Analysis on the Features of Abnormal Meteorological Elements before Chongqing Earthquakes

The situations of four major earthquakes occurred in Chongqing in modern times were analyzed in this paper.According to the study of the relationship between drought and earthquake and the study on five abnormal indices of meteorological elements,the pre-earthquake abnormal meteorological elements of these earthquakes occurred in Tongjing Town of Yubei,Chongqing in 1989,Xuxi of Rongchang in Chongqing in 1997,Rongchang County of Chongqing in 1999 respectively were systemically tested.Finally,the assumption of establishing an earthquake warning system of abnormal meteorological elements in the whole nation,especially in some high-risk earthquake areas was proposed.

Discussion on Relationship between Meteorological Elements and Animal Husbandry Production or Animal Disease Prevention and Control

Based on knowledge of meteorology, pastoral meteorology and medical meteorology, the paper discusses relationship between various meteorological elements and animal husbandry production or animal disease prevention and control.

MEDIUM-RANGE OSCILLATION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AT GREAT WALL STATION,ANTARCTICA

A method of multi-spectral analysis is used to study the spectral characteristics of surface and upper-level meteorological elements over the Great Wall Station (62°12'S, 58°57'W), Antarctica and their phasecorrelation, propagation of mean oscillation at 500hPa level in the Southern Hemisphere and their corresponding synoptic sense. the results are summed up as follows: 1. Over the sub-Antatctic zone, as in the Northern Hemisphere there generally exist quasi-weekly oscillation and quasi-biweekly oscillation. In different seasons the oscillations of meteorological elements are different: in winter season quasi-biweekly oscillation is dominant, while in summer season quasi-weekly oscillation is dominant. 2. From the Earth's surface to the lower stratosphere there is a distinct quasi-weekly oscillation at each isobaric surface, but the most intense oscillation appears at 200-300hPa, and the oscillations of height and temperature are propagated downward. 3. Both in winter and summer seasons the quasi-biweekly oscillation are propagated from west to east, and the mean velocity of its propagation is about 7-17 longtitude / day. 4. The quasi-biweekly oscillation and the quasi-weekly oscillation over the sub - Antarctic zone are closely related to the activity and intensity variation of polar vortex at 500hPa, while at 1000hPa they reflect an interaction between the circumpolar depression and the sub-tropical high. The quasi-biweekly oscillation may be a reflection of inherent oscillation of the polar vortex, where as the quasi-weekly oscillation is a result of forced oscillation by external disturbance.A large number of calculations and analysis made reveals the features of medium-range oscillation over the sub-Antarctic zone. The results are of significance for understanding the behaviour of synoptic dynamics and making the weather forecast.This work is supported by National Committee for Antarctic Research.

Meteorological elements in the design technology of intelligent and energy-efficient buildings

The climate of a building consists of two parts,the external climate and the internal climate.The external climate elements,as factors influencing the construction of the building,include terrain and adjacent installation,radiation and wind conditions,the organization of space,the construction of the building structure,the choice of the mechanical system and the coordination of energy sources.Based on the external climate factors and the intelligent and energy-efficient design concept,the overall effect of this design technology is the interior building’s climate comfort.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze these meteorological elements when discussing intelligent and energy-efficient building design technologies.

Analysis of Near-Surface Layer Meteorological Elements for a Summer Fog in Ninglang Airport

Based on hourly observation data from 2016 to 2019 and hourly automatic meteorological observation data from 2018 to 2019, we analyzed the annual, monthly and daily variation characteristics of fog days in Ninglang Airport, and diagnosed a case of summer fog. The results show that the average annual fog days in Ninglang Airport are 128 days and the annual characteristic of fog days is bimodal. Analyzed on fog cases in 2019, it was a summer fog process lasting more than 20 hours and visibility less than 500 m. The data from the automatic observational stations around Ninglang airport can describe the near-surface layer features of fog and illustrate the progress of fog. The meteorological elements of automatic observational stations changed suddenly 2 hours before fog, so the data of the automatic observational stations can be used to forscast fog.

Analysis of Essential Meteorological Elements Surrounding Typhoon Sinlaku by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

In this paper, a successful flight with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surrounded Typhoon Sinlaku on 15 Sept., 2008 and the preliminary analysis of all the collected data during the observation period has been presented. It is the first time to adopt surrounding method to observe typhoon in mainland of China. During the 3 h field campaign, the flight altitude is about 500 m to observe the essential meteorological elements in boundary layer of typhoon. The average temperature is 22.57&#176C and ranged from 21.50&#176C to 25.80&#176C, while about the relative humidity, the maximum is 100%, the minimum is 80.60% and the average is 97.98%. As for the wind, the average wind speed is 19.68 m/s and the maximum is 30.03 m/s. The typhoon center is a warm structure, the closer to the center, the higher the temperature is and the lower the wind speed is. In conclusion, the mini-UAV has the capability to observe the boundary layer of typhoon.

Daily Changes of Spatial Patterns of Meteorological Elements over Pearl River Delta Based on GIS and MM5

The spatial distribution of meteorological elements is important for understanding the regional meteorology and climate changes. However, previous studies rarely focused on the daily changes of the spatial patterns of meteorological elements due to the limitation of remote sensing （RS） techniques and traditional meteorological methods. In this paper, the regional meteorological elements were simulated by the fifth-generation non-hydrostatic Mesoscale Model （MM5）, and the spatial patterns of meteorological elements and their diurnal variations were analyzed in landscape level over the Pearl （Zhujiang） River Delta （PRD）, China. The results showed that there were several centers of urban heat islands, cold islands, dry islands, wet islands, high wind over the PRD at noon. The diurnal changes of Moran I of meteorological elements were obvious and they reached the extremum at noon and 2-3 hours after the sunrise. The landscape indices of meteorological elements, such as area-weighted mean Fractal Dimension Index （FRAC_AM）, Landscape Shape lndex （LSI）, Shannon＇s Diversity Index （SHDI） and Contagion lndex （CONTAG）, were more variable at about the sunrise, noon and sunset. The occurrence of wave crests and vales of landscape indices was affected by the surface net radiation, turbulence and local circumfluence. The spatial patterns of meteorological elements correlated well with the land surface, thermal exchanges and local circumfluence. A new approach combining GIS, RS and numerical simulations technologies and the landscape ecology method was presented to analyze spatial patterns of meteorological elements, which may be useful for studying global and regional climate changes.

Analysis of Meteorological Elements and Distribution Characters of Surface Solar Radiation in Guangxi

[Objective] The aim was to study the relation between solar radiation distribution and meteorological elements in Guangxi. [Method] Based on the observed data of solar radiation in Guangxi from 1995 to 2009, the total radiation, solar distribution and interannual changes in Guangxi were analyzed. By dint of observed data in Nanning station, the annual, seasonal and monthly changes of net radiation in Nanning and the linear relation between total radiation, solar distribution characteristics and interannual changes were discussed. [Result] The global radiation of surface solar radiation in the low latitude was higher tan the high latitude, as Beihai>Nanning>Guilin. The solar radiation changes and the seasonal changes in different places varied, as summer>autumn>spring>winter. The total radiation and solar radiation hours were consistent. The total solar radiation and the low cloud was in negative relation, but was in positive relation with sunny weather. The total solar radiation was in positive relation with ground temperature, except in winter. [Conclusion] The study provided effective theoretical basis and data reference to the study of climate and development of solar energy.

Effects of meteorological elements on admission rates of cerebral infarction patients with hypertensive nephropathy from nine hospitals in Changchun city, Jilin Province

Background It is well recognized that meteorological factors have important influences on the onset and development of many kinds of diseases. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the meteorological elements on admission rates of cerebral infarction patients with hypertensive nephropathy at Changchun city, Jilin Province, northeast China. Methods A total of 763 medical records of inpatients from nine hospitals at Changchun city, during a period from April 6 to April 17 in 2010, were reviewed. These patients were admitted to hospitals due to the occurrence of cerebral infarction. The hypertensive nephropathy was evidenced with certain diagnosis of essential hypertension and hypertension-related kidney injuries. The cerebral infarction was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization （Stroke） standard. All the meteorological data were from practical monitoring records in Jilin Province Meteorological Observatory. The relationships between the epidemiological prevalence of cerebral infarction and meteorological variables were analyzed using the time series models of statistics. Results Compared with admission rates before the violent change in meteorological status （April 6 to April 17, 2010）, the number of admission patients suffering from cerebral infarction remarkably peaked on April 12. Such an increase was highly correlated with heavy precipitation, elevation of daily average relative humidity, and reduction of average daily air temperature. With the betterment of the meteorological conditions on April 17, the admission rates of cerebral infarction patients dropped to the same level as the dates before snowing （April 6 to April 11）. Conclusions The meteorological changes are highly associated with the occurrence of cerebral infarction in patients with hypertensive renal injury in northeast China. This study also suggested that an intensive medical interference for those patients with hypertension-induced organ injuries is very necessary in preventing the occurrence of cerebral infarction with hypertensive nephropathy when there is a violent change in meteorological condition

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Changes in Winter Wheat Cold Damage with Meteorological Elements in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2011 to 2020

The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain is one of the typical agri-ecosystems in China,which suffers from cold damage frequently resulting in substantial economic losses.In order to monitor the changes in the occurrence of cold damage in an effective and large-scale manner,and to determine their meteorological causes,this paper collected low temperature data from the agricultural meteorological stations and remote sensing data of MODIS from 2005 to 2015,and constructed a monitoring model of cold damage to winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain based on the Logistic regression model.This model was used to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of cold damage of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from 2011 to 2020,and correlation analysis was performed with the spatio-temporal changes of meteorological factors to ascertain how they affect cold damage.The results show that the harm from cold damage in winter wheat has been gradually decreasing from 2011 to 2020,and the cold damage areas with high probability and high frequency are moving from north to south.The meteorological elements with the greatest impacts on the degree of cold damage from stronger to weaker are heat,precipitation and sunshine duration,whose influence has spatial variability.

Analysis of Acid Rain Characteristics and Related Meteorological Conditions in Dalian

The variation characteristics of acid rain and the relationship between the formation of acid rain and meteorological conditions were analyzed based on the observation data and meteorological records collected from acid rain observation station in Dalian over 2006-2009.The results showed that Dalian was one of the regions with strong acid rain in northern China,with the frequency of 66% and pH value of 3.49.The acidity was the strongest in fall and weakest in spring;and the maximum and minimum frequencies were in summer and in winter respectively.Frequency of acid rain was inversely proportional to wind speed and concentration of inhalable particles in Dalian;acid rain occurred easily in foggy weather due to the steady stratification and abundant moisture;continuous precipitation did not mean the reduction of acidic material in the air,and the rainfall with increased acidity in the second day accounted for 42% in continuous precipitation cases.

Analysis on A Heavy Rain to Rainstorm Weather Process in Liaoning Province

By using the synoptic chart,the physical quantity field,the satellite cloud image and the meteorological elements in the single station,a typical heavy rain to rainstorm weather process which occurred in Liaoning during August 18-20 in 2009 was comprehensively analyzed.The results showed that this process was a weather process which was affected by the upper trough and the subtropical high.Baikal Lake split cold air and Hetao cold air shifted eastward and formed the vortex.The subtropical high extended westward,lifted northward,and the warm wet airflow in the edge cut in.The low-altitude jet stream accelerated the transportation of water vapor,and several active meso-scale convective cloud clusters which appeared in 588 line periphery in the right side of high-altitude jet stream outlet gradually merged with the westerlies system.It caused that the strong mixed precipitation process occurred.

MICROSTRUCTURES AND TEMPORAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS DURING A SEA FOG EVENT ALONG THE WEST COAST OF THE TAIWAN STRAIT

Synoptic systems and microphysical properties associated with a sea fog event are analyzed based on the measurements of visibility, meteorological elements and fog droplet spectrum from a comprehensive field campaign in Xiamen, Fujian province during spring 2013. The influences of meteorological elements on the microstructures of the sea fog are also discussed. The results showed that the wind speed and direction changed suddenly during the intermittent and disperse phases of the sea fog. Liquid water content, number concentration and average diameter varied obviously in the development, mature and disperse phases of the sea fog. The burst re-enforcement of sea fog was accompanied by explosive broadening of fog droplet spectrum; average diameter, number concentration and liquid water content increased sharply; and background meteorological conditions also changed significantly. The microstructures fluctuated intensely due to changes in turbulence, radiation and meteorological conditions at different stages, including nucleation, condensation, coagulation, and evaporation, as well as the discontinuity of spatial distribution of droplets.

Weather Typing and Dissipation Forecast of Fog in Haizhou Bay

[ Objective] The research aimed to study weather typing and dissipation forecast of the fog in Haizhou Bay. [ Method] Based on the me- teorological observation data of three representative stations in Lianyungang, we analyzed weather situation before fog occurrence as well as the meteorological elements of coastal fog in Haizhou Bay, and established dissipation rating forecast equation of the fog. [ Result] From the surface weather chart, the fog in Haizhou Bay was divided into four types： low-pressure inverted trough type, prefrontal warm-zone type, high-pressure rear type and high-pressure bottom type. FOg formation was closely related to stratification stability, temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and wind velocity. By using multiple linear regression method, dissipation rating prediction equation of the fog was established. Via test, prediction was correct basically, and it reached 77% that forecast rating error was below level 0.5.[Conclusion] The research could provide favorable reference for forecast and warninq of the fo_q in Haizhou Bay.

The Influences of Macro- and Microphysical Characteristics of Sea-Fog on Fog-Water Chemical Composition

ABSTRACT During a sea-fog field observation campaign on Donghai Island in the spring of 2011, fog-water, visibility, meteorological elements, and fog droplet spectra were measured. The main cations and anions in 191 fog-water samples were Na＋, NH2, H＋, NO3, C1- and SO] , and the average concentrations of cations and anions were 2630 and 2970 p-eq L 1, respectively. The concentrations of Na＋ and C1- originated from the ocean were high. The enhancement of anthropogenic pollution might have contributed to the high concentration of NH＋, H＋, and NO^-3. The average values ofpH and electrical conductivity （EC） were 3.34 and 505 uS cm-1, respectively, with a negative correlation between them. Cold fronts associated with cyclonic circulations promoted the decline of ion loadings. Air masses from coastal areas had the highest ion loadings, contrary to those from the sea. The ranges of wind speed, wind direction and temperature corresponding to the maximum total ion concentration （TIC） were 3.5-4 m s-1, 79°-90° and 21°C-22°C, respectively. In view of the low correlation coefficients, a new parameter Lr was proposed as a predictive parameter for TIC and the correlation coefficient increased to 0.74. Based on aerosol concentrations during the sea-fog cases in 2010, we confirmed that fog-water chemical composition also depended on the species and sizes of aerosol particles. When a dust storm passed through Donghai Island, the number concentration of large aerosol particles （with diameter 〉 1 p-m） increased. This caused the ratio of CaZ＋/Na＋ in fog-water to increase significantly.

Characteristics of Micrometeorology in the Surface Layer in the Tibetan Plateau

The data of the meteorological elements in the surface layer have been analyzed which were obtained during the IOP of TIPEX from May to July 1998 inGěrzě, Damxung and Qamdo. The characteristics of the diurnal variations and the vertical profiles of the wind velocity, temperature and humidity in the surface layer have been investigated. Some interesting results have been obtained. The moisture inversion phenomena occured during the daytime in the surface layer have also been discussed.

Contrast and Analysis of Many Times Heavy Fog Processes in Zhangjiajie in December,2009

By using the observation data,routine data and NCEP reanalysis data in the automatic station,5 times heavy fog weather processes in Zhangjiajie City in December,2009 were contrasted and analyzed.The results showed that 3 conditions were the essential conditions of heavy fog occurrence in Zhangjiajie area.3 conditions were that the wind speed was during 0.1-3.0 m/s,the relative humidity ≥90% and the depression of dew point ΔT ≤1.5 ℃.The fog concentration had no positive correlation relationship with the above conditions.The accumulation of humidity condition in the previous period was also the main reason which affected the generation of heavy fog.The physical quantity field which related to the stability and the relative humidity field which related to the water vapor condition had the certain directive significance for forecasting the heavy fog weather.The fog concentration presented the positive correlation relationship with the inversion intensity.

STUDY ON CANONICAL AUTOREGRESSION PREDICTION OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENT FIELDS

Through extension of canonical correlation to the analysis of meteorological element fields (MEF), a concept from combination of canonical autocorrelation with canonical autoregression (CAR) is developed for short-term climatic prediction of MEFs with a formulated scheme. Experi- mental results suggest that the scheme is of encouraging usefulness to a weak persistence MEF, i.e., rainfall field and, in particular, to a strong persistance one like a SST field.

Annual variations of black carbon over the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2018

In this study,the black carbon (BC) measurements in the atmosphere of Nanjing,China were continuously conducted from 2015 to 2018 using a Model AE-33 aethalometer.By combining dataset of PM_(2.5),PM_(10),CO,NO_2,SO_2,O_3 and meteorological parameters,the temporal variations and the source apportionment of BC were given in this study.The results showed that the PM_(2.5) mass concentrations decreased in Nanjing,with an average annual rate of variation of 6.50μg/(m^3·year).Differently,the annual average concentrations of BC increased with an average annual variation rate of 214.71 ng/(m^3·year).The seasonal variations showed the pattern of BC mass concentrations in winter>autumn>spring>summer.The diurnal variations of BC mass concentrations showed a double-peak in all four seasons.The first peak occurred at approximately 7:00 in spring,summer and autumn and around 8:00 in winter.The second peak took place after 18:00.The average AAE (absorption ?ngstr?m exponent) was 1.26 with a maximum of 1.35 during wintertime and the lowest(1.12) during summertime.In addition,the AAE was smaller in the daytime than that at night,with a minimum occurring between 13:00 and 14:00.BC and visibility show a good power-function relationship at different humidity levels.The average values of the visibility thresholds of the BC mass concentrations in spring,summer,autumn and winter were 1.326,5.522,1.340 and 0.708μg/m^3,respectively.The greater the relative humidity,the smaller the visibility threshold for the BC mass concentrations was.