Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determine...Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determines the scales of ethnic migration to and within the country. The government adopted a complex program on Kazakh Diaspora repatriation. Under the program, oralmans （ethnic repatriates to the country） are provided with considerable aid program for adaptation to the recipient society. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host society＇s populace. Ethnic return migrants and their hosts become frustrated with each other. They find jobs but not expected social welcome. Ethnic return migrant＇s orientations usually are shaped by the terms of the policies that give them the access to the destination country＇s labor markets and citizenship. The report studies the problem of similarity and differences among Ethnic Return Migrants and mother ethnic group. What underlies the misunderstanding between them？ Whether it is a competition for the working places, access to the social benefits or deep cultural differences？ To examine on-the-ground dynamics between natives and ethnic migrants, and in particular their mutual acceptance in a range of contexts, we turn to a qualitative account that draws on observations and interviews, less formal interviews carried out among Mongolian-Kazakh, Chinese-Kazakh and Karakalpak- Kazakh return Migrants in Almaty city and its suburbs during the fieldwork. Characteristics that differentiate returned Diaspora individuals from Kazakhstani Kazakhs are rooted not in ethnic sphere, but in the cultural context of the country they come from. This paper reveals how the socio-cultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.展开更多
Distinguished guests,Ladies and gentlemen,Friends,Good morning. I am delighted to join you at the first Wanshou Dialogue on Global Security and share with you our view on the security situation both internationally an...Distinguished guests,Ladies and gentlemen,Friends,Good morning. I am delighted to join you at the first Wanshou Dialogue on Global Security and share with you our view on the security situation both internationally and in the Asia-Pacific region.Our world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. The trends of global multi-polarity, economic globalization,IT application.展开更多
Millions of urban educated youths were assigned to bordering regions, pastoral areas, as well as agricultural areas, during China's chaotic "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), to take part in Iocal produc...Millions of urban educated youths were assigned to bordering regions, pastoral areas, as well as agricultural areas, during China's chaotic "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), to take part in Iocal production. Known as "urban educated youths settling down in the mountain and rural areas to join in labor," the movement was rigorously carried out all over the country during that time. Settling down in remote, poverty stricken villages and pastoral lands, these young people spent their youth in hardships. They shared the hard lives of local peasants and herdsman, and were tempered by the most rigorous challenges. Many of them returned to cities when the "cultural revolution" was over. However, their lives in the countryside have been ingrained deeply in their memories. This has become the most unforgettable part of their life. Here are the memories of Zhang Yaping, one of the young urban women who once stayed in Inner Mongolia.展开更多
文摘Ancestral return-return by the descendants of migrants to their ancestors＇ origin has been one of the most significant forms of population mobility since 1991 in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The state policy determines the scales of ethnic migration to and within the country. The government adopted a complex program on Kazakh Diaspora repatriation. Under the program, oralmans （ethnic repatriates to the country） are provided with considerable aid program for adaptation to the recipient society. Although the returnees may initially be welcomed back, their homecomings often prove to be ambivalent or negative experiences. Despite their ethnic affinity to the host populace, they are frequently excluded as cultural foreigners and relegated to low-status jobs shunned by the host society＇s populace. Ethnic return migrants and their hosts become frustrated with each other. They find jobs but not expected social welcome. Ethnic return migrant＇s orientations usually are shaped by the terms of the policies that give them the access to the destination country＇s labor markets and citizenship. The report studies the problem of similarity and differences among Ethnic Return Migrants and mother ethnic group. What underlies the misunderstanding between them？ Whether it is a competition for the working places, access to the social benefits or deep cultural differences？ To examine on-the-ground dynamics between natives and ethnic migrants, and in particular their mutual acceptance in a range of contexts, we turn to a qualitative account that draws on observations and interviews, less formal interviews carried out among Mongolian-Kazakh, Chinese-Kazakh and Karakalpak- Kazakh return Migrants in Almaty city and its suburbs during the fieldwork. Characteristics that differentiate returned Diaspora individuals from Kazakhstani Kazakhs are rooted not in ethnic sphere, but in the cultural context of the country they come from. This paper reveals how the socio-cultural characteristics and national origins of the migrants influence their levels of marginalization in their ethnic homelands, forcing many of them to redefine the meanings of home and homeland.
文摘Distinguished guests,Ladies and gentlemen,Friends,Good morning. I am delighted to join you at the first Wanshou Dialogue on Global Security and share with you our view on the security situation both internationally and in the Asia-Pacific region.Our world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. The trends of global multi-polarity, economic globalization,IT application.
文摘Millions of urban educated youths were assigned to bordering regions, pastoral areas, as well as agricultural areas, during China's chaotic "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), to take part in Iocal production. Known as "urban educated youths settling down in the mountain and rural areas to join in labor," the movement was rigorously carried out all over the country during that time. Settling down in remote, poverty stricken villages and pastoral lands, these young people spent their youth in hardships. They shared the hard lives of local peasants and herdsman, and were tempered by the most rigorous challenges. Many of them returned to cities when the "cultural revolution" was over. However, their lives in the countryside have been ingrained deeply in their memories. This has become the most unforgettable part of their life. Here are the memories of Zhang Yaping, one of the young urban women who once stayed in Inner Mongolia.
