Preparation and Properties of Foam Glass-ceramic from Diatomite

The results of the study of raw mix preparation and foam glass-ceramics production using diatomite as a raw material were presented in the following article. A mixture of diatomite and 40% NaOH solution was subjected to heating at a constant temperature of 775 ℃. Samples of foam glass-ceramic from diatomite with an average density of 290-580 kg/m^3, compressive strength of 1.7-7.8 MPa and thermal conductivity of 0.08-0.14 W/（m·K） were obtained. The investigations have shown that the hydrothermal pretreatment of mixture at the temperature of 90 ℃ may lead to the acceleration of the leaching of amorphous SiO_2 from diatomite. It was discovered that the resulting soluble alkali silicates promote the process of foaming during heating and reduce the average density of the obtained samples. The optimal duration of the leaching process was estimated to be 30 minutes, which corresponds to the yield of SiO_2 equal to 42.5% by the weight of dry diatomite.

Mechanism of Surface Depression on Foam Glass

The mechanism of the surface depression of the foam glass was studied. A method of powder sintering with plate glass as the raw material and carbon black as the foaming agent was adopted to investigate the influences of foaming temperature, soaking time, moisture content in the release agent, and flame preheating temperature on the surface depression of a foam glass blank. The results indicated that insufficient cooling rate and rapid foaming process that could not react synergistically with the surface tension and viscosity of the glass melt aroused the mismatching between the glass melt and the expansion or contraction of gas, resulting in upper surface depression of foam glass. Besides, the batch carbon black at high temperature reacted with residual water in advance to generate large amounts of gas and form the air space which could expand inside, leading to lower surface depression of foam glass.

Study on Factors Affecting Properties of Foam Glass Made from Waste Glass

Foam glass is a new green material to make use of waste glass and is popular for its energy-saving and light weight features.The problems in the current study of foam glass is that its properties require improvement to match the growing demands of application specific standards.Properties of foam glass is related to its porous structure,which is affected by various factors.The influence of raw material component,foaming agents and sintering system on the porous structure and properties of foamed glass is studied.Density decreases with the decrease of quartz and barite content.Thermal conductivity is more affected by barite content,and the lowest thermal conductivity is obtained when 10%quartz and 6%borax are added.Compressive strength is more affected by borax content,and the highest compressive strength is obtained when 5%quartz,10%barite and 6%borax are added.Foam glass samples with different porous structures and improved properties are obtained using graphite and CaCO3 as foaming agents.Compared with the soldcommercial foam glass for thermal insulation materials,the compressive strength of samples prepared by using compound foaming agents is increased by a factor of 2–3 times higher.With porous structure and properties adjusted by the optimization of raw materials and foaming agent,there exists the potential for factories to produce foam glass with expanded application scope.

Preparation and Study of Borosilicate Foam Glass with High Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Strength

Foam glass is a kind of green building material that is widely used because of its excellent thermal insulation and mechanical properties.In this study,the borosilicate foam glass was fabricated by powder sintering method using recycled soda lime waste glass,quartz,and borax as the primary raw materials.CaCO_(3)was used as a foaming agent and Na_(2)CO_(3)as a flux agent.Results showed that as the quartz content decreases from 30 to 17.5 wt.%and borax content increases from 5 to 17.5 wt.%,the pore size,porosity,and thermal insulation of borosilicate foam glass increase significantly,while the compressive strength decreases slightly.When the content of quartz and borax are both 17.5 wt.%,borosilicate foam glass with outstanding performance can be prepared,whose pore distribution is uniform,mean pore size is 1.93 mm,total porosity is 83.44%,thermal conductivity is 0.0711W/(m⋅K),and compressive strength is 2.37 MPa.Finally,the influences of foaming agent content,flux agent content,foaming temperature,and holding time on the pore structure and various properties of borosilicate foam glass were investigated by orthogonal test.According to the results,the foaming temperature has a significant effect,and appropriate foaming agent content,flux agent content,and holding time help to form a uniform pore structure,thereby improving the thermal insulation and mechanical strength of the borosilicate foam glass.

Influence of aluminium nitride as a foaming agent on the preparation of foam glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag

To effectively reuse high-titanium blast furnace slag （TS）, foam glass-ceramics were successfully prepared by powder sintering at 1000℃. TS and waste glass were used as the main raw materials, aluminium nitride （AIN） as the foaming agent, and borax as the fluxing agent. The influence of the amount of A1N added （lwt%-5wt%） on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of the produced foam glass-ceramics was studied. The results showed that the main crystal phases were perovskite, diopside, and augite. With increasing A1N content, a transformation from diopside to augite occurred and the crystallinity of the pyroxene phases slightly decreased. Initially, the aver- age pore size and porosity of the foam glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased; similarly, their bulk density and compressive strength decreased and subsequently increased. The optimal properties were obtained when the foam glass-ceramics were prepared by adding 4wt% AIN.

The Economic Demands on the Method of Founding a Passive Brick House on Foamed Glass Granulate

The cost of acquisition of a passive house is a little higher than that of a conventional house.Proper design of a passive house should include not only thermal protection and stability of the construction,but it must also take into account the price demands on each of the proposed structures and solution of details.The paper deals with the financial comparison of the traditional method of a foundation on the foundation strips of plain concrete and the modern method of founding a passive house as brick construction on the reinforced concrete slab base with a compact subsoil layer of thermal insulation in the form of granules of foamed glass.

Construction utilization of foamed waste glass

Foamed waste glass(FWG) material is newly developed for the purpose to utilize the waste glassware and other waste glass. FWG has a multi-porous structure that consists of continuous or discontinuous voids. Hence lightweight but considerable stiffness can be achieved. In the present study, the manufacture and engineering properties of FWG are introduced first. Then, the utilizations of FWG are investigated in laboratory tests and field tests. Some case studies on design and construction work are also reported here. Through these studies we know that the discontinuous void material can be utilized as a lightweight fill material, ground improvement material and lightweight aggregate for concrete. On the other hand, the continuous void material can be used as water holding material for the greening of ground slope and rooftop, and as clarification material for water.

Integrated utilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and bottom ash for preparation of foam glass-ceramics

For the purpose of solid waste co-disposal and heavy metal stabilization,foam glass-ceramics were produced by using municipal solid waste incineration(MWSI)bottom ash and fly ash as main raw materials,calcium carbonate(CaCO3) as foamer and sodium phosphate(Na3PO4) as foam stabilizer.The influences of the raw material composition,foaming temperature and foaming time on the properties were investigated.Porosity,bulk density,mechanical property and leaching of heavy metals were analyzed accordingly.The product,foamed at 1150℃ for 30 min with 14% fly ash and 74% bottom ash,exhibits excellent comprehensive properties,such as high porosity(76.03%),low bulk density(0.67 g·cm-3) and high compressive strength(10.56 MPa).Moreover,the amount of leaching heavy metals,including Cr,Pb,Cu,Cd and Ni,in foam glass-ceramics is significantly lower than that of the US EPA hazardous waste thresholds.This study not only realizes the integrated utilization of bottom ash and fly ash,but also addresses a new strategy for obtaining foam glass-ceramics.

Effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties of foamed glass-ceramics prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag and waste glass

Foamed glass-ceramics were prepared via a single-step sintering method using high-titanium blast furnace slag and waste glass as the main raw materials The influence of sintering temperature(900–1060℃) on the microstructure and properties of foamed glass-ceramics was studied. The results show that the crystal shape changed from grainy to rod-shaped and finally turned to multiple shapes as the sintering temperature was increased from 900 to 1060℃. With increasing sintering temperature, the average pore size of the foamed glass-ceramics increased and subsequently decreased. By contrast, the compressive strength and the bulk density decreased and subsequently increased. An excessively high temperature, however, induced the coalescence of pores and decreased the compressive strength. The optimal properties, including the highest compressive strength(16.64 MPa) among the investigated samples and a relatively low bulk density(0.83 g/cm^3), were attained in the case of the foamed glass-ceramics sintered at 1000℃.

Influence of CeO_2 addition on the preparation of foamed glass-ceramics from high-titanium blast furnace slag

Foamed glass-ceramics doped with cerium oxide（CeO_2）were successfully prepared from high-titanium blast furnace slag by one-step sintering.The influence of CeO_2 addition（1.5wt%–3.5wt%）on the crystalline phases,microstructure,and properties of foamed glass-ceramics was studied.Results show that CeO_2 improves the stability of the glass phase and changes the two-dimensional crystallization mechanism into three-dimensional one.XRD analysis indicates the presence of Ca（Mg,Fe）Si_2O_6 and Ca（Ti,Mg,Al）（Si,Al）_2O_（6 ）in all sintered samples.Added with CeO_2,Ti CeO_4 precipitates,and crystallinity increases,leading to increased thickness of pore walls and uniform pores.The comprehensive properties of foamed glass-ceramics are better than that of samples without CeO_2.In particular,the sample added with a suitable amount of CeO_2（2.5wt%）exhibits bulk density that is similar to and compressive strength（14.9 MPa）that is more than twice of foamed glass-ceramics without CeO_2.

Phase evolution and properties of glass ceramic foams prepared by bottom ash,fly ash and pickling sludge

Municipal solid waste incineration products of bottom ash(BA),fly ash(FA),and pickling sludge(PS),causing severe environ-mental pollution,were transformed into glass ceramic foams with the aid of CaCO3 as a pore-foaming agent during sintering.The effect of the BA/FA mass ratio on the phase composition,pore morphology,pore size distribution,physical properties,and glass structure was investigated,with results showing that with the increase in the BA/FA ratio,the content of the glass phase,Si-O-Si,and Q3Si units decrease gradually.The glass transmission temperature of the mixture was also reduced.When combined,the glass viscosity decreases,causing bubble coalescence and uneven pore distribution.Glass ceramic foams with uniform spherical pores are fabricated.When the content of BA,FA,and PS are 35wt%,45wt%,and 20wt%,respectively,contributing to high performance glass ceramic foams with a bulk density of 1.76 g/cm3,porosity of 56.01%,and compressive strength exceeding 16.23 MPa.This versatile and low-cost approach provides new insight into synergistically recycling solid wastes.

Effect of Ultrasonication on the Properties of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes/Hollow Glass Microspheres/Epoxy Syntactic Foam

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes（MWCNTs） reinforced hollow glass microspheres（HGMs）/epoxy syntactic foam was fabricated. The effects of ultrasonication on the density, compression strength, and water absorption properties were studied. Better dispersed MWCNTs can be obtained after ultrasonication treatment, but an increasing viscosity will lead to a larger amount of voids during syntactic foam preparation especially when the content of HGMs is more than 70 vol%. The existing voids will decrease the density of epoxy syntactic foam. However, the ultrasonication does not change the compression strength much. Ultrasonication treatment will decrease the water absorption content due to the better dispersion and hydrophobic properties of MWCNTs. But a significant increase of water absorption content occurs when HGMs is more than 70 vol%, which is attributed to the higher viscosity and larger amount of voids.

Phosphorus Adsorption and Nitric Acid Reduction by Ferrous Sulfate-Treated Foamed Waste Glass

Wastewaters containing phosphorus and nitric acid are produced during biological treatment processes. In this study, a material for treating such wastewaters was developed. Foamed glass was produced from waste glass and then heated with iron sulfate to prepare an adsorbent for phosphorus and carrier for reducing nitric acid. The adsorbent performance was evaluated in batch and continuous experiments. The saturated adsorption amount of phosphate was 6.23 mg/g for the product obtained from glass of size 3 to 12 mm;the amount adsorbed was relatively high, in spite of the large glass size. The denitrification by reduction of nitrate was around 25%.

Enhancement of Dimensional Stability of Rigid PVC Foams Using E-Glass Fibers

Short cut E-glass fibers of two different lengths were used to determine the effect of glass fiber length on the dimensional stability of rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) foam in this study. Glass fibers measuring, 1/16" and 1/32" at different concentrations (0 wt% - 20 wt%) were used to reinforce rigid PVC foams;the PVC foam-glass fiber (PVC-GF) composites were extruded using a single screw profile extruder. The extruded PVC-GF composites were characterized for their dimensional stability, structural, thermal, and mechanical properties. Experimental results show that the dimensional stability, heat resistance, and storage modulus were enhanced without compromising the tensile and flexural strengths of the composites. Thermal shrinkage decreased by almost 55% in composites reinforced with 1/32" GF and by 60% in composites reinforced with 1/16" GFs, with visible improvements to the shape distortion. Overall, foam composites which were prepared with longer (1/16") glass fibers exhibited better mechanical and thermal properties than those prepared with shorter (1/32") glass fibers. Microstructural observations suggest that this is due to better interlocking between the long fibers and the foam cells, which result in better load distribution in the matrix.

Foamglas泡沫玻璃保温材料在地铁集中供冷工程中的应用

广州地铁二号线和轨道交通三号线工程采用集中供冷技术,其中冷冻水管长15 000 m,采用Foam-glas泡沫玻璃保温材料,解决了长距离,高效率冷冻水输送的技术难道。介绍该材料的防水、防火、环保等特性和施工技术问题。

利用废岩棉制备高性能泡沫玻璃陶瓷的实验研究

以工业垃圾废岩棉和废玻璃为原料,以CaCO_(3)为发泡剂制备出高强度泡沫玻璃陶瓷。研究了废岩棉和废玻璃的添加量及烧结温度对泡沫玻璃陶瓷材料性能的影响。结果表明:随着废岩棉添加量的增加和烧结温度的提高,熔体黏度会降低,不利于气泡结构的稳定;在废岩棉添加量为40%、750℃烧结温度下得到的样品容重为0.54 g/cm^(3)、孔隙率为62.5%、抗压强度为4.76 MPa;样品主晶相为亚硅酸钙和石英晶相,加入TiO_(2)作为晶核剂后主晶相改变为榍石;TiO_(2)掺量为10%时,在750℃烧结20 min更经济,所得样品容重为0.82 g/cm^(3)、孔隙率为50%、抗压强度为7.76 MPa。

Properties of Water Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Funetionality

Water blown rigid polyurethane foams with different functionality were prepared. The physical properties of rigid foams were measured with rotational viscometer （NDJ-1 ）, universal testing machine （Instron3365）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The results show that the viscosity of polyether polyol increases exponentially from 62 mPa s to 6 000 mPa s with the increase of functionality from 2 to 5.6, respectively. The overall density of foam increases slightly from 31.7 kg/m^3 to 37.4 kg/m^3 with increasing functionality while core density exhibited little difference. Compressive strength of foam shows the similar behavior with density except for 2-functional sample. At the same time, dimensional stability becomes better with increasing functionality except for 5.6-functional foam that has worse stability than 4.8-functional foam. From the SEM results, the functionality is not an important factor in determining distribution of cell size of foam. According to the results of thermal analysis, the glass transition temperature （T） shifts to a higher temperature from 128.9 ℃ to 166.3 ℃ for the 2 to 5.6 functional foam, respectively.

Effects of Parameters on Formation and Microstructure of Surface Composite Layer Prepared by Lost Foam Casting Technique

Surface composite layer was fabricated on the AZ91D substrate using the lost foam casting （LFC） process. The pre-coating layer reacted with melt substrate and formed the composite layer, and the coating was mainly consist of alloying aluminum powder and low-temperature glass powder （PbO-ZnO-Na20）. The vacuum degree, pouring temperature, mold filling process of melt, and pre-coating thickness played an important role during the formation process of composite layer. The results show that surface morphology of composite layer can be divided into three categories： alloying effect of bad and good ceramic layer, alloying effect of good and bad ceramic layer, composite layer of good quality. The main reason for bad alloying layer is that alloying pre-coating thickness is so thin that it is scoured easily and involved in the melt, in addition, it is difficult for melt to infiltrate into the alloying coating owing to the surface tension of coating when the vacuum degree is excessively low. Bad ceramic layer is because of somewhat lower pouring temperature and the thicker alloying coating, due to the absorption of heat from the melt, making low temperature glass powder pre-coating layer fuse inadequate. Thus, to get good quality composite layer, the process conditions must be appropriate, the result shows that the optimum process parameters are as follows： at a pouring temperature of 800 ~C, vacuum degree of -0.06 MPa, alloying pre-coating thickness ofO.4 mm, and low glass powder pre-coating layer thickness ofl mm.

聚丙烯/玻璃纤维复合泡沫的制备及隔声隔热性能

以二缩三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯(TPGDA)和苯乙烯(St)为单体,过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)为引发剂,玻璃纤维(GF)为填料,通过熔融共混法和模压发泡法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/GF复合泡沫,利用PP分子上熔融接枝形成的TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构作为相容剂,促进GF在PP基体中的分散,通过GF与TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构的协同作用,有效改善PP熔体和复合泡沫的性能。研究了支化结构相容剂和填料用量对PP熔体强度、热稳定性、结晶性能以及复合泡沫微观形貌、隔热性能、声学性能、力学性能的影响。结果表明,TPGDA-St共聚物长链支化结构相容剂能够有效促进GF在PP基体中的分散,强化界面相互作用,形成较为完善的填料网络,显著提升了PP的熔体强度、发泡性能和结晶性能。当GF用量为10份时,PP/GF复合泡沫的泡孔均匀、形状规则、压缩性能良好,具备优异的隔声性能和隔热性能,平均声音传输损耗达到59.7 dB,相较于纯PP泡沫提高了84.8%,导热系数低至0.055 W/(m·K),相较于纯PP泡沫降低了65.6%。

阻燃隔热防护面料的泡沫整理制备

开发成本低廉的阻燃隔热面料,替代价格昂贵的高性能纤维面料,对于家庭用消防装具的普及和降低消防服装成本有着积极意义。文中在对无机纳米颗粒材料进行表面结构调控和对玻璃纤维进行表面处理的基础上,由泡沫整理实现玻璃纤维织物上黏弹性材料的薄层涂敷,通过对氢氧化铝和玻纤织物的表面处理,在玻纤织物表面应用足量隔热材料时,保证氢氧化铝与有机聚合物材料在玻纤织物表面的耐摩擦牢度和面料的阻燃性能及热防护性能达到要求。结果表明,制备得到的阻燃隔热防护面料,燃烧后碳长2.0mm,阴燃及续燃时间为0,且没有溶滴产生;面料热防护性能为35.80J/cm^(2)·s,达到芳纶的热防护水平;面料功能层的干摩为4级,湿摩为3级。