Dust emissions from smelters, as a major contributor to heavy metal contamination in soils, could severely influence soil quality. Downwind surface soils within 1.5 km of a zinc smelter, which was active for 10 years ...Dust emissions from smelters, as a major contributor to heavy metal contamination in soils, could severely influence soil quality. Downwind surface soils within 1.5 km of a zinc smelter, which was active for 10 years but ceased in 2000, in Magu Town, Cuizhou Province, China were selected to examine Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations and their fractionation along a distance gradient from a zinc smelter, and to study the possible effects of Pb, Zn, and Cd accumulation on soil microorganisms by comparing with a reference soil located at a downwind distance of 10 km from the zinc smelter. Soils within 1.5 km of the zinc smelter accumulated high levels of heavy metals Zn （508 mg kg^-1）, Pb （95.6 mg kg^-1）, and Cd （5.98 mg kg^-1） with low ratios of Zn/Cd （59.1-115） and Pb/Cd （12.4-23.4）. Composite pollution indices （CPIs） of surface soils （2.52-15.2） were 3 to 13 times higher than the reference soils. In metal accumulated soils, exchangeable plus carbonate-bound fractions accounted for more than 10% of the total Zn, Pb, and Cd. The saturation degree of metals （SDM） in soils within 1.5 km of the smelter （averaging 1.25） was six times higher than that of the reference soils （0.209）. A smaller soil microbial biomass was found more frequently in metal accumulated soils （85.1-438 μg C g^-1） than in reference soils （497 μg C g^-1）, and a negative correlation （P 〈 0.01） of soil microbial biomass carbon to organic carbon ratio （Cmic/Corg） with SDM was observed. Microbial consumption of carbon sources was more rapid in contaminated soils than in reference soils, and a shift in the substrate utilization pattern was apparent and was negatively correlated with SDM （R = -0.773, P 〈 0.01）. Consequently, dust deposited Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils from zinc smelting were readily mobilized, and were detrimental to soil quality mainly in respect of microbial biomass .展开更多
软件规模和复杂程度的不断提高,为软件质量保障带来了严峻的挑战.软件缺陷定位是一种重要的软件质量保障技术,其中基于频谱的缺陷定位(Spectrum-based Fault Localization,SFL)是应用最为广泛的软件缺陷定位技术,其通过分析语句覆盖信...软件规模和复杂程度的不断提高,为软件质量保障带来了严峻的挑战.软件缺陷定位是一种重要的软件质量保障技术,其中基于频谱的缺陷定位(Spectrum-based Fault Localization,SFL)是应用最为广泛的软件缺陷定位技术,其通过分析语句覆盖信息矩阵计算代码语句的可疑度值,并根据可疑度值定位缺陷所在语句.然而,语句覆盖信息矩阵中存在着严重的数据冗余问题,冗余的数据极大地影响了SFL的缺陷定位性能.以Defects4J数据集中395个程序的语句覆盖信息矩阵为例,在超过一半的语句覆盖信息矩阵中有90%的语句存在与其具有相同覆盖信息的语句.特征选择是常用的数据预处理技术,通过去除冗余和不相关特征来获取原始特征集中有价值的特征子集.因此,我们将语句覆盖信息矩阵作为原始特征集,将冗余覆盖信息约简建模为特征选择问题,提出了一种基于冗余覆盖信息约简的软件缺陷定位方法(Fault Localization based on Redundant coverage information Reduction,FLRR).首先,使用特征选择技术对语句覆盖信息和测试用例执行结果组成的语句覆盖信息矩阵进行约简,得到语句覆盖信息矩阵子集;然后,使用SFL计算语句覆盖信息矩阵子集中语句的可疑度值,并根据可疑度值对语句进行降序排列,以定位缺陷语句.本文使用六种常用的特征选择技术对语句覆盖信息矩阵进行特征选择和约简,以得到语句覆盖信息矩阵子集,并使用四种典型的SFL技术对语句覆盖信息矩阵子集中的语句进行缺陷定位.为评估FLRR的缺陷定位性能,本文使用E_(inspect)@n和MRR(Mean Reciprocal Rank)评价指标在基于Defects4J的数据集上与四种典型的SFL技术进行了对比实验.实验结果表明,FLRR能够有效提升SFL的缺陷定位性能.对于E_(inspect)@n指标,当n=1时,FLRR相比DStar、Ochiai、Barinel和OP2分别多定位到23条、26条、14条和13条缺陷语句,分别增加了69.70%、76.47%、45.16%和38.24%;对于MRR指标,FLRR相比DStar、Ochiai、Barinel和OP2分别提升了20.08%、24.94%、17.45%和19.15%.展开更多
This work describes an improved feature extractor algorithm to extract the peripheral features of point x(ti,fj) using a nonlinear algorithm to compute the nonlinear time spectrum (NL-TS) pattern. The algo- rithm ob...This work describes an improved feature extractor algorithm to extract the peripheral features of point x(ti,fj) using a nonlinear algorithm to compute the nonlinear time spectrum (NL-TS) pattern. The algo- rithm observes n×n neighborhoods of the point in all directions, and then incorporates the peripheral fea- tures using the Mel frequency cepstrum components (MFCCs)-based feature extractor of the Tsinghua elec- tronic engineering speech processing (THEESP) for Mandarin automatic speech recognition (MASR) sys- tem as replacements of the dynamic features with different feature combinations. In this algorithm, the or- thogonal bases are extracted directly from the speech data using discrite cosime transformation (DCT) with 3×3 blocks on an NL-TS pattern as the peripheral features. The new primal bases are then selected and simplified in the form of the ?dp- operator in the time direction and the ?dp- operator in the frequency di- t f rection. The algorithm has 23.29% improvements of the relative error rate in comparison with the standard MFCC feature-set and the dynamic features in tests using THEESP with the duration distribution-based hid- den Markov model (DDBHMM) based on MASR system.展开更多
Action recognition is important for understanding the human behaviors in the video,and the video representation is the basis for action recognition.This paper provides a new video representation based on convolution n...Action recognition is important for understanding the human behaviors in the video,and the video representation is the basis for action recognition.This paper provides a new video representation based on convolution neural networks（CNN）.For capturing human motion information in one CNN,we take both the optical flow maps and gray images as input,and combine multiple convolutional features by max pooling across frames.In another CNN,we input single color frame to capture context information.Finally,we take the top full connected layer vectors as video representation and train the classifiers by linear support vector machine.The experimental results show that the representation which integrates the optical flow maps and gray images obtains more discriminative properties than those which depend on only one element.On the most challenging data sets HMDB51 and UCF101,this video representation obtains competitive performance.展开更多
The feature selection characterized by relatively small sample size and extremely high-dimensional feature space is common in many areas of contemporary statistics. The high dimensionality of the feature space causes ...The feature selection characterized by relatively small sample size and extremely high-dimensional feature space is common in many areas of contemporary statistics. The high dimensionality of the feature space causes serious difficulties: (i) the sample correlations between features become high even if the features are stochastically independent; (ii) the computation becomes intractable. These difficulties make conventional approaches either inapplicable or inefficient. The reduction of dimensionality of the feature space followed by low dimensional approaches appears the only feasible way to tackle the problem. Along this line, we develop in this article a tournament screening cum EBIC approach for feature selection with high dimensional feature space. The procedure of tournament screening mimics that of a tournament. It is shown theoretically that the tournament screening has the sure screening property, a necessary property which should be satisfied by any valid screening procedure. It is demonstrated by numerical studies that the tournament screening cum EBIC approach enjoys desirable properties such as having higher positive selection rate and lower false discovery rate than other approaches.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.KZCX2-105)the "Light in Western China" Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guizhou Province, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.40473049)
文摘Dust emissions from smelters, as a major contributor to heavy metal contamination in soils, could severely influence soil quality. Downwind surface soils within 1.5 km of a zinc smelter, which was active for 10 years but ceased in 2000, in Magu Town, Cuizhou Province, China were selected to examine Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations and their fractionation along a distance gradient from a zinc smelter, and to study the possible effects of Pb, Zn, and Cd accumulation on soil microorganisms by comparing with a reference soil located at a downwind distance of 10 km from the zinc smelter. Soils within 1.5 km of the zinc smelter accumulated high levels of heavy metals Zn （508 mg kg^-1）, Pb （95.6 mg kg^-1）, and Cd （5.98 mg kg^-1） with low ratios of Zn/Cd （59.1-115） and Pb/Cd （12.4-23.4）. Composite pollution indices （CPIs） of surface soils （2.52-15.2） were 3 to 13 times higher than the reference soils. In metal accumulated soils, exchangeable plus carbonate-bound fractions accounted for more than 10% of the total Zn, Pb, and Cd. The saturation degree of metals （SDM） in soils within 1.5 km of the smelter （averaging 1.25） was six times higher than that of the reference soils （0.209）. A smaller soil microbial biomass was found more frequently in metal accumulated soils （85.1-438 μg C g^-1） than in reference soils （497 μg C g^-1）, and a negative correlation （P 〈 0.01） of soil microbial biomass carbon to organic carbon ratio （Cmic/Corg） with SDM was observed. Microbial consumption of carbon sources was more rapid in contaminated soils than in reference soils, and a shift in the substrate utilization pattern was apparent and was negatively correlated with SDM （R = -0.773, P 〈 0.01）. Consequently, dust deposited Pb, Zn, and Cd in soils from zinc smelting were readily mobilized, and were detrimental to soil quality mainly in respect of microbial biomass .
文摘软件规模和复杂程度的不断提高,为软件质量保障带来了严峻的挑战.软件缺陷定位是一种重要的软件质量保障技术,其中基于频谱的缺陷定位(Spectrum-based Fault Localization,SFL)是应用最为广泛的软件缺陷定位技术,其通过分析语句覆盖信息矩阵计算代码语句的可疑度值,并根据可疑度值定位缺陷所在语句.然而,语句覆盖信息矩阵中存在着严重的数据冗余问题,冗余的数据极大地影响了SFL的缺陷定位性能.以Defects4J数据集中395个程序的语句覆盖信息矩阵为例,在超过一半的语句覆盖信息矩阵中有90%的语句存在与其具有相同覆盖信息的语句.特征选择是常用的数据预处理技术,通过去除冗余和不相关特征来获取原始特征集中有价值的特征子集.因此,我们将语句覆盖信息矩阵作为原始特征集,将冗余覆盖信息约简建模为特征选择问题,提出了一种基于冗余覆盖信息约简的软件缺陷定位方法(Fault Localization based on Redundant coverage information Reduction,FLRR).首先,使用特征选择技术对语句覆盖信息和测试用例执行结果组成的语句覆盖信息矩阵进行约简,得到语句覆盖信息矩阵子集;然后,使用SFL计算语句覆盖信息矩阵子集中语句的可疑度值,并根据可疑度值对语句进行降序排列,以定位缺陷语句.本文使用六种常用的特征选择技术对语句覆盖信息矩阵进行特征选择和约简,以得到语句覆盖信息矩阵子集,并使用四种典型的SFL技术对语句覆盖信息矩阵子集中的语句进行缺陷定位.为评估FLRR的缺陷定位性能,本文使用E_(inspect)@n和MRR(Mean Reciprocal Rank)评价指标在基于Defects4J的数据集上与四种典型的SFL技术进行了对比实验.实验结果表明,FLRR能够有效提升SFL的缺陷定位性能.对于E_(inspect)@n指标,当n=1时,FLRR相比DStar、Ochiai、Barinel和OP2分别多定位到23条、26条、14条和13条缺陷语句,分别增加了69.70%、76.47%、45.16%和38.24%;对于MRR指标,FLRR相比DStar、Ochiai、Barinel和OP2分别提升了20.08%、24.94%、17.45%和19.15%.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (No. 200/AA/14)
文摘This work describes an improved feature extractor algorithm to extract the peripheral features of point x(ti,fj) using a nonlinear algorithm to compute the nonlinear time spectrum (NL-TS) pattern. The algo- rithm observes n×n neighborhoods of the point in all directions, and then incorporates the peripheral fea- tures using the Mel frequency cepstrum components (MFCCs)-based feature extractor of the Tsinghua elec- tronic engineering speech processing (THEESP) for Mandarin automatic speech recognition (MASR) sys- tem as replacements of the dynamic features with different feature combinations. In this algorithm, the or- thogonal bases are extracted directly from the speech data using discrite cosime transformation (DCT) with 3×3 blocks on an NL-TS pattern as the peripheral features. The new primal bases are then selected and simplified in the form of the ?dp- operator in the time direction and the ?dp- operator in the frequency di- t f rection. The algorithm has 23.29% improvements of the relative error rate in comparison with the standard MFCC feature-set and the dynamic features in tests using THEESP with the duration distribution-based hid- den Markov model (DDBHMM) based on MASR system.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,2015AA016306)National Nature Science Foundation of China(61231015)+2 种基金Internet of Things Development Funding Project of Ministry of Industry in 2013(25)Technology Research Program of Ministry of Public Security(2016JSYJA12)the Nature Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2014CFB712)
文摘Action recognition is important for understanding the human behaviors in the video,and the video representation is the basis for action recognition.This paper provides a new video representation based on convolution neural networks（CNN）.For capturing human motion information in one CNN,we take both the optical flow maps and gray images as input,and combine multiple convolutional features by max pooling across frames.In another CNN,we input single color frame to capture context information.Finally,we take the top full connected layer vectors as video representation and train the classifiers by linear support vector machine.The experimental results show that the representation which integrates the optical flow maps and gray images obtains more discriminative properties than those which depend on only one element.On the most challenging data sets HMDB51 and UCF101,this video representation obtains competitive performance.
基金supported by Singapore Ministry of Educations ACRF Tier 1 (Grant No. R-155-000-065-112)supported by the National Science and Engineering Research Countil of Canada and MITACS,Canada
文摘The feature selection characterized by relatively small sample size and extremely high-dimensional feature space is common in many areas of contemporary statistics. The high dimensionality of the feature space causes serious difficulties: (i) the sample correlations between features become high even if the features are stochastically independent; (ii) the computation becomes intractable. These difficulties make conventional approaches either inapplicable or inefficient. The reduction of dimensionality of the feature space followed by low dimensional approaches appears the only feasible way to tackle the problem. Along this line, we develop in this article a tournament screening cum EBIC approach for feature selection with high dimensional feature space. The procedure of tournament screening mimics that of a tournament. It is shown theoretically that the tournament screening has the sure screening property, a necessary property which should be satisfied by any valid screening procedure. It is demonstrated by numerical studies that the tournament screening cum EBIC approach enjoys desirable properties such as having higher positive selection rate and lower false discovery rate than other approaches.
