Study of microstructure evolution of magnesium alloy cylindrical part with longitudinal inner ribs during hot flow forming by coupling ANN-modified CA and FEA

Hot flow forming(HFF)is a promising forming technology to manufacture thin-walled cylindrical part with longitudinal inner ribs(CPLIRs)made of magnesium(Mg)alloys,which has wide applications in the aerospace field.However,due to the thermo-mechanical coupling effect and the existence of stiffened structure,complex microstructure evolution and uneven microstructure occur easily at the cylindrical wall(CW)and inner rib(IR)of Mg alloy thin-walled CPLIRs during the HFF.In this paper,a modified cellular automaton(CA)model of Mg alloy considering the effects of deformation conditions on material parameters was developed using the artificial neural network(ANN)method.It is found that the ANN-modified CA model exhibits better predictability for the microstructure of hot deformation than the conventional CA model.Furthermore,the microstructure evolution of ZK61 alloy CPLIRs during the HFF was analyzed by coupling the modified CA model and finite element analysis(FEA).The results show that compared with the microstructure at the same layer of the IR,more refined grains and less sufficient DRX resulted from larger strain and strain rate occur at that of the CW;various differences of strain and strain rate in the wall-thickness exist between the CW and IR,which leads to the inhomogeneity of microstructure rising firstly and declining from the inside layer to outside layer;the obtained Hall-Petch relationship between the measured microhardness and predicted grain sizes at the CW and the IR indicates the reliability of the coupled FEA-CA simulation results.

基于Moldflow的摩托车前中心盖模具设计

利用Moldflow软件对摩托车前中心盖进行了仿真分析,结合零件结构特点及成型工艺要求,设计了两种浇注系统方案,依据填充时间、流动前沿温度、冻结层因子和熔接线等仿真参数分析,优选出最佳浇口位置及数量,并依此确定采用“3点针阀式热流道+3点侧浇口”的进胶方式,最终设计了一副顺序阀热流道注塑模具。为解决T1区域型腔侧向抽芯的难题,设计了“垂直油缸+连接块+T形块”的抽芯机构,使模具结构更加紧凑;采用“大斜顶+小斜顶”组合的方式解决了倒扣方向不统一、抽芯空间小及难脱模的问题;导向定位系统采用了“0°精定位块+动定模止口”的方式,确保模具在开模和合模过程中能够准确、可靠地复位;采用类似“随形水路”的组合式冷却系统,滑块与大斜顶均设计有直径12 mm的独立冷却水路,其余部分设计有直径18 mm的水路,使模温更均匀,成型周期缩短约11%;试模后,模具运行平稳,各机构运动安全可靠,塑件精度及表面质量符合要求,可为同类模具的设计提供参考。

Grain refinement and orientation of AZ31B magnesium alloy in hot flow forming under different thickness reductions

An analysis of the hot flow forming of Mg-3.0Al-l.0Zn-0.3Mn （AZ31B） alloy was conducted by experiments and numerical simulations. The effects of different thickness reductions on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated at a temperature of 693 K, a spindle speed of 800 rev/min and a feed ratio of 0.1 mm/rev. Thickness reductions have great influence on the uniformity of microstructure along the radial direction （RD） and the grain sizes become refined and uniform when the thickness reduction reaches 45%. The c-axes of most grains are approximately parallel to the RD, with a slight inclination towards the axial direction （AD）. The best mechanical properties with UTS of 280 MPa and YS of 175 MPa near the outer surface while 266 MPa and 153 MPa near the inner surface have been achieved due to grain refinement and texture. Moreover, the material flow behavior and stress/strain distributions for singlepass reductions were studied using the ABAQUS/Explicit software. The calculated results indicate that the materials mainly suffer from triaxial compressive stresses and undergo compressive plastic strain in RD and tensile strains in other directions. The higher stress and strain rate near the outer surface lead to more refined grains than that of other regions along the RD, whereas the orientation of the maximum principal compressive stress leads to a discrepancy of the grain orientations in RD.2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science ＆ Technology.

Analysis of anisotropy mechanism in the mechanical property of titanium alloy tube formed through hot flow forming

Anisotropy of mechanical property is an important feature influencing the service performance of titanium(Ti)alloy tube component.In this work,it is found that the hot flow formed Ti alloy tube exhibits higher yield strength along circumferential direction(CD),and larger elongation along rolling direction(RD),presenting significant anisotropy.Subsequently,the quantitative characteristics and underlying mechanism of the property anisotropy were revealed by analyzing the slip,damage and fracture behavior under the combined effects of the spun{0002}basal texture and fibrous microstructure for different loading directions.The results showed that the prismatic slip in primaryαgrain is the dominant deformation mechanism for both loading directions at the yielding stage.The prismatic slip is harder under CD loading,which makes CD loading present higher yield strength than RD loading.Additionally,the yield anisotropy can be quantified through the inverse ratio of the averaged Schmid Factor of the activated prismatic slip under different loading directions.As for the plasticity anisotropy,the harder and slower slip development under CD loading causes that the CD loading presents larger external force and normal stress on slip plane,thus leading to more significant cleavage fracture than RD loading.Moreover,the micro-crack path under RD loading is more tortuous than CD loading because the fibrous microstructure is elongated along RD,which may suppress the macro fracture under RD loading.These results suggest that weakening the texture and fibrous morphology of microstructure is critical to reduce the differences in slip,damage and fracture behavior along different directions,alleviate the property anisotropy and optimize the service performance of Ti alloy tube formed by hot flow forming.

Cases and statistical study on Hot Flow Anomalies with Cluster spacecraft data

Hot Flow Anomalies (HFAs) are phenomena that frequently appear in the vicinity of the Earth's bow shock. We have identified 765 HFA events with Cluster spacecraft data from 2003 to 2009. We study the plasma and magnetic field variations during typical HFAs. Then we study the average structure of HFAs using the superposed epoch method during a 200 s time interval, with the HFA onset time as the epoch time. The results show that HFAs can be classified into four classes based on variations of the dynamic pressure over time, namely "-+" (down-up), "+-" (up-down), "M" (up-down-up) and "W" (up-down-up-down-up), where the letters represent similar shapes with the variation trends of the dynamic pressure. Trends of other parameters are highly related to those of the dynamic pressure with obvious characteristics of the classification. Moreover, statistical results suggest that the number of HFA events varies in years. Compared with the speed of solar wind and sunspot number, the number of HFA events in each year has positive correlation with the former, while it has little relation with the latter. The result of this paper will provide data base for further studies on the mechanisms of the formation, the structural evolution and other relative questions of HFAs.

Flow stress equation for multipass hot-rolling of aluminum alloys

A series of simple axisymmetric compression tests were carried out on the computer servo controlled Gleeble 1 500 machine when strain rates ranged between 0.05 25 s -1 and deformation temperature 300 500 ℃. The results show that flow stress is related to the Zener Hollonom parameter Z and strain, as well as the static recrystallization fraction between passes during multipass hot deformation of 5182 aluminum alloy. Hence, a modified exponential flow stress equation was presented by considering the values of ln A and β as functions of strain, and by using the uniform softening method and incorporating the static recrystallization fraction between passes to consider the effects of residual strain during multipass hot rolling of 5182 aluminum alloy. The validity of the equation was examined by a typical non isothermal multipass deformation test.

Flow behavior and microstructure evolution of TB8 alloy during hot deformation process

Hot compression tests of metastable β titanium alloy TB8 were carried out using a Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation testing machine in the temperature range of 750-1100 ℃, at constant strain rate from 0.01 s-1 to 1 s-1 and with height direction reduction of 60%. Flow stress behavior and microstructure evolution during hot compression of TB8 alloy were investigated. The hyperbolic-sine-type constitutive model of TB8 alloy was obtained to provide basic data for determining reasonable forming process. The results indicate that hot deformation behavior of TB8 alloy is highly sensitive to the temperature and strain rate. An analysis of the flow stress dependence on strain rate and temperature gives a stress exponent of n≈3.416 19 and a deformation activation energy of Q≈227.074 4 kJ/mol. According to the deformation microstructure, no dynamic recrystallization happens below β-phase transus temperature and as a result dynamic recovery is the predominant softening mechanism. On the other hand, the main softening mechanism is characterized as dynamic recrystallization at a slow strain rate above β-phase transus temperature.

Resistance characteristics of the ball packed-bed regenerator of the new-type swirl flow hot blast stove

A renovation project of miniaturization and high efficiency is provided for the hot blast stove .The experimental data tested feasibility of the new-type swirl flow hot blast stove. The normal and hot state experiments have been done through changing the angle of gas entering into the regenerator. Factors influencing pressure drop have been studied and analyzed. The experimental results can be formulated in the form of the Ergun equation. The regression equation is obtained. And two modified coefficients are offered to the regenerator pressure drop of the new-type swirl flow hot blast stove.

Experimental investigations of detonation initiation by hot jets in supersonic premixed flows

A new method to initiate and sustain the detonation in supersonic flow is investigated. The reaction activity of coming flow may influence the result of detonation initiation. When a hot jet initiates a detonation wave successfully, there may exist two types of detonations. If the detonation velocity is greater than the velocity of coming flow, there will be a normal detonation here. Because of the influence of boundary layer separation, the upstream detonation velocity is much greater than the Chapman-Jouguet （C J） detonation velocity. On the other hand, if the detonation velocity is less than the velocity of coming flow, an oblique detonation wave （ODW） will form. The ODW needs a continuous hot jet to sustain itself. If the jet pressure is lower than a certain value, the ODW will decouple. In contrast, the normal detonation wave can sustain itself without the hot jet.

Effects of hot deformation parameters on flow stress and establishment of constitutive relationship system of BT20 titanium alloy

The hot compression experiments were performed to investigate the effects of hot deformation parameters on the flow stress of BT20(Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V) titanium alloy. The results show that the flow stress decreases with the increment of deformation temperature and increases with the growth of strain rate. The peak stress moves toward the direction of strain reducing and the strain rate sensitivity increases with the rising deformation temperature. There is obvious deformation heating created during hot deformation under relatively higher strain rate and lower deformation temperature. The improved back propagation(BP) neural network with 3-20-16-1 architecture has been employed to establish the prediction model of flow stress using deformation degree, deformation temperature and strain rate as input variables. The predicted values obtained by BP network agree well with the measured values, the relative error is within 6.5% for the sample data and not bigger than 9% for the non-sample data, which indicates that the ANNs adopted can predict the flow stress of BT20 alloy effectively and can be used as constitutive relationship system applied to FEM simulation of plastic deformation.

Research on flow stress of spray formed 70Si30Al alloy under hot compression deformation

The flow stress of spray formed 70Si30Al alloy was studied by hot compression on a Gleeble- 1500 test machine. The experimental results indicated that the flow stress depends on the strain rate and the deformation temperature. The flow stress increases with an increase in strain rate at a given deformation temperature. The flow stress decreases with the deformation temperature increasing at a given strain rate. The relational expression among the flow stress, the swain rate, and the deformation temperature satisfies the Arrhenius equation. The deformation activation energy of 70Si30Al alloy during hot deformation is 866.27 kJ/mol from the Arrhenius equation.

Flow behavior of Ti-46.2Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.3Ni alloy in secondary hot deformation

The flow behavior of already forged Ti-46.2Al-2.5V-1.0Cr-0.3Ni alloy was investigated by the isothermal compression experiments. The direction of secondary hot deformation was taken to be vertical to the former forging axis. And the deformation activation energy was calculated. Specimens have three kinds of starting microstructures, i.e. as-forged, relief annealed and duplex. The true strain—stress curves show that the duplex microstructure has the lowest flow resistance, better steady-state flow behavior compared with other two microstructures. It is found that obtaining duplex microstructure makes the work hardening rate and the strain rate sensitivity increase. The duplex microstructure alloy has the lowest value.

Numerical calculation of flow and heat transfer process in the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stove

It is clarified that the important method to improve the blast temperature ofthe small and the middle blast furnaces whose production is about two-thirds of total sum of Chinafrom 1000℃ to 1250-1300℃ is to preheat both their combustion-supporting air and coal gas. The airtemperature of blast furnaces can be reached to 1250-1300℃ by burning single blast furnace coal gasif high speed burner is applied to blast furnaces and new-type external combustion swirl-flowinghot stove is used to preheat their combustion-supporting air. The computational results of the flowand heat transfer processions in the hot stove prove that the surface of the bed of the thermalstorage balls there have not eccentric flow and the flow field and temperature field distribution iseven. The computational results of the blast temperature distribution are similar to thosedetermination experiment data. The numerical results also provide references for developing anddesigning the new-type external combustion swirl-flowing hot stoves.

Hot Blast Flow Measurement in Blast Furnace in Straight Pipe

This article shows an innovative method to model and validate the hot air flow through the blast furnacés tuyeres. This study will be the basis for flow measurements implementation and safety interlocks for the pulverized coal injection. The flow measurements were taken in the blast furnace down leg pipes by installing refractory Venturi tubes. The system for the calculation of differential pressure takes into consideration the dimension of the Venturi, the air density and compressibility. The objective is to specify the flow transmitters required to automate a control system and implement safety interlocks for the coal injection plant.

Flow stress of 2197 Al-Li alloy during hot compression deformation

The flow stress behavior of 2197 Al-Li alloy during hot compression deformation was studied in the strain rate range from 0.01 to 10 s-1 and the temperature range from 360 to 510 ℃ by isothermal compression test on a Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The results show that the flow stress of 2197 Al-Li alloy decreases with the increase of deformation temperature and increases with the increase of strain rate. The peak flow stress during high temperature deformation can be represented by Z parameter in a hyperbolic sine function. The analytical expression of peak flow stress was fitted with the hot deformation activation energy of 260.6 kJ/mol.

Sap flow characteristics of three afforestation species during the wet and dry seasons in a dry-hot valley in Southwest China

Assessing and using tree species （exotic or native） with superior tolerance to environmental stresses （such as drought and high temperature） play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study, stem sap flow characteristics and responses to ambient meteo- rological factors of three tree species, Albizzia kalkora （native）, Azadirachta indica （exotic）, and Acacia auriculaeformis （exotic）, in a dry-hot valley （Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China） were investigated using thermal dissipation probes. The diurnal dynamics of sap flow in three studied species displayed an obvious circadian rhythm during the wet and dry seasons, with the exception of A. indica during the dry season. The sap flow velocity （SFV） in A. kalkora and A. auriculaeformis was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, air temperature, vapour pressure deficit （VPD） and wind speed, but negatively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity over the two seasons. The cross-corre- lation analysis also revealed that the SFV of the three species was significantly correlated with PAR and VPD （P 〈 0.001）. Additionally, stem sap flow lagged behind PAR but ahead of VPD, and the diurnal sap flow was more dependent on PAR than on VPD. However, we found that the dominant climatic factor influencing the stem sap flow differed between daytime and nighttime. PAR was more influential than other meteorological factors during the daytime, while VPD or other factors were more influential overnight. When the nighttime refilling ability of the three tree species was compared, our results suggest that A. indica has higher drought resistance and better for afforestation of the studied region.

航空教学实践中的“鸡蛋热气球”探究

针对汉代典籍中的“鸡蛋热气球”原理,提出了鸡蛋膜热气球的猜想。结合航空专业本科生教学,组织展开了一系列“鸡蛋热气球”的理论分析与实验工作。结果发现,鸡蛋膜热气球在加热空气时无法升空,但在约3.3 m/s的上升热气流下,却是可以起飞的。本次教学实践活动结合航空科技史探究,激发了同学们的专业兴趣,也锻炼了他们的创新实践能力。

铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为与热加工图

目的研究铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为,并建立热加工图评估出合适的热变形参数。方法在变形温度900~1200℃和应变速率0.01~10 s^(−1)条件下开展热压缩实验,分别构建应变0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8下的热加工图,结合扫描电镜对变形后的微观组织进行分析。结果30CrMnSiNi2A钢在压缩过程中真应力的变化是加工硬化和动态软化协同作用的结果;在低应变速率时(0.01、0.1 s^(−1)),流动曲线在应力值达到峰值应力(σp)后都表现出流动软化现象,而在高应变速率下流动曲线则表现出连续的加工硬化现象。结论根据变形试样的微观组织和塑性流动是否稳定,可将热加工图分为3个区:流动失稳区、不完全动态再结晶区、完全动态再结晶区,在完全动态再结晶区内的晶粒细小均匀,所以将变形温度1100~1180℃、应变速率0.01~0.5 s^(−1)确定为适合于30CrMnSiNi2A钢的加工窗口。

低浓度甲烷热氧化流向变换反应器的动态行为及余热回收研究

废弃煤矿的低体积分数甲烷(1%-3%)通常被直接排放到大气中,但其较高的升温潜势带来了严重的环境问题。在流向变换反应器中直接热氧化甲烷是一种有吸引力的解决方案,但潜在的爆炸和不稳定燃烧等风险限制了其应用。阐明低含量甲烷在流向变换反应器中热氧化的动力学行为是开发工业级反应器的基础。为此,采用数值模拟的方法分析了低含量甲烷热氧化流向变换反应器的自热操作边界,深入研究了热空气导出量对流向变换反应器行为的影响。结果显示,甲烷体积分数超过0.2%即可实现自热操作;甲烷体积分数从0.5%提升至3.0%,最高床温仍维持在1200℃左右。当甲烷体积分数超过0.5%,可以回收部分热量;相同甲烷含量条件下,最高床温随着热气抽出量的增加而增加;随着甲烷体积分数从0.5%提升到3.0%,允许导出的热空气从12.5%几乎线性地增加到32%。进一步研究发现,以30-50 s的时间间隔反向流动可以确保甲烷的完全转化和床温稳定。上述结果表明,甲烷体积分数在1%-3%时,采用热氧化处理可以实现余热回收;此外,通过调整换向时间和热空气导出量可以实现床层温度控制。

超稠油油藏热化学驱油水渗流特征

针对超稠油油藏热化学驱开发过程中不同温度区域内的油水渗流特征不明的问题,利用微观可视化实验和一维物理模拟实验,定量研究了不同温度下热水和驱油剂对驱油效率的影响及相对渗透率的变化规律,分析了热水和驱油剂驱油的致效机理和交互作用。实验结果表明:温度为70℃时,高温驱油剂驱的油相相对渗透率增大,水相相对渗透率变化较小;温度为150℃时,热水和驱油剂的协同增效作用更显著,热水驱转高温驱油剂驱和直接高温驱油剂驱的油相、水相相对渗透率均明显增大;温度超过200℃后,驱油剂在高温限制下驱油作用减弱,热水对驱油效率的提升大幅增加。研究表明:不同温度下,热水驱和高温驱油剂驱均可提高驱油效率;随着温度升高,热水对提高驱油效率的作用不断增大,驱油剂对驱油效率的贡献先增大后减小;热化学驱通过热水、驱油剂在不同温度区域的接替驱油和协同作用,能够实现超稠油油藏效益开发。该研究可为热化学驱提高超稠油油藏采收率提供参考。