A Survey on Deep Learning-Based 2D Human Pose Estimation Models

In this article,a comprehensive survey of deep learning-based(DLbased)human pose estimation(HPE)that can help researchers in the domain of computer vision is presented.HPE is among the fastest-growing research domains of computer vision and is used in solving several problems for human endeavours.After the detailed introduction,three different human body modes followed by the main stages of HPE and two pipelines of twodimensional(2D)HPE are presented.The details of the four components of HPE are also presented.The keypoints output format of two popular 2D HPE datasets and the most cited DL-based HPE articles from the year of breakthrough are both shown in tabular form.This study intends to highlight the limitations of published reviews and surveys respecting presenting a systematic review of the current DL-based solution to the 2D HPE model.Furthermore,a detailed and meaningful survey that will guide new and existing researchers on DL-based 2D HPE models is achieved.Finally,some future research directions in the field of HPE,such as limited data on disabled persons and multi-training DL-based models,are revealed to encourage researchers and promote the growth of HPE research.

Gray Model of Human Body Shape

In order to determine the control dimensions of human body in pattern construction and provide the basis for size specification in clothing industry, a gray model is described and established in the application of predicting size specification. By comparing the features of gray model and regression model, it is proved that the former has many advantages over the latter, i.e. more practical and more effective in this application. So it is strongly suggested to apply the innovative gray model instead of the traditional regression model to facilitate the calculation procedure in pattern construction.

An Analysis Model of Sports Human Body Based on Computer Vision Tracking Technology

This paper proposes the analysis model of sports human body based on computer vision tracking technology. Visual target tracking is an important research field of the computer vision, motion trajectory and it can provide not only the goal, to provide the initial data movement analysis, scene understanding, behavior or the event detection in intelligent surveillance, human-computer interaction, robot visual navigation and motion recognition based on field has a broad application prospect. For this reason, it is possible to consider the use of a large number of unlabeled samples to assist the training classifier to improve its performance. This type of machine learning method using both labeled and that unlabeled samples is called the semi-supervised learning. This paper proposes the novel idea of the related research topics to propose the new perspective of the model that will be later give us the novel idea of making it efficient for further development of sport science.

Quantum theory-based physical model of the human body in TCM

In the study,a quantum resonant cavity model based on wave-particle duality was proposed for the explanation of the dynamic processes of essence,vigor,and spirit in the human body in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).It is assumed that there is a macro human order parameter(wave function),and its dynamics are governed by a macro potential field reflecting influences from heaven,earth,and society,and satisfy the generalized Schrodinger equation.This proposed model was applied in the study to interpret basic concepts of human body in TCM,with an aim to unfold the TCM development in the future.

Rapid 3D human body modeling based on Kinect technology

The 3D shape of the human body is useful for applications in fitness, games and apparel. Accurate body scanners, howev- er, are expensive, limiting the availability of 3D body models. In this paper, we focus on the human body 3D modeling using one Kinect sensor modeling method. To get the human body model fast, three steps in rapid modeling of the human body are carried out. Firstly, according to anthropometric parameters, the standard model is parameterized; Secondly, the Kinect depth image of the human body model is gotten through, then, by using the PCL library the point cloud data is processed and matched, and the human body model is optimized; Finally, the realistic human body model is obtained with the rapid integration of the standard model and PCL library.

Research on Dynamic Model of the Human Body

After summarizing the current situation of the research on human body modeling, a new dynamic model containing 5 equivalent masses has been proposed and the corresponding dynamic equations has been deduced too. By using this new model, more detailed information about the situation of the human body under impact and vibration can be obtained. The new model solves the problem that transmission functions of forces inside the human body can't be deduced by using 3-equivalent-mass model. It will find its usage in many applications.

Human Body Modeling and Posture Simulating Based on 3D Surface Scan Data

This paper presents a new approach for modeling the human body by considering the motion state and the shape of whole body. The body model consists of a skeleton kinematic model and a surface model. The former is used to determine the posture of the body,and the latter is used to generate the body shape according to the given posture. The body surface is reconstructed with multi-segment B-spline surfaces based on the 3D scan data from a real human body.Using only a few joints parameters and the original surface scan data, the various body postures and the shape can be generated easily. The model has a strong potential of being used for ergonomic design,garment design, virtual reality environment, as well as creating human animation, etc.

Kinematic simulation of human gait with a multi-rigid-body foot model

The paper builds a multi-rigid-body model of human with a 4-rigid-body foot in the 3D CAD software Solidworks, based on human anatomy. By controlling the rotation of the ankle and major joints of human body while walking, the Kinematic simulation was performed in the dynamics simulation software ADAMS. The paper analyzes the simulate results and points out deficiencies in the current work and the direction of research efforts in future.

Research on Modeling of Human Body in Three-Dimensional Computer Animation

Modeling of the human body is a basic problem in computer animation of the humanbody. This paper presents a method in which the combination of polyhedra is used to establish aninitial rough design of the human body and subdivision of polyhedra to approximate the curvesurface of the real human body. In addition, the dynamic characteristics are taken intoconsideration of the human body, thus providing a fine basis for the establishment of the bumanbody animation.

The two-way feedback and passing-way of human body

Two-way feedback of human body was published in 1992. The sensation of two-way feedback of body is a special system of human reaction, which maintains and regulates symmetry and balance of human body. The human two-way feedback reacts to human health. For human overall health and delay decrepitude, it is necessary to pay attention to the stimulations (passive acceptance and initiative interventions) and relevant influences in human body and the stimulative effect. In this paper, the experimental research of stimulation and an example of two-way feedback in human body are given. And lay a foundation of prevention, medical treatment and hygiene of human overall health.

HBM、CDM静电放电模型及其失效特征研究

本文介绍了人体模型、带电器件模型两种典型的静电放电模型,对人体模型、带电器件模型的区别、静电放电失效机理进行了说明。通过对芯片进行人体模型、带电器件模型静电放电极限测试,获取不同静电放电模型芯片失效电压及其失效特征。实验结果表明,芯片抵抗人体模型、带电器件模型静电放电的能力没有直接关系,并不是抵抗人体模型静电放电能力强,耐带电器件模型静电放电能力就高;人体模型、带电器件模型静电放电极限测试后芯片损伤位置、损伤形貌存在差异。

A NEW TWO-DIMENSIONAL "MAN-WCV" MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE HUMAN THERMOREGULATION

In the paper a new two-dimensional 'man-WCV'(water cooling vest) mathematical model is developed. This model is of practical use: it can predict transient temperature responses and body temperature distribution for a person in a nonuniform hot environment, doing various jobs and dressed in different clothes. In addition, the results calculated from the model can be used to optimize the distribution of the tube-net lined on the WCV and to evaluate an individual thermal conditioning system with cooling water. The results obtained from the model agree well with the author's experimental data.

Thermal Infrared Salient Human Detection Model Combined with Thermal Features in Airport Terminal

Target detection in low light background is one of the main tasks of night patrol robots for airport terminal.However,if some algorithms can run on a robot platform with limited computing resources,it is difficult for these algorithms to ensure the detection accuracy of human body in the airport terminal. A novel thermal infrared salient human detection model combined with thermal features called TFSHD is proposed. The TFSHD model is still based on U-Net,but the decoder module structure and model lightweight have been redesigned. In order to improve the detection accuracy of the algorithm in complex scenes,a fusion module composed of thermal branch and saliency branch is added to the decoder of the TFSHD model. Furthermore,a predictive loss function that is more sensitive to high temperature regions of the image is designed. Additionally,for the sake of reducing the computing resource requirements of the algorithm,a model lightweight scheme that includes simplifying the encoder network structure and controlling the number of decoder channels is adopted. The experimental results on four data sets show that the proposed method can not only ensure high detection accuracy and robustness of the algorithm,but also meet the needs of real-time detection of patrol robots with detection speed above 40 f/s.

基于交通事故案例的3岁儿童乘员损伤机制研究

目的通过再现真实交通事故案例探究3岁儿童乘员碰撞损伤机制。方法应用车辆有限元模型和图斯特3岁儿童乘员损伤仿生模型(TUST IBMs 3YO-O),再现CIREN数据库中的交通事故案例,通过综合分析Δv、车辆质量和变形能反求碰撞前车辆的速度,设置碰撞仿真试验再现案例所描述的儿童乘员损伤,分析损伤机制。结果TUST IBMs 3YO-O模型完整地再现出碰撞事故中儿童乘员的损伤。儿童乘员头部运动学响应与生物力学响应表现出差异性,儿童乘员胸腔内部组织器官生物力学响应表明其没有出现损伤,但是胸部3 ms合成加速度达到54 g,超出阈值。结论未来乘员安全评价需要引入生物力学参数。应用高生物逼真度的人体生物力学模型再现交通事故中乘员损伤,不仅更加清晰观察事故中乘员的运动学响应,深度分析碰撞损伤机制,还为数字化评估提供参考依据,也将为儿童乘员保护装置研发和安全法规制定提供参考。

面向汽车安全的中国体征50^(th)百分位男性乘员生物力学模型开发及验证

汽车安全领域的智能化和数字化发展都急需能代表真实人体特征的生物力学计算模型。本文以最新中国成年人人体尺寸标准为依据,开发具有自主知识产权的50^(th)百分位中国男性体征汽车乘员生物力学模型(TUST IBMs M50-O)。通过重构3组正面钝性冲击、5组侧面钝性冲击和3组整人滑车尸体及志愿者试验,模拟C-NCAP可变形移动壁障侧面碰撞试验,多角度、全方位验证所开发模型的有效性及应用价值。结果表明:11组重构试验数据均在相应的尸体及志愿者试验通道内,平均差异在10%左右,验证了模型的有效性。TUST IBMs M50-O与WorldSID 50^(th)假人模型在侧面碰撞中的运动趋势相同,但TUST IBMs M50-O模型上肢对胸部的挤压,使得胸椎T4和T12质心合成加速度峰值达到43.5g和47.3g,高于WorldSID 50th模型峰值38.5g和41.2g。同时,TUST IBMs M50-O模型也从应力应变角度评估人体组织层面的损伤风险。综上,TUST IBMs M50-O模型展现了类似真实人体的高生物逼真度,可用于组织层面的损伤机理研究,也可为智能汽车安全防护装置及智能高端装备领域产品研发、汽车虚拟测评提供可靠的计算工具和技术支撑。

基于虚拟仿真技术的服装智能制造应用研究

由于传统的服装制造不能很好地满足市场需求,因此对虚拟仿真技术在服装智能制造中的应用进行研究,实现服装企业转型升级,确保企业健康发展。服装虚拟设计包括仿真人体建模、虚拟服装建模、3D仿真优化和构建应用平台。采用非接触式测量获取人体三维数据,构建虚拟三维人体模型,同时将服装设计师的设计意图进行深层次挖掘,获得三维虚拟服装模型。通过纹理特征映射、碰撞检测、真实感增强和场景构建来优化服装设计过程,并将其应用于服装个性化设计与虚拟试穿中,对提升服装企业的智能制造水平和市场竞争力具有一定的参考价值。

基于2D人体图像特征学习的女西装合体性判别

为解决服装远程定制和网络购衣过程中服装合体性无法预先判断的问题,文章提出利用2D人体图像判断女西装合体性。首先采集了462名18~25周岁青年女性的2D图像及3D尺寸,建立人体数据集。并制作10件虚拟女西装,建立服装数据集。其次提取用于女西装合体性判别的服装特征、2D人体图像关键点距离特征和整体特征。基于感性工学原理,采用专家评价法获取女西装合体性评价标签。最后利用贝叶斯分类器建立女西装合体性判别模型。研究结果显示,将文章提出的特征应用于基于贝叶斯算法的女西装合体性判别模型判别准确率可达到84.8%,说明提出的服装合体性评价指标有效,可以用于基于2D图像的服装合体性预测。

移乘背抱护理机器人舒适性生物力学模型分析

为探索移乘背抱护理机器人人机交互力学特性与被护理人舒适性感受的潜在关联,研究显性的人机接触力相对于人体生物力学特性的映射关系,揭示影响被护理人舒适性的主要作用肌群,提出了舒适性测试试验与AnyBody背抱运动人体生物力学模型相结合的方法.从被护理人的肌肉激活程度入手,对移乘背抱护理机器人背抱运动舒适性特征进行了分析.首先,介绍了移乘背抱护理机器人典型结构工作原理并进行了运动学分析,在此基础上搭建了舒适性测试试验系统,基于主观舒适性评分规划了服务于试验的基础运动轨迹,并通过试验得到了人机主要接触部位力学信息.然后,以试验数据为边界条件构建了基于AnyBody的背抱运动人体生物力学模型,依托逆动力学仿真分析得到了肌肉激活程度,并对比舒适性测试肌肉激活程度验证了仿真模型的有效性.最后,结合人机主要接触部位受力、肌肉激活程度及主观舒适性评分综合分析了移乘背抱护理机器人背抱运动舒适性特征,明确了影响被护理人舒适性的主要作用肌群.结果表明:影响被护理人舒适性的主要作用肌群有7个,且被护理人胸部压力与腋下压力值大小分别与影响其躯干和上肢舒适性的肌肉激活程度呈正相关.可通过建立胸部压力与腋下压力值相关的加权函数有效描述不同被护理人整体舒适性特征,为移乘背抱护理机器人舒适性运动控制提供了理论依据.

智能可穿戴监测服装性能评价模型的研究进展

为促进可穿戴智能服装评价标准形成进而促进可穿戴智能服装产业化发展,系统介绍人体-织物数理模型及人体与织物间动态压力数值模拟的评价模型。基于弹性力学理论,探究静止状态下拉普拉斯数理模型的研究进展;介绍织物结构对接触压力的影响及织物结构的数值模拟,并进一步探究着装过程、运动状态下人体-织物间连续动态压力的数值模拟情况,以及数值模拟法与计算机技术结合的现状。最后讨论现阶段可穿戴智能服装评价模型的应用,并提出使用数值模拟法进行多物理场耦合、模拟加速度运动用于提高可穿戴智能服装可靠性评价标准的发展展望。

人体分布式动力学模型及其参数识别

建立人体动力学模型获取人体自振频率是土木工程、机械工程、交通工程、航空航天、康复医学等许多领域的共性科学问题,以往研究最常采用的弹簧-质量块-阻尼器集中质量模型,与实际人体质量、刚度沿身高的分布式特性并不相符。本研究提出含有生物自驱力的人体分布参数动力模型,理论上推导了自振频率的表达式,并据此提出了基于步态测试技术的频率识别算法。组织了247名测试者进行步态试验,识别了每位测试者的人体刚度和自振频率,进一步研究了识别参数的概率分布特征,并通过与以往研究结果对比、不同年龄段统计分析等,多角度验证了所提模型的合理性和适用性。