This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time...This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time: once preserved as human fossils, we will be part of a chapter in Earth’s history. A brief taphonomic chronology is presented, from the emergence of humans to the domination of the environment and supremacy over other species, and also a concern on how much planet Earth can bear Homines neglects. The objective of this review is to show that the strata that contain human fossils change during the Anthropocene not only the human body but also its tools, resulting from its development. Four stages were identified as taphonomic phases: the first wave, when organic Homines fossils were preserved only with materials in natura, including natural artefacts. The second fossilization phase has occurred and still occurs with the urban Homines, a product of the proliferation of cities, including anthropogenic waste and diseases. The technology that we master today also belongs to our taphonomy: hydrocarbons, metals, plastic, radioactive elements—all fossilize together with the industrial Homines, representing the third fossilization phase, which is very close to the fourth fossilization phase, where our enlightened intelligence buries the technological Homines together with his world of digital waste and new viruses. How will we fossilize the future? This question makes us think about the behavior we assume today—who or what will go to the grave with us, which geological/environmental response will stop superpopulation, which extinction event will hold human proliferation? Which will be the mineral, human and waste components of our subsequent strata? How much water and space can we still use without causing a global environmental collapse?展开更多
This paper reviews the articles with "fossilization of interlanguage" as key words in CNKI, and classifies and analyzes them from six aspects: fossilization and FL teaching; concept, origin and avoidance of fossili...This paper reviews the articles with "fossilization of interlanguage" as key words in CNKI, and classifies and analyzes them from six aspects: fossilization and FL teaching; concept, origin and avoidance of fossilization; L1 transfer on fossilization; fossilization and linguistic output; Discourse markers and fossilization; the fossilization of interlanguage from psychology or cognition. It is intended to probe fossilization and its enlightenment and reference to SLA.展开更多
Interlanguage Fossilization is a thorny obstacle to learners in second language acquisition process. Based on data collected from non-English major undergraduates in Hubei University of Economics (HBUE), this paper ca...Interlanguage Fossilization is a thorny obstacle to learners in second language acquisition process. Based on data collected from non-English major undergraduates in Hubei University of Economics (HBUE), this paper carries out an empirical study on students'fossilized errors in the learning process, and aims to explore fossilization causes and propose de-fossilization techniques so as to improve students'language learning.展开更多
The main causes of the vocational college students' oral fossilization summarized in the thesis are as follows:negative transfer of the native language,overgeneralization,communication strategies blockage.
This thesis sets out to classify the fossilized errors made by the subjects from lexical and syntactic levels respectively,through the empirical experiment and questionnaire.
This thesis investigates the causes of fossilization in English writing among two groups of English majors as well as the measures to deal with it. The experiment was conducted among 62 English majors from National Un...This thesis investigates the causes of fossilization in English writing among two groups of English majors as well as the measures to deal with it. The experiment was conducted among 62 English majors from National University of Defense Technology, and both their questionnaires and written texts were collected as the source of data analyzed. With data collected from questionnaires and written texts, the study aimed to explore (a) the causal factors leading to fossilization in writing, (b) the strategies to deal with students' fossilization. Relevant information was elicited from the questionnaire, written texts. Quantitative data were treated with SPSS for descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that both external and internal factors can lead to fossilization in English writing. The external factors include input, instruction and environment in the learning, and the internal factors incorporate students' interest, learning strategy, motivation with their systematic knowledge. Based on the results of the experiment, the author attempts to discuss measures to deal with fossilization.展开更多
English writing is the college students’synthetical application about the knowledge of English.English writing,however,is the weak segment of the college students'English learning all the time.Based on the resear...English writing is the college students’synthetical application about the knowledge of English.English writing,however,is the weak segment of the college students'English learning all the time.Based on the researches home and abroad,the paper makes an implicational study on interlanguage fossilization in English writing of Chinese college students.Though probing the causes of fossilization in English writing,the paper proposes some measures to reduce the fossilization.In the chapter one,the paper introduces simply the interlanguage fossilization.In the chapter two,the paper analyzes college students English writing and get the causal factors of fossilization:unfavorite learning motivation of students,ineffective feedback to errors,interference of the mother tongue.Then,at the last chapter,the paper put up some measures to overcome and avoid the fossilization in college students'English writing:promoting students'motivation,providing right feedback,avoiding mother tongue interference.展开更多
This research is designed to investigate interlanguage fossilization in Chinese college students' written output. Twelve common linguistic errors from 20 Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners' writi...This research is designed to investigate interlanguage fossilization in Chinese college students' written output. Twelve common linguistic errors from 20 Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners' writing assignments are observed. Results show that among 12 typical errors, five types of errors are declining while the rest are increasing, indicating a tendency towards fossilization. Analysis shows that negative/corrective feedback has played a key role in reducing fossilization of some errors, but it does not work in every case. Some errors tend to be fossilized for several reasons. First, language items that do not have a direct form-function relationship are likely to be fossilized. Second, advanced learners create their own language system and neglect the basic rules of grammar. Third, task difficulty takes learners' attention away from form to meaning. Fourth, ingrained thinking patterns have a great impact on how learners organize their thoughts in writing. It is true that many Chinese EFL advanced learners reach a plateau in the process of acquiring English. However, attention, consciousness, and training of self-monitoring ability will help destabilize their interlanguage system.展开更多
Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefo...Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefore,their writing levels may reach a plateau and fail to make progress.Once English vocabulary is fossilized,it will prevent the development of students' writing competence.Inspired and stimulated by the observation of lexical errors in the university,the author intends to explore effective and feasible methods of dispelling lexical fossilization from the perspective of the theories of prototype and basic-level category and tries to provide a useful supplement in this area.展开更多
Fossilization is complex,repeated and durative,it appears in various aspects of Interlanguage like phonetics,syntax and semantics.College English vocabulary learning stage is an obvious period of lexical fossilization...Fossilization is complex,repeated and durative,it appears in various aspects of Interlanguage like phonetics,syntax and semantics.College English vocabulary learning stage is an obvious period of lexical fossilization.This paper mainly uses qualitative research method to analyze dispelling lexical fossilization of Chinese college students based on iconicity of Langacker’s grammar,with the purpose of improving the“quantity”and“quality”of English vocabulary of Chinese college students and offering some pedagogical proposals to improve English vocabulary teaching effect of college students.展开更多
This paper on the basis of former studies and researches has analyzed fossilization particularly oral fossilization. Further more, this paper has analyzed the reasons of fossilization and at the same time put forward ...This paper on the basis of former studies and researches has analyzed fossilization particularly oral fossilization. Further more, this paper has analyzed the reasons of fossilization and at the same time put forward some tentative solutions to reduce or avoid fossilization. Hope that this paper can offer some help for both the second language learners and teachers.展开更多
It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts...It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts. Firstly,give the recent research on fossilization; secondly,state the main problems in non-English major students' oral English presentation; thirdly,analyze the reasons of this phenomenon; lastly,give a conclusion.展开更多
In the areas of second language acquisition, fossilization is one of the significant and popular topics that many research?ers have argued for. With decades of study on this topic, there exist a lot of uncertainties a...In the areas of second language acquisition, fossilization is one of the significant and popular topics that many research?ers have argued for. With decades of study on this topic, there exist a lot of uncertainties and hypotheses from definition to de-fos?silization. This essay mainly focuses on complicated causes for fossilization.展开更多
The fossilization of interlanguage has long been a universal problem in foreign language learning and teaching, thus winning the concerns of foreign teachers and researchers. The paper analyzes the causes of this phen...The fossilization of interlanguage has long been a universal problem in foreign language learning and teaching, thus winning the concerns of foreign teachers and researchers. The paper analyzes the causes of this phenomenon which is expected to be beneficial to oral English teaching of growing cadre students in military academy, and then gives some suggestions in their oral English teaching, combining with the characteristics of growing cadre students' English learning.展开更多
Fossilization is one of the hottest issues in the study of second language acquisition, which is a common problem that bothers second language learners. This paper starts from the classification of fossilization and a...Fossilization is one of the hottest issues in the study of second language acquisition, which is a common problem that bothers second language learners. This paper starts from the classification of fossilization and analyzes its causes with an attempt to find the methods to reduce its impact on second language acquisition.展开更多
During the process of language acquisition, interlanguage fossilization is a common phenomenon among second language learners. Based on Vygotskian approaches, this paper looks at the causes of interlanguage fossilizat...During the process of language acquisition, interlanguage fossilization is a common phenomenon among second language learners. Based on Vygotskian approaches, this paper looks at the causes of interlanguage fossilization, including social identity, learners' motivation, the influence of one's mother tongue and learning styles. By vividly incorporating my own language learning experience, this paper intends to explain how theory can be applied to practice; thereby attempting to shed light on second language learning and teaching. In conclusion, this paper suggests that teachers should get to know their students by paying attention to the most influential factors and encourage interpersonal interaction.展开更多
This article mainly expounds the understanding of fossilization in the process of second language acquisition(SLA),discusses the causes of fossilization phenomena and their manifestations,and discusses the overall and...This article mainly expounds the understanding of fossilization in the process of second language acquisition(SLA),discusses the causes of fossilization phenomena and their manifestations,and discusses the overall and local concepts of fossilization,whether they are process or product,whether they are stabilization or not.Real fossilization whether they can be avoided or elimi⁃nated,is analyzed.At the same time,this article proposes to treat fossilization problems from the perspective of overall cognition.Teachers should correct some of the fossilization manifestations or stabilization in the second language learners during their learning,fundamentally provide correct instruction.Possibly eliminate stabilization or fossilization effects to help improve learners'ability to learn and master foreign languages.展开更多
In foreign language teaching,it has always been found that there are many language learners whose second language(L2)level remains stagnant or even becomes worse no matter how hard they try.However,this may not relate...In foreign language teaching,it has always been found that there are many language learners whose second language(L2)level remains stagnant or even becomes worse no matter how hard they try.However,this may not relate to their attention given to language but to interlanguage fossilization,which results from various causes,is ubiquitous in second language acquisition(SLA)and foreign language learning.This paper,based on the empirical evidence of language learning and acquisition,probes into the nature and characteristics of interlanguage,analyzes the main causes of fossilization,and discusses pedagogical implications for avoiding fossilization in English language learning.展开更多
On the last three decades or so, the phenomenon of fossilization became a matter of great concern in the field of Second Language Acquisition research. Attempts were made in different disciplines to find out the cause...On the last three decades or so, the phenomenon of fossilization became a matter of great concern in the field of Second Language Acquisition research. Attempts were made in different disciplines to find out the causes of the fossilization. In view of the causes,this article discusses why reading is a reliable way for fossilization in the age of Information and how to help students overcome the phenomenon of fossilization from the angle of reading.It also strenthens the input of language information by the way of reading literary works to avoid the repetition of lower level language.Finally,the article provides several effective ways to improve reading abilities and then improve the phenomenon of fossilization.展开更多
After introducing the serious linguistic phenomenon of fossilization, clarifying terms and providing recommendations, the author makes an attempt to expound the various potential causes for fossilized errors from the ...After introducing the serious linguistic phenomenon of fossilization, clarifying terms and providing recommendations, the author makes an attempt to expound the various potential causes for fossilized errors from the biological, social-affective, cultural, cognitive, pedagogical and environmental perspectives and, in addition, suggests the relevance for EFL education in China and some ways of preventing the occurrence of fossilized errors. The paper is concerned with questions of etiology, rather than questions of ontology, so the focus of the paper is on the causal factors for fossilized errors in the interlanguage, including learner-specific factors and non learner-specific factors, such as biological, affective, language transfer, pedagogical, social and ideological culture, and environmental factors. It is proposed that prevention of fossilization is more significant than de-fossilization.展开更多
文摘This article is an insight into our lifetime and the enduring capacity of the planet—especially regarding water and space, in face of the Homines population growth. This is and will be recorded in the geological time: once preserved as human fossils, we will be part of a chapter in Earth’s history. A brief taphonomic chronology is presented, from the emergence of humans to the domination of the environment and supremacy over other species, and also a concern on how much planet Earth can bear Homines neglects. The objective of this review is to show that the strata that contain human fossils change during the Anthropocene not only the human body but also its tools, resulting from its development. Four stages were identified as taphonomic phases: the first wave, when organic Homines fossils were preserved only with materials in natura, including natural artefacts. The second fossilization phase has occurred and still occurs with the urban Homines, a product of the proliferation of cities, including anthropogenic waste and diseases. The technology that we master today also belongs to our taphonomy: hydrocarbons, metals, plastic, radioactive elements—all fossilize together with the industrial Homines, representing the third fossilization phase, which is very close to the fourth fossilization phase, where our enlightened intelligence buries the technological Homines together with his world of digital waste and new viruses. How will we fossilize the future? This question makes us think about the behavior we assume today—who or what will go to the grave with us, which geological/environmental response will stop superpopulation, which extinction event will hold human proliferation? Which will be the mineral, human and waste components of our subsequent strata? How much water and space can we still use without causing a global environmental collapse?
文摘This paper reviews the articles with "fossilization of interlanguage" as key words in CNKI, and classifies and analyzes them from six aspects: fossilization and FL teaching; concept, origin and avoidance of fossilization; L1 transfer on fossilization; fossilization and linguistic output; Discourse markers and fossilization; the fossilization of interlanguage from psychology or cognition. It is intended to probe fossilization and its enlightenment and reference to SLA.
文摘Interlanguage Fossilization is a thorny obstacle to learners in second language acquisition process. Based on data collected from non-English major undergraduates in Hubei University of Economics (HBUE), this paper carries out an empirical study on students'fossilized errors in the learning process, and aims to explore fossilization causes and propose de-fossilization techniques so as to improve students'language learning.
文摘The main causes of the vocational college students' oral fossilization summarized in the thesis are as follows:negative transfer of the native language,overgeneralization,communication strategies blockage.
文摘This thesis sets out to classify the fossilized errors made by the subjects from lexical and syntactic levels respectively,through the empirical experiment and questionnaire.
文摘This thesis investigates the causes of fossilization in English writing among two groups of English majors as well as the measures to deal with it. The experiment was conducted among 62 English majors from National University of Defense Technology, and both their questionnaires and written texts were collected as the source of data analyzed. With data collected from questionnaires and written texts, the study aimed to explore (a) the causal factors leading to fossilization in writing, (b) the strategies to deal with students' fossilization. Relevant information was elicited from the questionnaire, written texts. Quantitative data were treated with SPSS for descriptive analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that both external and internal factors can lead to fossilization in English writing. The external factors include input, instruction and environment in the learning, and the internal factors incorporate students' interest, learning strategy, motivation with their systematic knowledge. Based on the results of the experiment, the author attempts to discuss measures to deal with fossilization.
文摘English writing is the college students’synthetical application about the knowledge of English.English writing,however,is the weak segment of the college students'English learning all the time.Based on the researches home and abroad,the paper makes an implicational study on interlanguage fossilization in English writing of Chinese college students.Though probing the causes of fossilization in English writing,the paper proposes some measures to reduce the fossilization.In the chapter one,the paper introduces simply the interlanguage fossilization.In the chapter two,the paper analyzes college students English writing and get the causal factors of fossilization:unfavorite learning motivation of students,ineffective feedback to errors,interference of the mother tongue.Then,at the last chapter,the paper put up some measures to overcome and avoid the fossilization in college students'English writing:promoting students'motivation,providing right feedback,avoiding mother tongue interference.
文摘This research is designed to investigate interlanguage fossilization in Chinese college students' written output. Twelve common linguistic errors from 20 Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners' writing assignments are observed. Results show that among 12 typical errors, five types of errors are declining while the rest are increasing, indicating a tendency towards fossilization. Analysis shows that negative/corrective feedback has played a key role in reducing fossilization of some errors, but it does not work in every case. Some errors tend to be fossilized for several reasons. First, language items that do not have a direct form-function relationship are likely to be fossilized. Second, advanced learners create their own language system and neglect the basic rules of grammar. Third, task difficulty takes learners' attention away from form to meaning. Fourth, ingrained thinking patterns have a great impact on how learners organize their thoughts in writing. It is true that many Chinese EFL advanced learners reach a plateau in the process of acquiring English. However, attention, consciousness, and training of self-monitoring ability will help destabilize their interlanguage system.
文摘Fossilization was first proposed by the famous British linguist Larry Selinker in his article Interlanguage in 1972.NonEnglish majors make many lexical errors in the process of English writings in universities.Therefore,their writing levels may reach a plateau and fail to make progress.Once English vocabulary is fossilized,it will prevent the development of students' writing competence.Inspired and stimulated by the observation of lexical errors in the university,the author intends to explore effective and feasible methods of dispelling lexical fossilization from the perspective of the theories of prototype and basic-level category and tries to provide a useful supplement in this area.
文摘Fossilization is complex,repeated and durative,it appears in various aspects of Interlanguage like phonetics,syntax and semantics.College English vocabulary learning stage is an obvious period of lexical fossilization.This paper mainly uses qualitative research method to analyze dispelling lexical fossilization of Chinese college students based on iconicity of Langacker’s grammar,with the purpose of improving the“quantity”and“quality”of English vocabulary of Chinese college students and offering some pedagogical proposals to improve English vocabulary teaching effect of college students.
文摘This paper on the basis of former studies and researches has analyzed fossilization particularly oral fossilization. Further more, this paper has analyzed the reasons of fossilization and at the same time put forward some tentative solutions to reduce or avoid fossilization. Hope that this paper can offer some help for both the second language learners and teachers.
文摘It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts. Firstly,give the recent research on fossilization; secondly,state the main problems in non-English major students' oral English presentation; thirdly,analyze the reasons of this phenomenon; lastly,give a conclusion.
文摘In the areas of second language acquisition, fossilization is one of the significant and popular topics that many research?ers have argued for. With decades of study on this topic, there exist a lot of uncertainties and hypotheses from definition to de-fos?silization. This essay mainly focuses on complicated causes for fossilization.
文摘The fossilization of interlanguage has long been a universal problem in foreign language learning and teaching, thus winning the concerns of foreign teachers and researchers. The paper analyzes the causes of this phenomenon which is expected to be beneficial to oral English teaching of growing cadre students in military academy, and then gives some suggestions in their oral English teaching, combining with the characteristics of growing cadre students' English learning.
文摘Fossilization is one of the hottest issues in the study of second language acquisition, which is a common problem that bothers second language learners. This paper starts from the classification of fossilization and analyzes its causes with an attempt to find the methods to reduce its impact on second language acquisition.
文摘During the process of language acquisition, interlanguage fossilization is a common phenomenon among second language learners. Based on Vygotskian approaches, this paper looks at the causes of interlanguage fossilization, including social identity, learners' motivation, the influence of one's mother tongue and learning styles. By vividly incorporating my own language learning experience, this paper intends to explain how theory can be applied to practice; thereby attempting to shed light on second language learning and teaching. In conclusion, this paper suggests that teachers should get to know their students by paying attention to the most influential factors and encourage interpersonal interaction.
文摘This article mainly expounds the understanding of fossilization in the process of second language acquisition(SLA),discusses the causes of fossilization phenomena and their manifestations,and discusses the overall and local concepts of fossilization,whether they are process or product,whether they are stabilization or not.Real fossilization whether they can be avoided or elimi⁃nated,is analyzed.At the same time,this article proposes to treat fossilization problems from the perspective of overall cognition.Teachers should correct some of the fossilization manifestations or stabilization in the second language learners during their learning,fundamentally provide correct instruction.Possibly eliminate stabilization or fossilization effects to help improve learners'ability to learn and master foreign languages.
文摘In foreign language teaching,it has always been found that there are many language learners whose second language(L2)level remains stagnant or even becomes worse no matter how hard they try.However,this may not relate to their attention given to language but to interlanguage fossilization,which results from various causes,is ubiquitous in second language acquisition(SLA)and foreign language learning.This paper,based on the empirical evidence of language learning and acquisition,probes into the nature and characteristics of interlanguage,analyzes the main causes of fossilization,and discusses pedagogical implications for avoiding fossilization in English language learning.
文摘On the last three decades or so, the phenomenon of fossilization became a matter of great concern in the field of Second Language Acquisition research. Attempts were made in different disciplines to find out the causes of the fossilization. In view of the causes,this article discusses why reading is a reliable way for fossilization in the age of Information and how to help students overcome the phenomenon of fossilization from the angle of reading.It also strenthens the input of language information by the way of reading literary works to avoid the repetition of lower level language.Finally,the article provides several effective ways to improve reading abilities and then improve the phenomenon of fossilization.
文摘After introducing the serious linguistic phenomenon of fossilization, clarifying terms and providing recommendations, the author makes an attempt to expound the various potential causes for fossilized errors from the biological, social-affective, cultural, cognitive, pedagogical and environmental perspectives and, in addition, suggests the relevance for EFL education in China and some ways of preventing the occurrence of fossilized errors. The paper is concerned with questions of etiology, rather than questions of ontology, so the focus of the paper is on the causal factors for fossilized errors in the interlanguage, including learner-specific factors and non learner-specific factors, such as biological, affective, language transfer, pedagogical, social and ideological culture, and environmental factors. It is proposed that prevention of fossilization is more significant than de-fossilization.