrition in early-life commonly focuses on the maturation of the intestine because the intestinal system is crucial for ensuring continued growth.To explore the importance of early nutrition regulation in animals,soy protein concentrate(SPC)was added to the early diet of broilers to investigate its effects on amino acid digestibility,intestinal development,especially intestinal microorganisms,and broiler metabolites.A total of 192 oneday-old Arbor Acres(AA)male broilers were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds.The control group was fed a basal diet(control),and the treatment group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 12%SPC(SPC12)during the first 10 d(starter phase).From d 11 to 21(grower phase)and d 22 to 42(finisher phase),a basal diet was fed to both treatment groups.Results:SPC reduced the pH value and acid-binding capacity of the starter diet(P<0.05,d 10);SPC in the early diet enhanced the gizzard weight(P<0.05,d 10 and d 42)and the ileum weight(P<0.05,d 10)and decreased the weight and length of the jejunum(P<0.05,d 10)and the relative length of the duodenum and jejunum(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,SPC enhanced villus height(P<0.05,d 10)and muscle thickness in the jejunum and ileum(P<0.05,d 10)and increased the number of goblet cells in the duodenum(P<0.05,d 10).Meanwhile,SPC increased the Chao1 index and the ACE index(P<0.05,d 10)and altered the composition of caecal microflora at d 10.SPC also increased the relative abundance of Alistipes,Anaerotruncus,Erysipelatoclostridium,Intestinimonas and Flavonifractor bacteria(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,the concentrations of caecal butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)were also increased in the SPC12 group(P<0.05,d 10).Conclusions:In summary,the results showed that supplementing the starter diet of broilers with SPC has a significant effect on the early development of the intestine and the microflora.

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

Background:There is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases.In addition,it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition;and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.Methods:Twenty-two barrows(initial body weight:32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum,and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design.A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch,soy protein isolate and sucrose.Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch.All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.Results:The endogenous loss of ether extract(EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat(AEE;P < 0.01).There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources(P < 0.05).The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil,corn oil,canola oil,rice oil and flaxseed oil(P < 0.01).The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%.Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE(P < 0.01),there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil.The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat(P < 0.05),whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids(LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat(P < 0.01).The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75-0.15 × LSFA-0.74 × C18:0-0.03 × C18:1(Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88,P < 0.01).Conclusions:When calculating the SID of fat,the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method,whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat.Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition,especially by the contents of C16:0,LSFA and U/S.

Susceptibility of dairy cows to subacute ruminal acidosis is reflected in both prepartum and postpartum bacteria as well as odd-and branched-chain fatty acids in feces

Background:The transition period is a challenging period for high-producing dairy cattle.Cows in early lactation are considered as a group at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis(SARA).Variability in SARA susceptibility in early lactation is hypothesized to be reflected in fecal characteristics such as fecal pH,dry matter content,volatile and odd-and branched-chain fatty acids(VFA and OBCFA,respectively),as well as fecal microbiota.This was investigated with 38 periparturient dairy cows,which were classified into four groups differing in median and mean time of reticular pH below 6 as well as area under the curve of pH below 6.Furthermore,we investigated whether fecal differences were already obvious during a period prior to the SARA risk(prepartum).Results:Variation in reticular pH during a 3-week postpartum period was not associated with differences in fecal pH and VFA concentration.In the postpartum period,the copy number of fecal bacteria and methanogens of unsusceptible(UN)cows was higher than moderately susceptible(MS)or susceptible(SU)cows,while the genera Ruminococcus and Prevotellacea_UCG-001 were proportionally less abundant in UN compared with SU cows.Nevertheless,only a minor reduction was observed in iso-BCFA proportions in fecal fatty acids of SU cows,particularly iso-C15:0and iso-C16:0,compared with UN cows.Consistent with the bacterial changes postpartum,the lower abundance of Ruminococcus was already observed in the prepartum fecal bacterial communities of UN cows,whereas Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001 was increased.Nevertheless,no differences were observed in the prepartum fecal VFA or OBCFA profiles among the groups.Prepartum fecal bacterial communities of cows were clustered into two distinct clusters with 70%of the SU cows belonging to cluster 1,in which they represented 60%of the animals.Conclusions:Inter-animal variation in postpartum SARA susceptibility was reflected in post-and prepartum fecal bacterial communities.Differences in prepartum fecal bacterial communities could alert for susceptibility to develop SARA postpartum.Our results generated knowledge on the association between fecal bacteria and SARA development which could be further explored in a prevention strategy.

Cinnamic acid regulates the intestinal microbiome and short-chain fatty acids to treat slow transit constipation

BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)is a disorder with delayed colonic transit.Cinnamic acid(CA)is an organic acid in natural plants,such as Radix Scrophulariae(Xuan Shen),with low toxicity and biological activities to modulate the intestinal microbiome.AIM To explore the potential effects of CA on the intestinal microbiome and the primary endogenous metabolites-short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and evaluate the therapeutic effects of CA in STC.METHODS Loperamide was applied to induce STC in mice.The treatment effects of CA on STC mice were assessed from the 24 h defecations,fecal moisture and intestinal transit rate.The enteric neurotransmitters:5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff staining were used to evaluate intestinal mucosa's histopathological performance and secretory function.16S rDNA was employed to analyze the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome.The SCFAs in stool samples were quantitatively detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS CA ameliorated the symptoms of STC and treated STC effectively.CA ameliorated the infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes,increased the number of goblet cells and acidic mucus secretion of the mucosa.In addition,CA significantly increased the concentration of 5-HT and reduced VIP.CA significantly improved the diversity and abundance of the beneficial microbiome.Furthermore,the production of SCFAs[including acetic acid(AA),butyric acid(BA),propionic acid(PA)and valeric acid(VA)]was significantly promoted by CA.The changed abundance of Firmicutes,Akkermansia,Lachnoclostridium,Monoglobus,UCG.005,Paenalcaligenes,Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were involved in the production of AA,BA,PA and VA.CONCLUSION CA could treat STC effectively by ameliorating the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome to regulate the production of SCFAs.

The LXRB-SREBP1 network regulates lipogenic homeostasis by controlling the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells

Background:In rodents,research has revealed a role of liver X receptors(LXR) in controlling lipid homeostasis and regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).Recent data suggest that LXRB is the predominant LXR subtype in ruminant mammary cells,but its role in lipid metabolism is unknown.It was hypothesized that LXRB plays a role in lipid homeostasis via altering the synthesis of PUFA in the ruminant mammary gland.We used overexpression and knockdown of LXRB in goat primary mammary epithelial cells(GMEC) to evaluate abundance of lipogenic enzymes,fatty acid profiles,content of lipid stores and activity of the stearoyl-Co A desaturase(SCD1) promoter.Results:Overexpression of LXRB markedly upregulated the protein abundance of LXRB while incubation with si RNA targeting LXRB markedly decreased abundance of LXRB protein.Overexpression of LXRB plus T0901317(T09,a ligand for LXR) dramatically upregulated SCD1 and elongation of very long chain fatty acid-like fatty acid elongases 5–7(ELOVL 5–7),which are related to PUFA synthesis.Compared with the control,cells overexpressing LXRB and stimulated with T09 had greater concentrations of C16:0,16:1,18:1n7,18:1n9 and C18:2 as well as desaturation and elongation indices of C16:0.Furthermore,LXRB-overexpressing cells incubated with T09 had greater levels of triacylglycerol and cholesterol.Knockdown of LXRB in cells incubated with T09 led to downregulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Knockdown of LXRB attenuated the increase in triacylglycerol and cholesterol that was induced by T09.In cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide,knockdown of LXRB increased the concentration of C16:0 at the expense of C18:0,while a significant decrease in C18:2 was observed in cells incubated with both si LXRB and T09.The abundance of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 precursor(p SREBP1) and its mature fragment(n SREBP1) was upregulated by T09,but not LXRB overexpression.In the cells cultured with T09,knockdown of LXRB downregulated the abundance for p SREBP1 and n SREBP1.Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the activities of wild type SCD1 promoter or fragment with SREBP1 response element(SRE) mutation were decreased markedly when LXRB was knocked down.Activity of the SCD1 promoter that was induced by T09 was blocked when the SRE mutation was introduced.Conclusion:The current study provides evidence of a physiological link between the LXRB and SREBP1 in the ruminant mammary cell.An important role was revealed for the LXRB-SREBP1 network in the synthesis of PUFA via the regulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Thus,targeting this network might elicit broad effects on lipid homeostasis in ruminant mammary gland.

Understanding changes in volatile compounds and fatty acids of Jincheng orange peel oil at different growth stages using GC-MS

Jincheng orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)is widely grown in Chongqing,China,and is commonly consumed because of its characteristic aroma contributed by the presence of diverse volatile compounds.The changes in aroma during the development and maturation of fruit are indicators for ripening and harvest time.However,the influence of growth stages on the volatile compounds in Jincheng orange remains unclear.In addition,volatiles originate from fatty acids,most of which are the precursors of volatile substances.On this basis,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was performed to elaborate the changes in volatile constituents and fatty acids as precursors.This study tested proximately 60 volatiles and 8 fatty acids at 9 growth and development stages(AF1-AF9).Of those compounds,more than 92.00%of total volatiles and 87.50%of fatty acids were terpenoid and saturated fatty acids,respectively.As shown in the PCA plot,the AF5,AF6,and AF9 stages were confirmed as completely segregated and appeared different.In addition,most of the volatiles and fatty acids first increased at the beginning of the development stage,then decreased from the AF6 development stage,and finally increased at the AF9 maturity stage.Moreover,the highest contents of terpenoid,alcohols,aldehydes,ketones,and saturated fatty acids in Jincheng orange peel oil were d-limonene,linalool,octanal,cyclohexanone,and stearic acid during development stages,respectively.Our results found that the growth stages significantly affected the volatile constituents and precursors in Jincheng orange peel oil.

Novel Lipase from Golden Pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)Viscera:Purification,Characterization,and Application in the Concentrating of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase(GPL).GPL had a specific activity of 57.2U mg^(-1)with an estimated molecular weight of 14 k Da,exhibited optimal activity at 40℃a nd pH 8.0,and showed K_(m)and V_(max)of 40.16μmol L^(-1)and 769.23μmol L^(-1)min^(-1),respectively.GPL activity was enhanced by Mn^(2+)and sodium deoxycholate.It was active in organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,chloroform,and hexane.GPL also showed a good salinity tolerance of up to 1 mol L^(-1).n-3PUFA enrichment in the glyceride fraction of golden pompano oil was performed by GPL-catalyzed hydrolysis and yielded a total PUFA concentration of 56.99%.EPA,DHA,and DPA were enriched by 10.4-,3.2-,and 1.8-fold of their initial levels,respectively.This study recognized the industrial applicability of GPL to prepare enriched C_(20-22)n-3 PUFA.