Nay or Nyay 3： Epistemic Utility of Shadow of Ignorance that Obscures Mental Images and Associated States

Survival of organisms requires response to sense inputs and feedback. An intuitive picture or mental image of reality from sense experience is apparently structured from orthogonal and independent sense inputs in association with past memories. Such images are not necessarily visual but may have such qualities. Play of mind with information in mental images processed by molecular actors is guided with rules of reality to assure non-contradictory outcome of actions for successful behaviors （Rogers and Jain 1993）. Such functions have evolved to find food before becoming food, and fight or flight when in doubt. Shadows of ignorance that obscure mental images and associated states also have epistemic utility. Their success depends on learning from trials and errors to compensate for incomplete information and uncertainties with consideration of what could go wrong. Outcomes are also influenced by games played on mind by illusions, mistakes, surprises, ignorance. Loss of time, energy, and opportunity associated with ignored or misinterpreted information threaten survival. Equivocation, cynicism, wild goose chase, and vicious circle of sterile ideas encourage contradictory or inconsistent interpretations that compromise outcomes. Throughout the human history, ignorance of horsemen of apocalypse has unleashed havocs, perpetuated wars, epidemics, wrongful medical treatments, and economic disasters. What used to be crisis of ignorance has now become crisis of unintended consequences of inventions and other forms of knowledge. Ignorance of experts and head of states as horsemen of darkness brings misery to countless innocents. In Nay formalism, knowledge （gyan） is what knows with certainty （either as true or false）. Identifying uncertainties introduces doubt （syad） in what one knows. For finding ones way around lack of relevant evidence （agyan）, wisdom lies in recognition of ignorance and identifies problem to seek solution. Note that these states for propositions are not necessarily related by binary negations.

Racism and Epistemologies of Ignorance:The Forgotten African Soldiers Who Fought Against Fascism in World War Two

Africans fought against fascism in World War Ⅱ.More than a million African soldiers were engaged in this war,some as volunteers while most of them were forcibly conscripted.They fought in Africa,the Middle East,Europe and the Far East.But there contribution remains unacknowledged by the British and French because of racism and epistemologies of ignorance.Indeed,the World War Two memories discourse largely remains Eurocentric and tends to diminish the role played by other parts of world,especially Africa,in the World's Anti-Fascist War.This reflects the enduring Western hegemony in framing the World War 2 memories and historical narrative.Indeed,African scholars should be more assertive and unapologetic in highlighting Africa's outstanding contributions to the World's Anti-Fascist War,human rights and world peace.The days of marginalizing Africa in world history and global affairs are over.African scholars need to send that message loud and clear to the rest of the world.Africans must tell their own story to the world,on their own terms,assertively and unapologetically.

The Analogy between the Immune System and Human Life

The immune system operates as a complex organization with distinct roles and functions. Excitingly we recognized the similarities between the cellular dynamics of the immune system and our lives, activities, and behaviors. Observing the immune system can guide how to respond to various daily situations, including when to react, tolerate, or ignore. Recognizing this analogy between our lives and the immune system should motivate us to adopt a wisdom-based approach when investigating the mechanisms and future discoveries related to this system and to deepen our understanding of this complex system with newfound respect. In this context, the present review examines several integral biological processes of the immune system by drawing parallels between them and human life, activities, and behaviors to learn how we must behave based on the insights offered by this complex organization. The literature search was conducted in international databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search engine using English equivalent keywords from 1998 up to April 2023. The search strategy used the following subject heading terms: Immune system, analogy, human life, cellular dynamics, memory, tolerance, and ignorance. In conclusion, the immune system is a complex organization comprising various cells interacting within specific sites and networks, communicating, drawing experiences, and learning how to tolerate certain conditions that make it share certain similarities with human life.

Public Ignorance And Social Unrest

Exactly 40 summers ago, the Cultural Revolution kicked off and swiftly went into full swing. That massive movement, the most catastrophic political upheaval in modern China, wound up

IMPROVED UVLM FOR FLAPPING-WING AERODYNAMICS COMPUTATION

To calculate the aerodynamics of flapping-wing micro air vehicle（MAV） with the high efficiency and the engineering-oriented accuracy,an improved unsteady vortex lattice method （UVLM） for MAV is proposed. The method considers the influence of instantaneous wing deforming in flapping,as well as the induced drag,additionally models the stretching and the dissipation of vortex rings,and can present the aerodynamics status on the wing surface. An implementation of the method is developed. Moreover,the results and the efficiency of the proposed method are verified by CFD methods. Considering the less time cost of UVLM,for application of UVLM in the MAV optimization,the influence of wake vortex ignoring time saving and precision is studied. Results show that saving in CPU time with wake vortex ignoring the appropriate distance is considerable while the precision is not significantly reduced. It indicates the potential value of UVLM in the optimization of MAV design.

Missed acute pulmonary embolism and sudden death: A case report

Rationale: Pulmonary embolism is a severe cardiovascular disease. Acute pulmonary embolism is an extremely common and potentially the serious pattern of venous thromboembolic disease. Unfortunately, missed diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is lethal and common because of its non-specific symptoms and signs. Patient concerns: A 42-year-old male patient presented with acute chest pain that was treated as gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diagnosis: Suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Interventions: O2inhalation, urgent electrocardiography, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Outcomes: Deterioration and sudden cardiac death. Lessons: Physicians should pay much attention to the symptoms and signs of pulmonary embolism to reduce the rate of missed diagnosis.

A Vaccine Is Coming but Prevention Is Still up to Us

Despite having a better understanding of the COVID-19 disease, we are facing significant challenges regarding behaviors that enforce the lack of adherence to public health recommendations including the use of face masks and vaccine acceptability. Lessons learned from the 1918 flu pandemic, highlight the importance of wearing a face mask in conjunction with adherence to other public health recommendations. There are two key factors that influence how our communities are translating scientific evidence, denialism and ignorance. Sadly, a real consequence of this pandemic among a significant number of patients with COVID-19 disease is denial. As health care providers we need to take part in addressing these issues and educate our communities especially during this time where we see a second and larger uptake of COVID-19 cases. Fighting denialism and ignorance represents a significant challenge to our society and could have a substantial positive impact on helping with vaccine acceptability and other public health recommendations.

Swann in Spain： Proust＇s Ghost in the Novels of Javier Marias

Since the publication of Coraz6n tan blanco （A Heart so White） （1992）, many critics have compared the Spanish novelist Javier Marias to Marcel Proust. Both favor long, meandering sentences, in which they insert voluminous asides. In thematic terms, their narratives are constantly involved with meditation over the extent to which we can understand the past, or the degree to which we can know either ourselves or others. Beyond their common preoccupation with time and memory, I will consider some remarkable similarities between Marias＇ and Proust＇s formative years and the role translation played in the development of their style. I will show the many ways in which Proust ＂haunts＂ Marias： in his metaphorical use of the translating practice, in his love of deferral, and in his brooding first-person narrators, racked by the anxiety of ignorance.

Brett:Women's Tragedy and Values in the 1920s

Traditionally,Brett from Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is criticized for her embodiment of various decaying indications.In appearance,that is the very conclusion a plain reader can draw from the text.But taking the specific historic and literal background into the inter-textual reading,a critic reader will surely discern a series of qualities in Brett to argue for her inner innocent self which was so damaged by the reality.The author implies his"iceberg"to the effect that most readers are liable to ignore or neglect.Close reading reveals the deep-rooted sympathy in the author’s inner heart.This sympathy is not only directed to Brett,but all those in tragedies in that historic era and this sympathy later functions to highlight women’s values in the author’s viewpoint.

Do's and Don'ts in Cross-Cultural Settings

There are more and more exchanges between countries as we go global.Cross-cultural knowledge is coming to play a vital role in effective communications between people of different nations.As a language facilitator,learning from my own experience offers me a deeper insight into another culture and custom,thus shedding light on proper and well-accepted communications.

at与“目视”

at与某些动词搭配时,往往表示各种不同方式和含义的“目视”。现分述如下: 1.wink at 1)(give a glance or sign to sb.)使眼色,眨眼示意 Father winked at Dick as a sign for him to keep still. 父亲向狄克霎眼示意,叫他不要动。 2)(deliberetely ignore,pretend not to see) 有意忽视,假装不见。 Can you wink at what they are doing? 你能够对他们的所作所为视而不见吗?

如何在外语教学中训练学生科学思维方法

外语教学的目的之一是发展学生的智力,培养学生的思维能力,但在目前的大学英语教学中仍采用传统的教学法:教师讲、学生听,教师问,学生答。有的甚至采取满堂灌的注入式教学法,忽视了激发学生的思维,导致学生思维僵化,缺乏独立吸收和运用知识的能力,教学质量不高。笔者就自己三年多外语教学工作,谈谈如何训练学生科学思维的几点体会。

I Hear with My Little Ear

‘Friends,Romans,countrymen,lendme your ears’,said Mark Anthony in JuliusCaesar when he wanted people to listen.When you are“‘all ears’,you are listeningattentively.If you‘don’t believe yourears’,you’re incredulous at what you hear.When the information embarrasses you,it“‘makes your ears burn’,Better,in thiscase,to ignore the comments and‘turn adeaf ear’,or pretend not to hear,by lettingthe news‘go in one ear and out the oth-er’.

A Boy and His Cat

I’m not sure how he got to my clinic.He didn’t look oldenough to drive,although his child’s body had begun tobroaden and he moved with the heavy grace of young man-hood.His face was direct and open.When I walked into the waiting room,he was

Improved method for studying the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses based on mean-field models

We have studied the propagation dynamics of ultrafast electron pulses by using an improved mean-field model, in which the propagation of the electron pulses across the boundary of the acceleration region is explicitly considered. A large decrease in the speed spread of the electron pulses（we called “boundary kick”） is observed and properly treated leading to a significant improvement in the simulation accuracy, particularly when the density of electrons is very large. We show that our method is consistent with the simulation by the N-particle method, while others can introduce factorial error.

Focus on the Family with Dr.James Dobson

QUESTION:Isretention2 in thesame grade everadvisable for a childwho is not a*latebloomer3.How aboutthe slow learner?DR.DOBSON:There are some stu—dents who can profitfrom a second year atthe same grade level,and many who

Investigation on Tabriz University Teachers’ Experiences of the Ignored Curriculumin General Courses

The ignored curriculum is one of important elements in the curriculum that the design of this concept has led to reduce a superficial look at measures to curriculum. Ignored curriculum not only in the design but also should be considered at the implementation level. The present study examined the experiences of teachers in general education from ignored curriculum in higher education and this study was done by qualitative research and its approach was interpretive phenomenology. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-six teachers of general education courses and the data obtained from these interviews were analyzed by using phenomenology of Smith. Three major themes from ignored curriculum, were found from the experience of teachers including 1) lack of attention to requirements which consists of three sub-categories: in attention to the needs of the learner, the needs and demands of everyday life and the needs of experts;2) lack of attention to content;3) run into problems involving the four sub-problems of teaching, evaluation time, space and assessment. The teachers during the training and implementing courses have gained a lot of experience from the ignored curriculum that had impact on their perception. Planners are familiar with academics experiences and identify ignored curriculum of general education courses and emphasized on how they understand the main goals of general education courses and made it meaningful and they had a main role in eliminating the flaws of this course, and enhance the effectiveness of them. In summary, the results obtained from the study were that general education courses, do not address the needs of learners. These requirements include of three sub-categories: inattention to the needs of the learner, routine needs and professionals. Also, courses have less attention to content. And there are problems such as difficulties in teaching this lesson, time, space and evaluation.

affect和effect

在高二英语课本中相继出现了 affect 和 effect。这两个词虽说都有“影响”之意,但词性不同,而且用法也各异。此外,由于它们发音相似而易于混淆。现辨异如下:一、affect 只用怍动词。使用时常有以下几个意义。1.表示“影响”,“对……有(产生)影响”。例如;Smoking affects health.吸烟影响健康。The war and the sufferinu that it caused affected him greatly.(SB Ⅱ p.105)这场战争及其所造成的苦难对他影响很大。

一词两反义和反义词同义现象

在平时阅读时,我们发现英语中有两种十分有趣的现象。一是同一个词表示相反或相对的词义,即一词两反义;一是意思相反或相对的两个词表示相同或相近的意义,即反义同词义。