Belief exponential divergence for D-S evidence theory and its application in multi-source information fusion

Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is broadly employed in the research of multi-source information fusion.Nevertheless,when fusing highly conflicting evidence it may pro-duce counterintuitive outcomes.To address this issue,a fusion approach based on a newly defined belief exponential diver-gence and Deng entropy is proposed.First,a belief exponential divergence is proposed as the conflict measurement between evidences.Then,the credibility of each evidence is calculated.Afterwards,the Deng entropy is used to calculate information volume to determine the uncertainty of evidence.Then,the weight of evidence is calculated by integrating the credibility and uncertainty of each evidence.Ultimately,initial evidences are amended and fused using Dempster’s rule of combination.The effectiveness of this approach in addressing the fusion of three typical conflict paradoxes is demonstrated by arithmetic exam-ples.Additionally,the proposed approach is applied to aerial tar-get recognition and iris dataset-based classification to validate its efficacy.Results indicate that the proposed approach can enhance the accuracy of target recognition and effectively address the issue of fusing conflicting evidences.

Modified Atomic Orbital Calculations of Energy of the(2s^(2)^(1)S)Ground-State,the(2p^(2)^(1)D);(3d^(2)^(1)G)and(4f^(2)^(1)I)Doubly Excited States of Helium Isoelectronic Sequence from H-to Ca^(18+)

We report in this paper the ground-state energy 2s^(2)^(1)S and total energies of doubly excited states 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I of the Helium isoelectronic sequence from H-to Ca^(18+).Calculations are performed using the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory(MAOT)in the framework of a variational procedure.The purpose of this study required a mathematical development of the Hamiltonian applied to Slater-type wave function[1]combining with Hylleraas-type wave function[2].The study leads to analytical expressions which are carried out under special MAXIMA computational program.This first proposed MAOT variational procedure,leads to accurate results in good agreement as well as with available other theoretical results than experimental data.In the present work,a new correlated wave function is presented to express analytically the total energies for the 2s21S ground state and each doubly 2p^(2)^(1)D,3d^(2)^(1)D,4f^(2)^(1)I excited states in the He-like systems.The present accurate data may be a useful guideline for future experimental and theoretical studies in the(nI^(2))systems.

Application of seismic multi-attribute fusion method based on D-S evidence theory in prediction of CBM-enriched area

D-S evidence theory provides a good approach to fuse uncertain inlbrmation. In this article, we introduce seismic multi-attribute fusion based on D-S evidence theory to predict the coalbed methane （CBM） concentrated areas. First, we choose seismic attributes that are most sensitive to CBM content changes with the guidance of CBM content measured at well sites. Then the selected seismic attributes are fused using D-S evidence theory and the fusion results are used to predict CBM-enriched area. The application shows that the predicted CBM content and the measured values are basically consistent. The results indicate that using D-S evidence theory in seismic multi-attribute fusion to predict CBM-enriched areas is feasible.

Size dependent free vibration analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric micro/nano shell based on modified couple stress theory with considering thickness stretching effect

Higher-order shear and normal deformation theory is used in this paper to account thickness stretching effect for free vibration analysis of the cylindrical micro/nano shell subjected to an applied voltage and uniform temperature rising.Size dependency is included in governing equations based on the modified couple stress theory.Hamilton’s principle is used to derive governing equations of the cylindrical micro/nano shell.Solution procedure is developed using Navier technique for simply-supported boundary conditions.The numerical results are presented to investigate the effect of significant parameters such as some dimensionless geometric parameters,material properties,applied voltages and temperature rising on the free vibration responses.

Size-dependent effect on biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of nonlocal isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on surface stress and modified couple stress theories using differential quadrature method

The size-dependent effect on the biaxial and shear nonlinear buckling analysis of an isotropic and orthotropic micro-plate based on the surface stress, the modified couple stress theory （MCST）, and the nonlocal elasticity theories using the differential quadrature method （DQM） is presented. Main advantages of the MCST over the classical theory （CT） are the inclusion of the asymmetric couple stress tensor and the consideration of only one material length scale parameter. Based on the nonlinear von Karman assumption, the governing equations of equilibrium for the micro-classical plate consid- ering midplane displacements are derived based on the minimum principle of potential energy. Using the DQM, the biaxial and shear critical buckling loads of the micro-plate for various boundary conditions are obtained. Accuracy of the obtained results is validated by comparing the solutions with those reported in the literature. A parametric study is conducted to show the effects of the aspect ratio, the side-to-thickness ratio, Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, Young＇s modulus of the surface layer, the surface residual stress, the polymer matrix coefficients, and various boundary conditions on the dimensionless uniaxial, biaxial, and shear critical buckling loads. The results indicate that the critical buckling loads are strongly sensitive to Eringen＇s nonlocal parameter, the material length scale parameter, and the surface residual stress effects, while the effect of Young＇s modulus of the surface layer on the critical buckling load is negligible. Also, considering the size dependent effect causes the increase in the stiffness of the orthotropic micro-plate. The results show that the critical biaxial buckling load increases with an increase in G12/E2 and vice versa for E1/E2. It is shown that the nonlinear biaxial buckling ratio decreases as the aspect ratio increases and vice versa for the buckling amplitude. Because of the most lightweight micro-composite materials with high strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios, it is anticipated that the results of the present work are useful in experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of micro-composite plates in the aircraft industry and other engineering applications.

Risk assessment of water security in Haihe River Basin during drought periods based on D-S evidence theory

The weights of the drought risk index （DRI）, which linearly combines the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability, are difficult to obtain due to complexities in water security during drought periods. Therefore, drought entropy was used to determine the weights of the three critical indices. Conventional simulation results regarding the risk load of water security during drought periods were often regarded as precise. However, neither the simulation process nor the DRI gives any consideration to uncertainties in drought events. Therefore, the Dempster-Shafer （D-S） evidence theory and the evidential reasoning algorithm were introduced, and the DRI values were calculated with consideration of uncertainties of the three indices. The drought entropy and evidential reasoning algorithm were used in a case study of the Haihe River Basin to assess water security risks during drought periods. The results of the new DRI values in two scenarios were compared and analyzed. It is shown that the values of the DRI in the D-S evidence algorithm increase slightly from the original results of Zhang et al. （2005）, and the results of risk assessment of water security during drought periods are reasonable according to the situation in the study area. This study can serve as a reference for further practical application and planning in the Haihe River Basin, and other relevant or similar studies.

Size-dependent thermoelastic initially stressed micro-beam due to a varying temperature in the light of the modified couple stress theory

The bending of the Euler-Bernoulli micro-beam has been extensively modeled based on the modified couple stress(MCS)theory.Although many models have been incorporated into the literature,there is still room for introducing an improved model in this context.In this work,we investigate the thermoelastic vibration of a micro-beam exposed to a varying temperature due to the application of the initial stress employing the MCS theory and generalized thermoelasticity.The MCS theory is used to investigate the material length scale effects.Using the Laplace transform,the temperature,deflection,displacement,flexure moment,and stress field variables of the micro-beam are derived.The effects of the temperature pulse and couple stress on the field distributions of the micro-beam are obtained numerically and graphically introduced.The numerical results indicate that the temperature pulse and couple stress have a significant effect on all field variables.

A Size-Dependent Functionally Graded Higher Order Plate Analysis Based on Modified Couple Stress Theory and Moving Kriging Meshfree Method

A size-dependent computational approach for bending,free vibration and buckling analyses of isotropic and sandwich functionally graded(FG)microplates is in this study presented.We consider both shear deformation and small scale effects through the generalized higher order shear deformation theory and modified couple stress theory(MCST).The present model only retains a single material length scale parameter for capturing properly size effects.A rule of mixture is used to model material properties varying through the thickness of plates.The principle of virtual work is used to derive the discrete system equations which are approximated by moving Kriging interpolation(MKI)meshfree method.Numerical examples consider the inclusions of geometrical parameters,volume fraction,boundary conditions and material length scale parameter.Reliability and effectiveness of the present method are confirmed through numerical results.

Sensitivity analysis of pull-in voltage for RF MEMS switch based on modified couple stress theory

An approximate analytical model for calculating the pull-in voltage of a stepped cantilever-type radio frequency （RF） micro electro-mechanical system （MEMS） switch is developed based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam and a modified couple stress theory, and is validated by comparison with the finite element results. The sensitivity functions of the pull-in voltage to the designed parameters are derived based on the proposed model. The sensitivity investigation shows that the pull-in voltage sensitivities increase/decrease nonlinearly with the increases in the designed parameters. For the stepped cantilever beam, there exists a nonzero optimal dimensionless length ratio, where the pull-in voltage is insensitive. The optimal value of the dimensionless length ratio only depends on the dimensionless width ratio, and can be obtained by solving a nonlinear equation. The determination of the designed parameters is discussed, and some recommendations are made for the RF MEMS switch optimization.

Large Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis and Prognostic Based on DBNC and D-S Evidence Theory

Power transformer is a core equipment of power system, which undertakes the important functions of power transmission and transformation, and its safe and stable operation has great significance to the normal operation of the whole power system. Due to the complex structure of the transformer, the use of single information for condition-based maintenance (CBM) has certain limitations, with the help of advanced sensor monitoring and information fusion technology, multi-source information is applied to the prognostic and health management (PHM) of power transformer, which is an important way to realize the CBM of power transformer. This paper presents a method which combine deep belief network classifier (DBNC) and D-S evidence theory, and it is applied to the PHM of the large power transformer. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a high correct rate of fault diagnosis for the power transformer with a large number of multi-source data.

Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products Supply-Chain Finance Based on D-S Theory

Agricultural products supply-chain finance, as one of the solutions to the issue of “capital problems” of agriculture, countryside and farmers, has proposed a kind of characteristics model to assess the risk of agricultural production, processing and marketing, which can improve the issue of farmers and enterprises lacking of funds. This model is proposed on the basis of uncertain information processing method of D-S theory and its data combination rules, combined with the “discount rate” correction model, and it includes a risk assessment index system of agricultural products supply-chain finance, fully considering the five aspects of production, processing, marketing, cooperation of supply chain and collateral. At last, a taro supply chain is taken for example. And the risk assessment of its supply-chain finance based on this model has been discussed in detail. And the result has proved that the model and its algorithm are practical and feasible.

EARLY WARNING MODEL OF NETWORK INTRUSION BASED ON D-S EVIDENCE THEORY

Application of data fusion technique in intrusion detection is the trend of next- generation Intrusion Detection System (IDS). In network security, adopting security early warn- ing technique is feasible to effectively defend against attacks and attackers. To do this, correlative information provided by IDS must be gathered and the current intrusion characteristics and sit- uation must be analyzed and estimated. This paper applies D-S evidence theory to distributed intrusion detection system for fusing information from detection centers, making clear intrusion situation, and improving the early warning capability and detection efficiency of the IDS accord- ingly.

Ubiquitous Computing Identity Authentication Mechanism Based on D-S Evidence Theory and Extended SPKI/SDSI

Ubiquitous computing systems typically have lots of security problems in the area of identity authentication by means of classical PKI methods. The limited computing resources, the disconnection network, the classification requirements of identity authentication, the requirement of trust transfer and cross identity authentication, the bi-directional identity authentication, the security delegation and the simple privacy protection etc are all these unsolved problems. In this paper, a new novel ubiquitous computing identity authentication mechanism, named UCIAMdess, is presented. It is based on D-S Evidence Theory and extended SPKI/SDSI. D-S Evidence Theory is used in UCIAMdess to compute the trust value from the ubiquitous computing environment to the principal or between the different ubiquitous computing environments. SPKI-based authorization is expanded by adding the trust certificate in UCIAMdess to solve above problems in the ubiquitous computing environments. The identity authentication mechanism and the algorithm of certificate reduction are given in the paper to solve the multi-levels trust-correlative identity authentication problems. The performance analyses show that UCIAMdess is a suitable security mechanism in solving the complex ubiquitous computing problems.

Variational Calculation of the Doubly-Excited States Nsnp of He-Like Ions via the Modified Atomic Orbitals Theory

In this paper, we have declined the formalism of the method of the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory (MAOT) applied to the calculations of energies of doubly excited states 2snp, 3snp, and 4snp Helium-like systems. Then we also applied the variational procedure of the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory to the computations of total energies, excitation energies of doubly-excited states 2snp, 3snp, 4snp types of Helium-like systems. The results obtained in this work are in good agreement with the experimental and theoretical values available.

Fault diagnosis method of hydraulic system based on fusion of neural network and D-S evidence theory

According to fault type diversity and fault information uncertainty problem of the hydraulic driven rocket launcher servo system（HDRLSS） , the fault diagnosis method based on the evidence theory and neural network ensemble is proposed. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the single neural network, two improved neural network models are set up at the com-mon nodes to simplify the network structure. The initial fault diagnosis is based on the iron spectrum data and the pressure, flow and temperature（PFT） characteristic parameters as the input vectors of the two improved neural network models, and the diagnosis result is taken as the basic probability distribution of the evidence theory. Then the objectivity of assignment is real-ized. The initial diagnosis results of two improved neural networks are fused by D-S evidence theory. The experimental results show that this method can avoid the misdiagnosis of neural network recognition and improve the accuracy of the fault diagnosis of HDRLSS.

Fault Isolation of Light Rail Vehicle Suspension System Based on D-S Evidence Theory and Improvement Application Case

This paper presents an innovative approach for the fault isolation of Light Rail Vehicle (LRV) suspension system based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and its improvement application case. The considered LRV has three rolling stocks and each one equips three sensors for monitoring the suspension system. A Kalman filter is applied to generate the residuals for fault diagnosis. For the purpose of fault isolation, a fault feature database is built in advance. The Eros and the norm distance between the fault feature of the new occurred fault and the one in the feature database are applied to measure the similarity of the feature which is the basis for the basic belief assignment to the fault, respectively. After the basic belief assignments are obtained, they are fused by using the D-S evidence theory. The fusion of the basic belief assignments increases the isolation accuracy significantly. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by two case studies.

Photoionization Study of the 2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)ns(^(2)D),2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)nd(^(2)P),2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)nd(^(2)S),2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)S)nd^(2)D,and 2s^(2)2p^(3)(^(3)P)np(^(2)D)Rydberg Series of O+Ions via the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory

We report in this paper energy positions of the 2P˚_2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)nd 2P,2P˚_2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)nd 2S,2P˚_2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)D)ns^(2)D,2P˚_2s^(2)2p^(2)(^(1)S)nd ^(2)D,and 2P˚_2s^(2)2p^(3)(^(3)P)np ^(2)D Rydberg series in the photoionization spectra originating from 2P˚metastable state of O+ions.Calculations are performed up to n=30 using the Modified Orbital Atomic Theory(MAOT).The present results are compared to the experimental data of Aguilar which are the only available values.The accurate data presented in this work may be a useful guideline for future experimental and other theoretical studies.

Bending and Buckling of Circular Sinusoidal Shear Deformation Microplates with Modified Couple Stress Theory

The modified couple stress theory(MCST)is applied to analyze axisymmetric bending and buckling behaviors of circular microplates with sinusoidal shear deformation theory.The differential governing equations and boundary conditions are derived through the principle of minimum total potential energy,and expressed in nominal form with the introduced nominal variables.With the application of generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM),both the differential governing equations and boundary conditions are expressed in discrete form,and a set of linear equations are obtained.The bending deflection can be obtained through solving the linear equations,while buckling loads can be determined through solving general eigenvalue problems.The influence of material length scale parameter and plate geometrical dimensions on the bending deflection and buckling loads of circular microplates is investigated numerically for different boundary conditions.

Photoionization Study of Cl II, Ar II and Kr II Ions Using the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory

Resonance energies of the Cl II-[3s23p3(2D5/2)]nd and [3s23p3(2P3/2)]nd, Ar II-3s23p4(1D2)ns, nd and of the Kr II [4s24p4(1D2)]ns, nd and 4s24p4(3P2,3P1)]ns, 4s24p4(3D2)]ns, nd and 4s24p4(3D2, 1S0)]ns, nd Rydberg series are reported. Natural widths of the Ar II-[3s23p4(1D2)]ns, nd series are also reported. Calculations are done in the framework of the Modified Atomic Orbital Theory (MAOT). Excellent agreements are obtained with available theoretical and experimental data. High lying accurate resonance energies up to n = 40 are tabulated. The possibility to use the MAOT formalism report rapidly with an excellent accuracy the position of the excitation resonances as well as their width within simple analytical formulae is demonstrated.

Modified Atomic Orbital Theory of the O+ Ion Originating from 2D0 and 4S0 Metastable States

We report in this paper energy positions of the 2D0_2s22p2(1D)nd(2F);2D0_2s22p2(1D)nd(2D);2D0_2s22p2(1D)nd(2P);2D0_2s22p2(1D)ns(2D);2D0_2s22p3(3D)np(2P);2D0_2s22p3(3D0)np(2F), and 4S0_2s22p3(5S0)np(4P) Rydberg series in the photoionization spectra originating from 2D0 and 4S0 metastable states of O+ ion. Calculations are performed up to n = 20 using the Modified Orbital Atomic Theory (MAOT) [1]. The present results are compared to the experimental data of Aguilar et al. [2] which are the only available values. The accurate data presented in this work may be a useful guideline for future experimental and other theoretical studies.