Growth Index Measurement and Family Type Classification of Acacia mearnsii Plantation

Growth indexes of 47 7-year-old progeny forests of Acacia mearnsii in Huangmian forest farm were measured. A. mearnsii plantation was managed for producing both tannin and timber, and considering the tannin yield and timber volume growth index, the family types fall into superior family type(the superior type), to-be superior type(the medium type), and preliminarily eliminated type(the elimination type). Eight superior families can be used for production, namely No.169, No.114, No.177, No.32, No.3, No.145, No.158 and No.134.

Spectral purification improves monitoring accuracy of the comprehensive growth evaluation index for film-mulched winter wheat

In order to further improve the utility of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote-sensing for quickly and accurately monitoring the growth of winter wheat under film mulching, this study examined the treatments of ridge mulching,ridge–furrow full mulching, and flat cropping full mulching in winter wheat.Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method, four agronomic parameters (leaf area index, above-ground biomass, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content) were used to calculate the comprehensive growth evaluation index (CGEI) of the winter wheat, and 14 visible and near-infrared spectral indices were calculated using spectral purification technology to process the remote-sensing image data of winter wheat obtained by multispectral UAV.Four machine learning algorithms, partial least squares, support vector machines, random forests, and artificial neural network networks(ANN), were used to build the winter wheat growth monitoring model under film mulching, and accuracy evaluation and mapping of the spatial and temporal distribution of winter wheat growth status were carried out.The results showed that the CGEI of winter wheat under film mulching constructed using the FCE method could objectively and comprehensively evaluate the crop growth status.The accuracy of remote-sensing inversion of the CGEI based on the ANN model was higher than for the individual agronomic parameters, with a coefficient of determination of 0.75,a root mean square error of 8.40, and a mean absolute value error of 6.53.Spectral purification could eliminate the interference of background effects caused by mulching and soil, effectively improving the accuracy of the remotesensing inversion of winter wheat under film mulching, with the best inversion effect achieved on the ridge–furrow full mulching area after spectral purification.The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the use of UAV remote-sensing to monitor the growth status of winter wheat with film mulching.

Effects of Dietary Crude Fiber Levels on Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Dingan Geese Aged from 35 to 70 Days

[Objective] The study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary crude fiber on growth performance and serum biochemical in-dex of Dingan geese aged from 35 to 70 days.[Method] A total of 120 Dingan geese on day 28 with the same genetic background and similar initial weight(1 384.83.73±0.76 g) were randomly assigned into 3 groups, with 4 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate. Geese were fed the diets containing 4.29%, 5.29% and 6.29 % crude fiber, respectively. The experiment lasted 35 d.[Result] Final weight and daily gain of 5.29 %CF group were significantly higher than those of 6.29 % CF group(P<0.05);Feed intake was markedly higher than those of 4.29% and 6.29 % CF groups(P<0.05);Feed gain ratio was significantly lower than that of 6.29 % CF group(P<0.05). Compared with 4.29% and 6.29 % CF groups, serum albumin concentrations of 5.29 % CF group increased significantly(P<0.05), while serum total protein and globin contents were higher(P>0.05), but serum uric acid level was lower(P>0.05).[Conclusion] 5.29 % crude fiber could lead to higher growth performance of Dingan geese.

Non-parametric reconstruction of growth index via Gaussian processes

The accelerated cosmic expansion could be due to dark energy within general relativity(GR), or modified gravity. Differentiating between them using both the expansion history and growth history has attracted considerable attention. In the literature, the growth index γ has been found useful to distinguish these two scenarios. This work aims to consider the non-parametric reconstruction of the growth index γ as a function of redshift z from the latest observational data as of July 2018 via Gaussian processes. We found that f(R) theories and dark energy models within GR(especially ΛCDM) are inconsistent with the results in the moderate redshift range far beyond 3σ confidence level. A modified gravity scenario different from f(R) theories is favored. However, these results can also be due to other non-trivial possibilities in which dark energy models within GR(especially ΛCDM) and f(R) theories may still survive. In all cases, our results suggest that new physics is required.

Growth models and site index table of natural Korean pine forests

According to the growth characteristics of natural Korean pine (Pinus Koraiensis) forests, 6 equations such as Chapman-Richards equation, Logistic equation, Power equation, and so on were selected to ftt for the growth modeIs for Korean pine forest. The growth models were developed based on 208 random trees and 24o dominant trees. Results show that the Chapman-Richards equation is the best model for estimating tree height by age and DBH, while the Parabola equation is fittest for predicting DBH by age or estimating age from DBH. The site index table of Korean pine forest was compiled by using the proportional method with the Chapman-Richards equation as the guide curve and vaIidated by accuracy test.

Microstructure evolution and grain growth behavior of Ti14 alloy during semi-solid isothermal process

Microstructure evolution of Ti14 （α＋Ti2Cu） alloy during semi-solid isothermal process at different temperatures was investigated. The results reveal that both the temperature and holding time have effect on the grain growth behavior. The grains grow obviously and the degree of globularity increases with the increase of holding time. According to the statistic analysis of experimental data, the grain growth indices are 0.88 and 0.97 at 1 000 ℃ and 1 050 ℃, respectively, which indicates that increasing isothermal temperature would accelerate microstructural evolution.

Productivity Growth in the Transportation Industries in the United States: An Application of the DEA Malmquist Productivity Index

This study reviews productivity growth in the five major transportation industries in the United States (airline, truck, rail, pipeline, and water) and the pooled transportation industry from 2004 to 2011. We measure the average productivity for these eight years by state in each transportation industry and the annual average productivity by transportation industry. The major findings are that the U.S. transportation industry shows strong and positive productivity growth except that in the years of the global financial crisis in 2007, 2008, and 2010, and among the five transportation industries, the rail and water sectors show the highest productivity growth in 2011.

Estimating the Drought-Induced Yield Loss for Winter Wheat in a Semi-Arid Region of the Southern United States Using a Drought Index

The economy of most rural locations in the semi-arid region of Llano Estacado in the southern United States is predominantly based on agriculture, primarily beef and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. This region is prone to drought and is projected to experience a drier climate. Droughts that coincide with the critical phenological phases of a crop can be remarkably costly. Although drought cannot be prevented, its losses can be minimized through mitigation measures if it is predicted in advance. Predicting yield loss from an imminent drought is an important need of stakeholders. One way to fulfill this need is using an agricultural drought index, such as the Agricultural Reference Index for Drought (ARID). Being plant physiology-based, ARID can represent drought-yield relationships accurately. This study developed an ARID-based yield model for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in this region by accounting for its phenological phase-specific sensitivity to water stress. The reasonable values of the drought sensitivity coefficients of the yield model indicated that it could reflect the phenomenon of water stress decreasing the winter wheat yields in this region reasonably. The values of the various metrics used to evaluate the model, including Willmott Index (0.86), Nash-Sutcliffe Index (0.61), and percentage error (26), indicated that the yield model performed fairly well at predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat. The yield model may be useful for predicting the drought-induced yield loss for winter wheat in the study region and scheduling irrigation allocation based on phenological phase-specific drought sensitivity.

GM-CSF和IL-6的免疫佐剂活性及对小鼠生长性能、血液指标的影响

为验证粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的免疫佐剂活性以及研究其对小鼠生长性能、血液指标的影响,试验扩增了GM-CSF基因和IL-6基因,并将GMCSF基因和IL-6基因分别克隆至载体p CDNA3.1-His-C和p ET-32a(+),且诱导表达了IL-6蛋白。将构建的GM-CSF基因的重组载体、诱导表达的IL-6重组蛋白联合畜禽疫病防控技术研发课题组前期构建的TGEV DNA疫苗载体p-N-His分组免疫小鼠(设置p-N-His为对照),运用间接ELISA检测了特异性抗体水平。将构建的重组载体、诱导表达的重组蛋白和PBS分组免疫小鼠,测定了小鼠的生长性能、血清指标和免疫器官指数。结果显示,克隆的GM-CSF和IL-6基因大小分别为579 bp和576 bp,成功构建了真核表达载体p-GM-CSF和原表达载体p ET-IL-6,诱导表达的IL-6重组蛋白大小为38 ku。载体p-GM-CSF、IL-6蛋白联合p-N-His免疫小鼠后,p-N-His+p-GM-CSF、p-N-His+IL-6蛋白和p-N-His均刺激机体产生了特异性抗体,且p-N-His+IL-6蛋白抗体水平高于p-N-His+p-GM-CSF(P<0.05)。IL-6蛋白、p-GM-CSF和PBS分组免疫小鼠后,p-GM-CSF和IL-6蛋白组小鼠的生长性能指标均高于PBS组,且末重、平均日增重、料重比差异显著(P<0.05)。p-GM-CSF、IL-6蛋白、PBS组小鼠的生化指标总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、尿素氮的含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但IL-6蛋白组小鼠的葡萄糖显著升高(P<0.05),p-GM-CSF、IL-6蛋白、PBS组小鼠的免疫器官指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。文章以p-N-His为靶载体验证出GM-CSF和IL-6具有较强免疫佐剂活性,且IL-6蛋白的效果强于GM-CSF。p-GM-CSF和IL-6蛋白能够提升小鼠的生长性能指标,对血液指标和免疫器官指数影响不大。

酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和瘤胃菌群的影响

本试验旨在探讨补饲酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛生长性能、血清抗氧化指标及瘤胃菌群的影响。试验选取30头1日龄、健康、体重[(39±2)kg]相近的荷斯坦母犊牛,随机分为对照组(不补饲酵母水解物)和试验组(每头犊牛每天补饲5 g酵母水解物),每组15个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验期为63 d。记录犊牛体重和采食量,采集血清和瘤胃液样品,测定血清抗氧化指标和瘤胃菌群多样性。结果显示:1)补饲酵母水解物显著增加了犊牛14和28日龄的胸围以及28和42日龄的体斜长(P<0.05),但对生长性能和其他体尺指标未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。2)63日龄时,试验组血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著高于对照组(P<0.05);7日龄时,试验组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)补饲酵母水解物使犊牛瘤胃菌群的Alpha多样性指数(Chao1和Observed-species指数)显著降低(P<0.05);同时,Beta多样性也发生了显著变化(P<0.05)。30日龄时,试验组瘤胃菌群中互养菌门(Synergistota)的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组瘤胃菌群中理研菌科RC9肠道群(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)的相对丰度在60日龄时显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)和普雷沃氏菌属7(Prevotella_7)的相对丰度在30日龄时显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上可知,在本试验条件下,每天每头补饲5 g酵母水解物对哺乳犊牛整体生长性能无显著影响,但显著提高了犊牛的抗氧化能力,并调节了瘤胃菌群结构,有助于改善犊牛健康状况。

补饲益生菌对湖羊羔羊生长性能、免疫功能及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究不同处理组对羔羊生长性能、免疫功能及血液生化指标的影响。选择体质健康、体重相近的湖羊羔羊36只,随机分成对照组(基础饲粮)、试验Ⅰ组(70%基础饲粮+30%苜蓿草粉)和试验Ⅱ组(70%基础饲粮+30%苜蓿草粉+1%益生菌),试验期60 d。结果表明:各组羔羊试验末重、干物质采食量及料重比均无显著性差异(P>0.05),试验Ⅱ组平均日增重比对照组提高10.40%(P<0.05),与试验Ⅰ组无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组甘油三脂显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组IgG含量显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),IgA和IgM含量各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,饲粮中补饲益生菌+饲草纤维能够提高羔羊生长性能,改善部分血清生化指标,增强免疫机能及机体抵抗力。

Low Root Zone Temperature Limits Nutrient Effects on Cucumber Seedling Growth and Induces Adversity Physiological Response

Effects of root-zone temperatures （RZT） （12℃-RZT and 20℃-RZT） and different N, P, and K nutrient regimes on the growth, reactive oxygen species （ROS）, and antioxidant enzyme in cucumber seedlings were investigated in hydroponics. Strong interactions were observed between RZT and nutrient on the dry weight （P=0.001）, root length （P=0.001） and leaf area （P=0.05）. Plant dry weights were suppressed at low RZT of 12℃, while higher biomass and growth of cucumber seedlings were produced at elevated RZT of 20℃ under each nutrient treatment. Growth indexes （plant height, internode length, root length, and leaf area） at 12℃-RZT had less difference among nutrient treatments, but greater response was obtained for different nutrients at high RZT. RZT had larger effects （P=0.001） on cucumber seedling growth than nutrients. In addition, N was more effective nutrients to plant growth than P and K under low root temperature to plant growth. Higher hydrogen peroxide （H202）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, soluble sugar （SS） contents in leaves were observed at 12℃-RZT in all nutrient treatments than those at 20℃-RZT, indicating the chilling adversity damaged to plant growth. In general, antioxidant enzyme had larger response under low root-zone temperature. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities were higher in both leaves and roots while peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） showed large different action in leaves and roots at both the two root-zone temperature.

Effect of Saline-alkali Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Oat

Neutral black soil was mixed with strong saline-alkali soil in different weight ratios, then physiological indexes during seed germination and seedling growth in soil of different ratios and the corresponding leaching liquor treatments were observed to explore effect of saline-alkali stress on oat seed germination and seedling growth, and analyze tolerance of oat to saline-alkali soil. The results showed that germination ability of oat seeds reduced with the increasing saline-alkali stress, salt injury index increased and seedling growth was inhibited. Effect of different saline-alkali stresses on germination ability of oat seeds showed difference, and effect of leaching liquor treatment on oat seed germination was stronger than that of soil treatment.

硅肥对盆栽筇竹生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为揭示不同硅肥用量对筇竹(Qiongzhuea tumidinoda)苗的影响,以1年生实生筇竹容器苗为研究对象,设置5个不同的硅肥处理,施用量分别为8、16、24、32、40 g/丛,以不添加硅肥为对照(CK),比较不同硅肥用量对筇竹苗生长和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:与CK比较,施硅肥能不同程度促进筇竹苗株高、地径、根系生长,增加筇竹苗各器官生物量,且在硅肥用量为32 g/丛时,株高、地径、根数、总生物量达到最大值。与CK相比,施硅肥可显著促进筇竹叶片叶绿素和光合色素的积累,提高叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(F_(v)/F_(o))、受光面积综合性能指数(PI_(abs))、整体综合性能指数(PI total),且各指标均在硅肥用量为24 g/丛时达到最大,但与32 g/丛的硅肥处理相比,各参数之间无显著差异。隶属函数法综合分析,施硅量为32 g/丛处理,筇竹的综合生长状态最好。

Wheat growth, photosynthesis and physiological characteristics under different soil Zn levels

In recent years,heavy metal hazards in the soil have seriously affected agricultural production.This study aims to examine the effects of different levels of heavy metal Zn on the growth,photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of wheat,and provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and control of heavy metal pollution in agricultural production.The field test method was used to explore the changes of wheat agronomic traits,photosynthetic capacity,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters,spectral characteristic curve,active oxygen metabolism system,cell ultrastructure,and yield,under different Zn levels(0,250,500,750,and 1000 mg kg^(-1)).The results show that,low-level Zn treatments can effectively promote the synthesis of wheat chlorophyll,improve photosynthetic capacity,and increase yield.The yield of ZnL1(250 mg kg^(-1))was the highest in the two-year test,which increased by 20.4%in 2018 and 13.9%in 2019 compared with CK(0 mg kg^(-1)).However,a high Zn level had a significant stress effect on the photosystem of wheat.PIabs(reaction center performance index)and Fv/Fm(maximum photochemical efficiency)were significantly reduced,the active oxygen metabolism system was damaged,and the photosynthetic capacity was reduced,which in turn led to reduced yield.Among them,the yield of ZnL4(1000 mg kg^(-1))was the lowest in the two-year test,which was 28.1 and 16.4%lower than CK in 2018 and 2019,respectively.The green peak position of ZnL3 and ZnL4 had"red shift"to the long wave direction,while the red valley position of ZnL4 had"blue shift"to the short wave direction.Under ZnL4,some wheat leaf organelles began to decompose,vacuoles increased,cytoplasm decreased,cell walls thickened,chloroplast basal lamellae were disordered,and mitochondrial membranes disintegrated.Stepwise regression and Path analysis showed that Pn(net photosynthetic rate)played a leading role in the formation of yield.Redundancy(RDA)analysis showed that the optimal Zn level for wheat growth was about 250 mg kg^(-1),and wheat would be stressed when the soil Zn level exceeded 500 mg kg^(-1) in the test condition of this study.Findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and prevention of heavy metal(Zn)pollution in the soil.

Effects of Different Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Protective Enzyme Activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5 kinds of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi( Acaulospora mellea,Glomus mosseae,Glomus versiforme,Glomus aggregatum,Glomus etunicatum) on the growth and protective enzyme activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. [Method] The growth indicators and protective enzymes activity of glycyrrhiza plants inoculated and uninoculated with fungi were compared. [Result] The plant height,basal diameter,main root length,aboveground fresh weight,underground fresh weight,aboveground dry weight and underground dry weight of the inoculated glycyrrhiza plants were increased significantly compared with those in the control( non-inoculation) group. In the inoculated glycyrrhiza plants,the growth index was significantly increased compared with that in the control group( P <0. 05); the activities of superoxide dismutase( SOD) and peroxidase( POD) increased first and then decreased; and the activity of catalase( CAT) showed a continuous rising trend. The effects of different inoculants on the growth of G. uralensis were significantly different.[Conclusion]G. etunicatum,G. mosseae and G. aggregatum had a significant effect on the growth of G. uralensis,and were superior to other fungi in resisting the adverse environment.

冷季不同饲养方式对牦牛生长性能及血液生理生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究冷季不同饲养方式对青海高原型牦牛生长及生理适应等特性的影响。选取320头18月龄自然放牧体重无显著差异的公牦牛[(142.45±2.65)kg]分为两组,一组在原群体自然放牧,另一组低海拔全舍饲育肥6个月。试验结束后随机屠宰育肥组和放牧组牦牛各3头,进行生长性能、屠宰性能以及血液生理生化等指标的测定。经过6个月冷季不同饲养方式饲养,育肥组牦牛体重、体斜长、胸围均极显著高于放牧组(P<0.01)。育肥组牦牛的宰前活重、肉重、骨重、蹄重、皮重、肉骨比、屠宰率、净肉率、心重、肺重和皮占体重极显著高于放牧组(P<0.01);育肥组牦牛的头重、胴体产肉率、肝重、脾重和肾重显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。育肥组牦牛的红细胞数目(RBC)、血红蛋白浓度(HGB)显著高于放牧组(P<0.05);放牧组的平均血红蛋白含量(MCH)显著高于育肥组(P<0.05)。育肥组的总胆固醇(TC)含量显著高于放牧组(P<0.05);育肥组的钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量显著高于放牧组(P<0.05)。育肥组经济效益极显著高于放牧组(P<0.01)。冷季低海拔异地舍饲育肥能够提升牦牛的生长性能、营养代谢,优化血清生化指标,增加了牦牛的养殖效益。

盐碱胁迫对不同类型工业大麻品种生长的影响

为进一步研究不同工业大麻品种在萌发过程中对盐胁迫的耐受性,以工业大麻品种庆大麻1号(纤用型)和龙大麻1号(籽用型)为试材,探索其在不同浓度NaCl和Na_(2)CO_(3)处理下发芽率、生长势及一系列生理响应。结果表明,两个品种的发芽率与盐碱浓度呈负相关关系,随盐碱处理浓度的增加而显著下降,尤其是在250 mmol·L^(-1)碱胁迫下两个品种的芽率仅为8.89%和21.11%。然而,低浓度(50 mmol·L^(-1))NaCl处理一定程度上刺激了种子的萌发,与对照组相比表现出更高的发芽率。生理指标结果表明,盐碱胁迫下大麻植株的株高、干重和根长明显受阻。研究同时发现,碱胁迫比盐胁迫的生长抑制作用更加强烈。然而与籽用型大麻相比,纤用型大麻具有较强的抗氧化调节及渗透调节能力,有力保障了其在高盐碱环境下的正常生长。综上所述,碱胁迫对大麻生长发育的抑制作用更为明显,而纤用型大麻对盐碱胁迫的耐受性和调节能力更强,表现出较强的生长势和生物产量。

水分调控下生物有机肥对水稻生长和产量的影响

为了探究不同灌溉模式下生物有机肥配施化肥技术对水稻生长发育及产量的影响,采用小区试验方法,设置了2种灌溉模式(F:常规淹灌、C:控制灌溉)和3种施肥模式(A:全施化肥、B:生物有机肥等氮替代15%化学氮肥、C:生物有机肥等氮替代30%化学氮肥),研究不同水肥处理对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,相同的灌溉模式下,生物有机肥等氮替代化学氮肥提高了水稻的穗粒数及穗部干物质量,对水稻株高和叶绿素影响较小;与全施化肥相比,生物有机肥等氮替代15%化学氮肥产量及净收益均无显著差异;生物有机肥等氮替代30%化学氮肥略降低了水稻产量,增加了肥料投入成本,导致产投比显著下降。不同灌溉模式下,控制灌溉能抑制水稻的无效分蘖,但降低了水稻的株高和干物质量;与常规淹灌相比,控制灌溉提高了灌溉水利用效率及净收益,但产量略低于常规淹灌,差异并不显著。综合分析认为,控制灌溉模式下生物有机肥等氮替代15%化学氮肥可以在提高灌溉水利用效率的条件下,避免化学氮肥的过量施用,保证了水稻生产及较高的经济效益。

Effect of Fermented Plant Products on Alkaline-Saline Soil and the Growth of Alfalfa Seedlings

A pot experiment was conducted by putting ameliorants,the products of plants fermented by lactobacillus,and sandy soil into alkaline-saline soil. After such blending,the soil physicochemical properties and the growth index of Alfalfa seedlings were measured in order to explore the influence of the blending on alkaline-saline soil and the growth of alfalfa seedlings. The results showed that soil p H decreased significantly after adding ameliorant; mixing ameliorant and sandy soil into alkaline-saline soil reduced soil evaporation and increased the germination rate of alfalfa seeds and their chlorophyll content as well as the seedling height,root length of alfalfa seedlings,but it had no significant effect on alfalfa seedlings' biomass and leaf number; besides,excessive ameliorant would inhibit the growth of alfalfa seedlings.