This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial cooridnates, direction of Qibla, sizes of Earth and Sun through gnomon (a vertical stick casting shadow). Gnomon has been u...This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial cooridnates, direction of Qibla, sizes of Earth and Sun through gnomon (a vertical stick casting shadow). Gnomon has been used in history for remote navigations, astronomical and geodetic measurements. Geographic coordinates were found out with accuracy of less than 0.19 decimal degree from gnomon. Sun’s horizontal and equatorial coordinates were calculated and analyzed with US Navy Observatory and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. These coordinates were less than 0.01 decimal degree different from coordinates provided by US Navy and following same daily trend with time. Through spherical triangle, direction of Qibla was found out. And it came out less than 0.18 decimal degree different from its value, used in Lahore. Radius of the earth measured from gnomon using concepts of Al Buruni was 1.45 km different from its true value. Using geometrical technique of similar and concurrent triangles, size of the sun was calculated and it was 1,651,088.776 km. Investigation of systematic and random errors in each calculation was the part of this research.展开更多
Sundial solar tracking machines are machines that tracking the sun,and can promote sunshine receiving efficiency of solar panels.Their operations are strongly influenced by wind load.Previous studies were focused on t...Sundial solar tracking machines are machines that tracking the sun,and can promote sunshine receiving efficiency of solar panels.Their operations are strongly influenced by wind load.Previous studies were focused on tracking accuracy and tracking methods,the influence of wind load to the operation of the tracking machines has not caused enough attention,so that many tracking machines did not have the reasonable design basis,which led to unreasonable design and high maintenance costs,and had seriously influenced the application and popularization of the tracking machines.Therefore,the 16 m2 sundial solar tracking machine is taken as research object from the perspective of wind load.A series of computational fluid dynamics（CFD） analyses are carried out on the model of the 16 m2 sundial solar tracking machine.Firstly,in order to make CFD analyses carry on smoothly,after the three-dimensional solid model is established,the model is simplified,and grids are meshed on the simplified model.Then,in the virtual environment,to make the simulation closer to real but at the same time not too complex to make simulation hard to realize,assumptions of the nature of air flow are conducted,boundary conditions of the analyses are set reasonably,and appropriate CFD analysis solver is also chosen.Finally,the results of the CFD analyses are also analyzed and sorted;and limit requirements（i.e.,force conditions of limit case）,such as the maximum load and the maximum total torque,are provided for the further finite element analyses（FEA） and the optimization design of the products.This paper presents an effective computer simulation analysis method for the design and optimization of this type of solar tracking machine,and this method can greatly shorten the development cycle and cost.展开更多
The discrepancy between the observed and expected estimates from universal constants of mass-energy within the universe is in the order of a factor of ~10. Discrepancies between numerical solutions between the models ...The discrepancy between the observed and expected estimates from universal constants of mass-energy within the universe is in the order of a factor of ~10. Discrepancies between numerical solutions between the models of Dirac, Szydowski-Godlowski, and Friedman could be accommodated by the gnomonic solution of 0.44 for a square that displays both linearity and curvature (flare). This value is also reflected in dimensionless parameter A, the term for 4D-G (gravitational constant) transformation, and the optimal k in Friedman’s universe. One interpretation from G? (density), as-suming an effective average mass of 1 proton/m3 as a universal, one-particle force, is that dark solutions reflect the matter yet to occur in the open cold matter model of ~90 billion years.展开更多
Northern labyrinths are stone constructions of different shapes, dating back to III-I century BC. They mainly appear on capes on peninsulas and islands up to 13-25 metresabove the sea level. Their area begins from Sci...Northern labyrinths are stone constructions of different shapes, dating back to III-I century BC. They mainly appear on capes on peninsulas and islands up to 13-25 metresabove the sea level. Their area begins from Scilly Isles (England) and in the White Sea (Russia). Opinions of scientists concerning their designation are controversial. Assumptions about their practical meaning haven’t been proved: no burials have been found underneath;fishing equipment cannot be located so far from the area of tides. Most of the scientists link labyrinths with the sphere of spiritual culture: sanctuaries, altars, sacred places, schemes of rituals and magical centers. Assumptions about calendar designation link the picture of labyrinth with schemes of orbits of the Sun, the Moon, planets and stars. However they do not explain the application of this technology. The author’s concept is based on the opposite astronomical alignment by the shade of gnomon and considers peculiarities of the geographical space of Northern regions (polar days and white nights). The aim of the research is to prove that the key to decoding the picture of a classic Northern labyrinth is a gnomon located in the centre of the construction. Field research has been conducted on Zayztskiy Island in Solovetskiy Archipelago. Experiments of imitation modeling have been done, analysis of linguistic and toponymic materials, archeological, astronomical, ethnographical and mythological and other sources has been implemented. The research has proved that observations of the shade can help to create a calendar in a shape of a bispiral labyrinth. The structure of labyrinth is convenient for defining the North, dividing daytime and defining geographical altitude of the observation point. Orientation in space and time has become the basis for navigation frame of the territory. A set of stone instruments is the key of a navigation frame of the territory. Life-essential stages of the yearly lighting are reflected in specific geometry shapes of shades. They have been preserved in mythological images of the Sun, solar symbols and modern sign systems. Languages, alphabets, numeric systems can be considered as models of geographical space and have evolved thanks to observations of the light movement. Key results of the research: 1) in the past the Sun used to play the leading role in navigation in the North because reference points of the dark sky were not available for observation;2) Northern labyrinths have been created and used thanks to gnomon;3) gnomon has been in the sphere of sacred knowledge for a long time, it was integrated as sundial 2.5 thousand years ago;4) most symbols of the Sun and the Time are connected with gnomon and labyrinth;5) the Sun, observation tools and results of observations are reflected in models of the world around—navigation, linguistic, toponymical, mythological, sacral and semiotic;6) The universal sense of Time helps to understand a wide range of meanings of a sign of a labyrinth: birth;life stages (status, transitions initiations);space time order;reproduction of the benefits, fertility, abundance;knowledge and forecast;management: law and order;eternity-revival;7) Use of solar navigation in formation of information systems is based on steady ratios “natural process—a geometrical sign (the sum of shadows in one day or year)”, universal opportunities of existential parameters for designation of objects, general availability and vital need of this knowledge.展开更多
文摘This study was an effort to calculate geographic coordinates, solar horizontal and equatorial cooridnates, direction of Qibla, sizes of Earth and Sun through gnomon (a vertical stick casting shadow). Gnomon has been used in history for remote navigations, astronomical and geodetic measurements. Geographic coordinates were found out with accuracy of less than 0.19 decimal degree from gnomon. Sun’s horizontal and equatorial coordinates were calculated and analyzed with US Navy Observatory and NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. These coordinates were less than 0.01 decimal degree different from coordinates provided by US Navy and following same daily trend with time. Through spherical triangle, direction of Qibla was found out. And it came out less than 0.18 decimal degree different from its value, used in Lahore. Radius of the earth measured from gnomon using concepts of Al Buruni was 1.45 km different from its true value. Using geometrical technique of similar and concurrent triangles, size of the sun was calculated and it was 1,651,088.776 km. Investigation of systematic and random errors in each calculation was the part of this research.
基金supported by the Second Stage of Jilin University "985"Project-Northeast Resources and Environment Technology Innovation Platform of China (Grant No. 450070021107)
文摘Sundial solar tracking machines are machines that tracking the sun,and can promote sunshine receiving efficiency of solar panels.Their operations are strongly influenced by wind load.Previous studies were focused on tracking accuracy and tracking methods,the influence of wind load to the operation of the tracking machines has not caused enough attention,so that many tracking machines did not have the reasonable design basis,which led to unreasonable design and high maintenance costs,and had seriously influenced the application and popularization of the tracking machines.Therefore,the 16 m2 sundial solar tracking machine is taken as research object from the perspective of wind load.A series of computational fluid dynamics（CFD） analyses are carried out on the model of the 16 m2 sundial solar tracking machine.Firstly,in order to make CFD analyses carry on smoothly,after the three-dimensional solid model is established,the model is simplified,and grids are meshed on the simplified model.Then,in the virtual environment,to make the simulation closer to real but at the same time not too complex to make simulation hard to realize,assumptions of the nature of air flow are conducted,boundary conditions of the analyses are set reasonably,and appropriate CFD analysis solver is also chosen.Finally,the results of the CFD analyses are also analyzed and sorted;and limit requirements（i.e.,force conditions of limit case）,such as the maximum load and the maximum total torque,are provided for the further finite element analyses（FEA） and the optimization design of the products.This paper presents an effective computer simulation analysis method for the design and optimization of this type of solar tracking machine,and this method can greatly shorten the development cycle and cost.
文摘The discrepancy between the observed and expected estimates from universal constants of mass-energy within the universe is in the order of a factor of ~10. Discrepancies between numerical solutions between the models of Dirac, Szydowski-Godlowski, and Friedman could be accommodated by the gnomonic solution of 0.44 for a square that displays both linearity and curvature (flare). This value is also reflected in dimensionless parameter A, the term for 4D-G (gravitational constant) transformation, and the optimal k in Friedman’s universe. One interpretation from G? (density), as-suming an effective average mass of 1 proton/m3 as a universal, one-particle force, is that dark solutions reflect the matter yet to occur in the open cold matter model of ~90 billion years.
文摘Northern labyrinths are stone constructions of different shapes, dating back to III-I century BC. They mainly appear on capes on peninsulas and islands up to 13-25 metresabove the sea level. Their area begins from Scilly Isles (England) and in the White Sea (Russia). Opinions of scientists concerning their designation are controversial. Assumptions about their practical meaning haven’t been proved: no burials have been found underneath;fishing equipment cannot be located so far from the area of tides. Most of the scientists link labyrinths with the sphere of spiritual culture: sanctuaries, altars, sacred places, schemes of rituals and magical centers. Assumptions about calendar designation link the picture of labyrinth with schemes of orbits of the Sun, the Moon, planets and stars. However they do not explain the application of this technology. The author’s concept is based on the opposite astronomical alignment by the shade of gnomon and considers peculiarities of the geographical space of Northern regions (polar days and white nights). The aim of the research is to prove that the key to decoding the picture of a classic Northern labyrinth is a gnomon located in the centre of the construction. Field research has been conducted on Zayztskiy Island in Solovetskiy Archipelago. Experiments of imitation modeling have been done, analysis of linguistic and toponymic materials, archeological, astronomical, ethnographical and mythological and other sources has been implemented. The research has proved that observations of the shade can help to create a calendar in a shape of a bispiral labyrinth. The structure of labyrinth is convenient for defining the North, dividing daytime and defining geographical altitude of the observation point. Orientation in space and time has become the basis for navigation frame of the territory. A set of stone instruments is the key of a navigation frame of the territory. Life-essential stages of the yearly lighting are reflected in specific geometry shapes of shades. They have been preserved in mythological images of the Sun, solar symbols and modern sign systems. Languages, alphabets, numeric systems can be considered as models of geographical space and have evolved thanks to observations of the light movement. Key results of the research: 1) in the past the Sun used to play the leading role in navigation in the North because reference points of the dark sky were not available for observation;2) Northern labyrinths have been created and used thanks to gnomon;3) gnomon has been in the sphere of sacred knowledge for a long time, it was integrated as sundial 2.5 thousand years ago;4) most symbols of the Sun and the Time are connected with gnomon and labyrinth;5) the Sun, observation tools and results of observations are reflected in models of the world around—navigation, linguistic, toponymical, mythological, sacral and semiotic;6) The universal sense of Time helps to understand a wide range of meanings of a sign of a labyrinth: birth;life stages (status, transitions initiations);space time order;reproduction of the benefits, fertility, abundance;knowledge and forecast;management: law and order;eternity-revival;7) Use of solar navigation in formation of information systems is based on steady ratios “natural process—a geometrical sign (the sum of shadows in one day or year)”, universal opportunities of existential parameters for designation of objects, general availability and vital need of this knowledge.
