Fluvial Processes in the Meandering Reach of the Lower Wei River During the Course of Degradation

This paper presents an analysis of the changes of the longitudinal and lateral profiles in the meander- ing reach of the Lower Wei River over the period from October 1973 to October 1976 during the course of degradation.Analysis results indicated that retrogressive erosion and subsequent downstream erosion occurred in the reach due to the lowering in the Tongguan elevation and the inflowing water carrying low sediment con- centrations.At the end of the degradation,the main channel widths of the majority ...

The intensity of slope and fluvial processes after a catastrophic windthrow event in small catchments in the Tatra Mountains

Strong wind events frequently result in creating large areas of windthrow, which causes abrupt environmental changes. Bare soil surfaces within pits and root plates potentially expose soil to erosion. Absence of forest may alter the dynamics of water circulation. In this study we attempt to answer the question of whether extensive windthrows influence the magnitude of geomorphic processes in 6 small second-to third-order catchments with area ranging from 0.09 km^(2) to 0.8 km^(2). Three of the catchments were significantly affected by a windthrow which occurred in December 2013 in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains, and the other three catchments were mostly forested and served as control catchments. We mapped the pits created by the windthrow and the linear scars created by salvage logging operations in search of any signs of erosion within them. We also mapped all post-windthrow landslides created in the windthrow-affected catchments. The impact of the windthrow on the fluvial system was investigated by measuring a set of channel characteristics and determining bedload transport intensity using painted tracers in all the windthrow-affected and control catchments. Both pits and linear scars created by harvesting tend to become overgrown by vegetation in the first several years after the windthrow. The only signs of erosion were observed in 10% of the pits located on convergent slopes. During the period from the windthrow event in 2013 until 2019, 5 very small(total area <100 m^(2)) shallow landslides were created. The mean distance of bedload transport was similar(t-test, p=0.05) in most of the windthrow-affected and control catchments. The mapping of channels revealed many cases of root plates fallen into a channel and pits created near a channel. A significant amount of woody debris delivered into the channels influenced the activity of fluvial processes by creating alternating zones of erosion and accumulation.

Multiple time scales of fluvial processes—theory and applications

Fluvial processes comprise water flow,sediment transport and bed evolution,which normally feature distinct time scales.The time scales of sediment transport and bed deformation relative to the flow essentially measure how fast sediment transport adapts to capacity region in line with local flow scenario and the bed deforms in comparison with the flow,which literally dictates if a capacity based and/or decoupled model is justified.This paper synthesizes the recently developed multiscale theory for sediment-laden flows over erodible bed,with bed load and suspended load transport,respectively.It is unravelled that bed load transport can adapt to capacity sufficiently rapidly even under highly unsteady flows and thus a capacity model is mostly applicable,whereas a non-capacity model is critical for suspended sediment because of the lower rate of adaptation to capacity.Physically coupled modelling is critical for fluvial processes characterized by rapid bed variation.Applications are outlined on very active bed load sediment transported by flash floods and landslide dam break floods.

Fluvial processes and their impact on the finless porpoise's habitat after the Three Gorges Project became operational

Since the filling of the reservoir of the Three Gorges Project(TGP)dam in the Yangtze River in 2003,erosion downstream from the dam site has affected the finless porpoise’s habitat.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)fluvial process mathematical model is used to calculate flow and sediment transport in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,including the finless porpoise’s habitat.By analyzing the calculation results for the water resources,suspended load,and bed materials in the finless porpoise’s habitat after the riverbed deformation,we evaluated the possible impact on this rare Yangtze River aquatic animal.The results show that,with the erosion of riverbed over the next 20 years,the water quantity comprising the habitat will decrease to half of its present amount,and the bed materials will be eroded to coarse grading,such that the reserve will become a gradually disappearing stream.Effective engineering measures should be used to decrease the erosion in the main channel,in case the overall erosion cannot be stemmed and controlled,to ensure an adequate water volume flows into the finless porpoise’s habitat.

Accumulation phenomena in fluvial processes and the corresponding stochastic model

Accumulation occurs widely in fluvial processes.Accurately accounting for the effects of previous water and sediment conditions on accumulation is essential for studying riverbed evolution.In this study,to reveal the physical mechanisms of accumulation,various geometric observations of both the upstream and downstream reaches of dams on several typical fluvial channels were analyzed.The changes in water and sediment conditions were defined as external disturbances.Assuming that the probability of an external disturbance conforms to a Poisson distribution,and that the response intensity induced by an individual disturbance decays exponentially over time,a mathematical description of the accumulation of internal responses to external disturbances is given.Furthermore,a corresponding theoretical model for simulating the spatiotemporal readjustments of characteristic river variables is proposed based on stochastic theory.The proposed models are then applied to investigate spatiotemporal readjustment in the upper and lower reaches of dams following their construction.The results indicate that temporally,the vertical,lateral,and overall readjustment rates of the reaches are relatively fast in the early period following dam construction but then decrease rapidly over time.Accumulated riverbed degradation,channel width,and sedimentation continuously increase until a new dynamic equilibrium is reached.These phenomena reflect the representative accumulation characteristics of fluvial processes.Spatially,the erosion intensities in downstream reaches decrease nonlinearly along the channel until eventually diminishing.The unbalanced spatial distribution of erosion intensity arises from the system response characterized by propagation in space but decay over time,which is characteristic of accumulation phenomena after disturbances.The results of the developed model show that the spatiotemporal readjustments of the studied cross-sections and channel reaches can be accurately described by the unified theoretical formula derived herein.The model predictions show good agreement with observed field data with determination coefficients of 0.92,0.93,0.76,and 0.95 for vertical,lateral,longitudinal,and overall readjustments,respectively.The proposed theoretical models account for both the accumulation characteristics of fluvial processes and their spatial distributions.In demonstrating the proposed ap-proach,this study provides a theoretical basis and new calculation method for quantitatively describing the spatiotemporal readjustments of non-equilibrium fluvial channels following external disturbances.

水库拦沙对黄河下游河床演变的影响

为充分认识水库拦沙对其下游河道河床演变及防洪的影响,基于三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期水沙及断面观测资料,研究了黄河下游河槽冲淤、洪水冲刷效率、河槽几何特征、排洪能力等规律。结果表明:水库拦沙期,黄河下游沿程河槽均发生了不均衡冲刷;河床粗化明显,粗化后床沙中值粒径最大值为冲刷前的2.1~2.5倍;高村以上河段同水位过洪能力增加明显,冲刷后较大的河槽容积可为小浪底水库排沙提供暂时的滞沙;河床粗化后细泥沙和中泥沙补给能力不足,河槽冲刷效率随冲刷历时的增加衰减明显。由于水库多年调节水沙过程及下游相对完善的河道整治工程约束,小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游河槽冲刷重心下移,河床粗化程度增加,冲刷效率明显降低。研究成果可为水库水沙调控技术指标的选取提供科学依据。

科尔沁沙地粗—细组分的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征:对定量物源及区域构造-岩浆演化事件的指示

追踪干旱—半干旱地区大型沙地的物源和风-河流相互作用机制对于理解陆地景观格局演变、地表过程与地貌动态以及大气圈和岩石圈之间的联系至关重要。然而,目前科尔沁沙地的物源仍存在较大争议,且缺乏具有统计意义的锆石U-Pb年龄数据库。因此,本研究对科尔沁沙地地表风成沙进行多点取样,根据不同粒级(<63μm和>63μm)选取1500颗碎屑锆石进行U-Pb测年分析,并利用逆向蒙特卡罗模型对其物源进行定量约束。结果表明,从目视定性的角度看,科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱特征非常相似。但定量重建结果显示沙地的物源整体上以中亚造山带的贡献为主(50.5%~61.3%),然而东南部体现出华北克拉通的绝对优势(~75.8%)。科尔沁沙地的物源存在空间异质性,沙地西部和北部的锆石年龄谱极为相似,与南部锆石年龄特征显著不同。科尔沁沙地的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征基本不受粒度分异的影响,但沙地东南部除外。本文认为,风与河流的协同作用及其由此导致的沉积分异和再循环作用解释了科尔沁沙地碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄特征。结合区域构造演化历史,科尔沁沙地在~2.5 Ga和~1.85 Ga的U-Pb年龄峰值分别是前寒武纪华北克拉通的生长、拼合与碰撞过程中的两期构造事件的产物。此外,~1.7 Ga的锆石年龄可能是对Columbia超大陆聚合与裂解的综合响应。古生代以来的锆石年龄峰值(500~400 Ma、300~250 Ma、130~110 Ma)记录了在古亚洲洋的俯冲闭合、蒙古-鄂霍次克海俯冲碰撞和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下多期区域构造-岩浆事件。

The impact of geological uncertainty on primary production from a fluvial reservoir

Deposition of fluvial sandbodies is controlled mainly by characteristics of the system, such as the rate of avulsion and aggradation of the fluvial channels and their geometry. The impact and the interaction of these parameters have not received adequate attention. In this paper, the impact of geological uncertainty resulting from the interpretation of the fluvial geometry, maximum depth of channels, and their avulsion rates on primary production is studied for fluvial reservoirs. Several meandering reservoirs were generated using a process-mimicking package by varying several con- trolling factors. Simulation results indicate that geometrical parameters of the fluvial channels impact cumulative pro- duction during primary production more significantly than their avulsion rate. The most significant factor appears to be the maximum depth of fluvial channels. The overall net-to-gross ratio is closely correlated with the cumulative oil production of the field, but cumulative production values for individual wells do not appear to be correlated with the local net-to-gross ratio calculated in the vicinity of each well. Connectedness of the sandbodies to each well, defined based on the minimum time-of-flight from each block to the well, appears to be a more reliable indicator of well-scale production.

Analysis of Morphological Processes in a Disturbed Gravel-Bed River （Piave River）： Integration of LiDAR Data and Colour Bathymetry

The magnitude of river morphological changes are better analyzed through the use of quantitative approaches, wherein resolution accuracy and uncertainty assessment are treated as crucial key-factors. In this sense, the creation of precise DEMs （Digital Elevation Models） of rivers represents an affordable tool to analyze geomorphic variations and budgets, except for wetted areas, where reliable channel digitalization can normally be obtained only using expensive bathymetric surveys. The proposed work aims at improving channel surface models without having available bathymetric sensors, by deriving dry areas elevations from LiDAR data and water depth of wetted areas from aerial photos through a predictive depth-colour relationship. The methodology was applied to two different sub-reaches of the Piave River, a gravel-bed river which suffered severe flood events in 2010. Erosion and deposition patterns were identified through DEM differencing, showing a predominance of scour processes which can lead to channel instability situations. The bathymetric output was compared to other previously-derived models confirming the accuracy of the in-channel elevation estimates. Finally, a discussion on the role played by longitudinal protections during the studied flood events is proposed, focusing the attention on the incidence of two major bank erosions that removed significant volumes of stable areas.

长江下游镇扬河段历史变迁与河道演变分析

镇扬河段位于长江下游感潮段,为典型的分汊河道,长期以来其河道演变复杂多变。基于历史文献、古地图、近现代地形测图及水文资料等资料,分析了镇扬河段长期演变规律。研究表明:西汉之前镇扬河段为长江河口,泥沙在古河口逐渐落淤,北岸边滩发育,河道总体南移、河宽缩窄,江中泥沙落淤并逐渐发育为稳定沙洲,形成世业洲汊道与和畅洲汊道。历史时期,河道水力和输沙特性是河道形成和演变的主要因素,南北两岸节点为控制河势的关键;20世纪50年代后,镇扬河段河道形态相对稳定,近期演变主要表现为汊道段河势格局的调整,河道内各类工程的建设等人类活动成为影响河床演变的重要外因。

乌江重庆段河道演变及其对航运的影响

为探究近年来乌江重庆段河道演变特征及其对航运的影响,在2016—2020年泥沙原型观测基础上,结合径流泥沙特性变化,分析了泥沙冲淤特征及河道演变规律,得出如下结论:(1)除主汛期外,三峡水位消落期及汛末是主要输沙期;(2)上游武隆峡谷段河道底床呈下降趋势、河口底床呈抬升趋势,河道坡降总体表现出减缓趋势;(3)相对于峡谷河段,宽阔河段的年泥沙冲淤变幅更为显著;(4)常年回水区河道走沙条件差,基本处于淤积状态;(5)变动回水区以上河道泥沙冲淤主要受河道形态控制。总体而言,从演变趋势来看,当前的来水来沙条件有利于减少河道泥沙淤积,重点险滩段冲淤发展态势较缓,河势整体稳定,河道演变对航运影响较小。研究成果可为乌江河道演变与治理相关研究提供借鉴。

三峡水库变动回水区采砂分布研究

河道采砂规模不断扩大,影响了河床结构的稳定性及演变特性。根据2007—2019年江津—涪陵河段的实测地形资料,对三峡水库变动回水区采砂坑分布进行统计,并分析了重点河段的采砂坑恢复情况。研究结果表明:变动回水区2007—2019年的采砂量约为1.63亿m^(3),剧烈采砂活动集中于2007—2016年,主要采砂区段为江津—长寿河段,采砂位置主要分布于河道边滩。自2016年长江上游禁采措施实施以来,变动回水区采砂活动大幅减小,而三峡入库来沙的进一步减小引起库尾河段年际冲淤变化较小。在目前三峡入库来沙条件下,库尾边滩采砂坑基本无法恢复至原有形态。

钱塘江河口泥沙特性及河床冲淤研究

简要介绍了钱塘江河口含沙量、泥沙粒径的分布特性,建立了钱塘江河口泥沙起动流速和挟沙能力公式,分析了河床大冲大淤、大冲以后大淤、上游段洪冲潮淤、下游段洪淤潮冲等河床演变特性,研究了河床冲淤对洪水和潮汐的巨大反作用.分析研究表明,涌潮到达时,水流激烈冲刷河床,引起含沙量剧增,大多在涌潮过后的20 min内达到极值,形成大含沙量区.在平水期和枯水期,涨潮输沙量明显大于落潮,加剧了河口上游的淤积,涌潮是钱塘江河口大冲大淤的机理之一.

地震背景下的川江流域泥沙与河床演变问题研究进展

川江流域历史地震是影响川江流域沙量与河床演变的主要动力因素之一。"5.12"汶川大地震将进一步增加地震区流域的水土流失,改变川江流域的河流泥沙运动和河床演变趋势。汶川地震是龙门山断裂带有历史文献记录以来发生的最大地震灾害。地震诱发了大量的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等次生地质灾害,在地表富集了大规模的松散堆积体。地震严重损坏了近20年来建设的水土保持设施,加剧了水土流失,较大地改变了流域坡面侵蚀条件和河流泥沙来源。综述了若干关键科学技术问题,包括地震与流域产沙,川江流域的泥沙量,地震与川江水系河床演变,地震次生灾害后的河流修复。并建议加强水利工程科学、地质科学和环境生态科学的交叉融合,开展震区河流灾后修复理论和关键技术的研究。

水力冲刷过程中塌岸淤床交互影响试验

在弯道水槽中展开系列试验,研究水力冲刷过程中非粘性岸坡冲刷崩塌与河床冲淤交互作用过程及其影响因素,进一步分析塌岸淤床泥沙贡献率。试验成果表明,水流冲刷过程中岸坡破坏是水流淘刷岸坡坡脚、岸坡崩塌及崩塌体淤积坡脚并在河床上输移掺混的交互作用反复循环过程。塌岸淤床模式及掺混程度与近岸流速、主流贴岸程度、水位及河床边界条件等关系密切。近岸流速越大、水位越高,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量、河床总淤积量以及河床累计淤积率也越大,稳定后的岸坡越趋平缓;河床可动程度越大,岸坡总冲刷坍塌量及其在河床上的总淤积量也越大,但河床累计淤积率却越小;水位越高,在弯道段等横向输沙强度较大的地方,岸坡冲刷崩塌体与河床发生掺混的程度也越大。

黄河内蒙古河段河床演变特征分析

针对近年来黄河内蒙古河段河槽淤积萎缩严重,防洪、防凌形势严峻的状况,从不同方面综合分析了巴彦高勒-头道拐河段河床冲淤演变特征。通过同流量水位变化分析了不同时期、不同水沙条件下各河段主槽冲淤变化,总体具有汛期冲刷非汛期淤积的特点,而汛期冲淤变化取决于洪水期的变化;依据输沙量法分析了内蒙古河段冲淤变化特点,进一步指出了不同河段淤积的原因;从不同时段河床形态的调整,揭示了河床冲淤随水沙变化而调整的规律;指出了不利的水沙条件是内蒙古河段主槽淤积萎缩、排洪能力大幅度降低的根本原因。

以底栖动物为指示物种对长江流域水生态进行评价

采用底栖动物作为指示物种对长江流域的水生态进行了调查研究和生态评价。在长江上游支流、中下游干流及沿江湖泊上选取36个代表性样点进行生态考察和底栖动物采样、鉴定和分析。采用Hilsenhoff生物指数和水化学分析对样点水质进行评价,对比分析了各样点底栖动物的结构组成及多样性。上游支流大部分样点水质清洁;中游干流及沿江湖泊水质受到轻度到中度污染;下游干流水质污染加重。底栖动物多样性在上游支流中最高,中游湖泊较高,干流中下游较低。总结得出了4种河床演变条件下的底栖动物群谱。上游支流河床稳定的河流底栖动物密度较大,物种丰富,多样性高;侵蚀下切的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性较低;淤积抬升的河流底栖动物密度、物种数和多样性更低一些;河势散乱且河床运动剧烈的支流物种丰度和密度均很低甚至为零,生态条件差。

考虑河岸变形的三维水沙数值模拟研究

将粘性河岸崩塌模拟力学方法与水沙模型相结合,构建了考虑河岸变形的三维数值模型。基于非正交网格,采用局部网格可动技术处理由河岸崩塌引起的河道摆动过程。模型采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,采用与动量插值技术相结合的SIMPLEC算法进行模型求解。通过弯道发展过程的计算表明,模型能够有效地模拟出河道的复杂演变过程。

黄河下游平滩流量对来水来沙变化的响应

本文探讨了平滩流量对来水来沙的滞后响应规律,发现平滩流量不仅与当年的水沙条件有关,而且与前期水沙条件有关,是一定时期内的水沙条件累积作用的结果。当采用滑动平均值来反应前期水沙条件的累积影响时,得出平滩流量与滑动平均汛期流量和滑动平均来沙系数的相关程度分别在4年和5年时达到最大值。据此建立了能够反映来水流量和来沙系数前期综合影响的平滩流量计算方法,可以用来估算黄河下游主要测站平滩流量随水沙条件的变化。

弯曲河流斜槽裁弯模式与发育过程

结合遥感影像、野外调查和形态统计,深入分析斜槽裁弯现象,将其划分为切滩冲刷、串沟冲刷和主流顶冲3种模式。切滩模式发生于洪水期间主流水流动力轴线偏向凸滩后,形成漫流水流冲刷,极可能在边滩形成新的斜槽。切滩裁弯的形态统计表明,弯道曲率半径与平均河宽之比约2.92,分流角约54.8°。串沟模式是前期洪水漫过河湾内侧洪泛平原,漫滩水流冲刷形成若干串沟,后续洪水沿串沟继续冲刷,串沟逐步横向展宽和向下游侵蚀,直至形成新的河槽。主流顶冲模式是水流顶冲河湾内侧河岸,形成湾状缺口,后续洪水持续顶冲湾状缺口,直至上下游水流贯通,形成斜槽裁弯。