Remaining Life Prediction Method for Photovoltaic Modules Based on Two-Stage Wiener Process

Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the performanceof PV modules gradually declines due to internal degradation and external environmental factors.This cumulativedegradation impacts the overall reliability of photovoltaic power generation. This study addresses the complexdegradation process of PV modules by developing a two-stage Wiener process model. This approach accountsfor the distinct phases of degradation resulting from module aging and environmental influences. A powerdegradation model based on the two-stage Wiener process is constructed to describe individual differences inmodule degradation processes. To estimate the model parameters, a combination of the Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm and the Bayesian method is employed. Furthermore, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) isutilized to identify critical change points in PV module degradation trajectories. To validate the universality andeffectiveness of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is conducted against other established life predictiontechniques for PV modules.

ON ALMOST PRIME SUBMODULES

In this article, we define almost prime submodules as a new generalization of prime and weakly prime submodules of unitary modules over a commutative ring with identity. We study some basic properties of almost prime submodules and give some characterizations of them, especially for （finitely generated faithful） multiplication modules.

INTERSECTION OF PRIME SUBMODULES AND DIMENSION OF MODULES

The aim of this paper is to study the conditions by which a P-prime sub-module can be expressed as a finite intersection or union of P-prime submodules. Also corresponding to dimension and rank of modules, some equivalent conditions for a ring to be a Dedekind domain are given.

A review on the cooling of energy conversion and storage systems using thermoelectric modules

Exploitation of sustainable energy sources requires the use of unique conversion and storage systems,such as solar panels,batteries,fuel cells,and electronic equipment.Thermal load management of these energy conversion and storage systems is one of their challenges and concerns.In this article,the thermal management of these systems using thermoelectric modules is reviewed.The results show that by choosing the right option to remove heat from the hot side of the thermoelectric modules,it will be a suitable local cooling,and the thermoelectric modules increase the power and lifespan of the system by reducing the spot temperature.Thermoelectric modules were effective in reducing panel temperature.They increase the time to reach a temperature above 50℃ in batteries by 3 to 4 times.Also,in their integration with fuel cells,they increase the power density of the fuel cell.

Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules Enabled by Solid-Liquid Two-Step Film Formation

A considerable efficiency gap exists between large-area perovskite solar modules and small-area perovskite solar cells.The control of forming uniform and large-area film and perovskite crystallization is still the main obstacle restricting the efficiency of PSMs.In this work,we adopted a solid-liquid two-step film formation technique,which involved the evaporation of a lead iodide film and blade coating of an organic ammonium halide solution to prepare perovskite films.This method possesses the advantages of integrating vapor deposition and solution methods,which could apply to substrates with different roughness and avoid using toxic solvents to achieve a more uniform,large-area perovskite film.Furthermore,modification of the NiO_(x)/perovskite buried interface and introduction of Urea additives were utilized to reduce interface recombination and regulate perovskite crystallization.As a result,a large-area perovskite film possessing larger grains,fewer pinholes,and reduced defects could be achieved.The inverted PSM with an active area of 61.56 cm^(2)(10×10 cm^(2)substrate)achieved a champion power conversion efficiency of 20.56%and significantly improved stability.This method suggests an innovative approach to resolving the uniformity issue associated with large-area film fabrication.

Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

On Pseudo Small Injective Modules

The definition of principally pseudo injectivity motivates us to generalize tae notion of injectivity, noted SP pseudo injectivity. The aim of this paper is to investigate characterizations and properties of SP pseudo injective modules. Various results are devel- oped, many extending known results. As applications, we give some characterizations on Noetherian rings, QI rings, quasi-Frobenius rings.

Crystallization regulation for stable blade-coated flexible perovskite solar modules

Effective perovskite crystallization control strategies for flexible substrates with scalable processing techniques have rarely been reported and remain an important challenge.In this study,3-mercaptobenzoic acid(3-MBA)was introduced into the perovskite precursor to modulate the crystallization dynamics,facilitating rapid nucleation while slowing down crystal growth.This approach enabled the formation of uniform,dense large-area perovskite films on flexible substrates.Consequently,a 12 cm²flexible perovskite solar module achieved a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 16.43%.Additionally,the module exhibited enhanced mechanical stability under various bending radii and improved light stability,marking a substantial advance toward the practical application of flexible perovskite solar modules.

ON MULTIPLICATION AND COMULTIPLICATION MODULES

This article deals with some results concerning multiplication and comultipli- cation modules over a commutative ring.

Notes on Strongly n-Gorenstein Projective, Injective and Flat Modules

In this paper, we mainly investigate some properties of strongly n-Gorenstein projective, injective and flat modules under the extension of rings, which mainly including excellent extensions, morita equivalences, polynomial extensions and localizations.

Strongly Ding projective modules with respect to a semidualizing module

This paper is a study of strongly Ding projective modules with respect to a semidualizing module. The class of strongly Ding flat modules with respect to a semidualizing module is also investigated, and the relationship between strongly Ding projective modules and strongly Ding flat modules with respect to a semidualizing module is characterized.Some well-known results on strongly Ding projective modules, n-strongly Ding projective modules and strongly D_C-projective modules are generalized and unified.

Analysis of thermal management and anti-mechanical abuse of multi-functional battery modules based on magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid

Electric vehicles(EVs)have garnered significant attention as a vital driver of economic growth and environmental sustainability.Nevertheless,ensuring the safety of high-energy batteries is now a top priority that cannot be overlooked during large-scale applications.This paper proposes an innovative active protection and cooling integrated battery module using smart materials,magneto-sensitive shear thickening fluid(MSTF),which is specifically designed to address safety threats posed by lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exposed to harsh mechanical and environmental conditions.The theoretical framework introduces a novel approach for harnessing the smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH)methodology that incorporates the intricate interplay of non-Newtonian fluid behavior,capturing the fluid-structure coupling inherent to the MSTF.This approach is further advanced by adopting an enhanced Herschel-Bulkley(H-B)model to encapsulate the intricate rheology of the MSTF under the influence of the magnetorheological effect(MRE)and shear thickening(ST)behavior.Numerical simulation results show that in the case of cooling,the MSTF is an effective cooling medium for rapidly reducing the temperature.In terms of mechanical abuse,the MSTF solidifies through actively applying the magnetic field during mechanical compression and impact within the battery module,resulting in 66%and 61.7%reductions in the maximum stress within the battery jellyroll,and 31.1%and 23%reductions in the reaction force,respectively.This mechanism effectively lowers the risk of short-circuit failure.The groundbreaking concepts unveiled in this paper for active protection battery modules are anticipated to be a valuable technological breakthrough in the areas of EV safety and lightweight/integrated design.

Research on the LA-UMamba Model for Asymmetric Modules with Added Auxiliary Information

Deep learning techniques are revolutionizing the developmentof medical image segmentation.With the advancement of Transformer models,especially ViT and Swin-Transformer,which enhances the remote-dependent modeling capability of the model through the self-attention mechanism,better segmentation performance can be achieve.Moreover,the high computational cost of Transformer has motivated researchers to explore more efficient models,such as the Mamba model based on state-space modeling(SSM),and for the field of medical segmentation,reducing the number of model parameters is also necessary.In this study,a novel asymmetric model called LA-UMamba was proposed,which integrates visual Mamba module to efficiently capture complex visual features and remote dependencies.The classical design of U-Net was adopted in the upsampling phase to help reduce the number of references and recover more details.To mitigate the information loss problem,an auxiliary U-Net downsampling layer was designed to focus on sizing without extracting features,thus enhancing the protection of input information while maintaining the efficiency of the model.The experiments were conducted on the ACDC MRI cardiac segmentation dataset,and the results showed that the proposed LA-UMamba achieves proved performance compared to the baseline model in several evaluation metrics,such as IoU,Accuracy,Precision,HD and ASD,which improved that the model is successful in optimizing the detail processing and reducing the complexity of the model,providing a new perspective for further optimization of medical image segmentation techniques.

Study on Image Recognition Algorithm for Residual Snow and Ice on Photovoltaic Modules

The accumulation of snow and ice on PV modules can have a detrimental impact on power generation,leading to reduced efficiency for prolonged periods.Thus,it becomes imperative to develop an intelligent system capable of accurately assessing the extent of snow and ice coverage on PV modules.To address this issue,the article proposes an innovative ice and snow recognition algorithm that effectively segments the ice and snow areas within the collected images.Furthermore,the algorithm incorporates an analysis of the morphological characteristics of ice and snow coverage on PV modules,allowing for the establishment of a residual ice and snow recognition process.This process utilizes both the external ellipse method and the pixel statistical method to refine the identification process.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is validated through extensive testing with isolated and continuous snow area pictures.The results demonstrate the algorithm’s accuracy and reliability in identifying and quantifying residual snow and ice on PV modules.In conclusion,this research presents a valuable method for accurately detecting and quantifying snow and ice coverage on PV modules.This breakthrough is of utmost significance for PV power plants,as it enables predictions of power generation efficiency and facilitates efficient PV maintenance during the challenging winter conditions characterized by snow and ice.By proactively managing snow and ice coverage,PV power plants can optimize energy production and minimize downtime,ensuring a sustainable and reliable renewable energy supply.

(m,n)-coherent Rings and FP(m,n)-projective Modules

In this paper,we introduce the notions of_((m,n))-coherent rings and FP_((m,n))-projective modules for nonnegative integers m,n.We prove that(FP_((m,n))-Proj,(FPn-id)_(≤m))is a complete cotorsion pair for any m,n≥0 and it is hereditary if and only if the ring R is a left n-coherent ring for all m≥0 and n≥1.Moreover,we study the existence of FP_((m,n))-Proj covers and envelopes and obtain that if FP_((m,n))-Proj is closed under pure quotients,then FP_((m,n))-Proj is covering for any n≥2.As applications,we obtain that every R-module has an epic FP_((m,n))-Proj-envelope if and only if the left FP_((m,n))-global dimension of R is at most 1 and FP_((m,n))-Proj is closed under direct products.

modules教学法为指导的护士培训对中医医院护士护理质量的提升效果研究

目的探讨modules教学法为指导的护士培训对中医医院护士护理质量的提升效果。方法选取2017年12月至2018年5月100名中医医院护士为研究对象,将护士随机等分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用常规护士培训,观察组采用modules教学法为指导的护士培训。比较两组护士培训前后理论知识评分、操作技能评分及护理质量评分。结果培训后观察组护士的理论知识评分、操作技能评分及护理质量评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。结论 modules教学法为指导的护士培训对中医医院护士的综合素质具有较好的改善作用,在护理质量中的提升效果较好。

Meta-projective Modules, Tensor Products and Limits

In this paper twe prove that the inverse limit of metra-projective modules (meta-injective modules resp. ) is also meta-projective (meta-injective resp. ). Let K be a field f R1, R2 be K-algebras, we also obtain a sufficient condition for lgldim (R1 R2,)≥lgldim R1+lgldimR2, and wgldim (R1 R2) ≥wgldimR1 +wgldimR2

High Speed VCSEL-Based Parallel Optical Transmission Modules

Design and fabrication of a parallel optical transmitter are reported. The optimized 12 channel parallel optical transmitter,with each channel＇s data rate up to 3Gbit/s,is designed, assembled, and measured. A top-emitting 850nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser（VCSEL） array is adopted as the light source,and the VCSEL chip is directly wire bonded to a 12 channel driver IC. The outputs of the VCSEL array are directly butt coupled into a 12 channel fiber array. Small form factor pluggable （SFP） packaging technology is used in the module to support hot pluggable in application. The performance results of the module are demonstrated. At an operating current of 8mA, an eye diagram at 3Gbit/s is achieved with an optical output of more than 1mW.

Crossed modules of Lie color algebras

The linear operations of the equivalent classes of crossed modules of Lie color algebras are studied. The set of the equivalent classes of crossed modules is proved to be a vector space, which is isomorphic with the homogeneous components of degree zero of the third cohomology group of Lie color algebras. As an application of this theory, the crossed modules of Witt type Lie color algebras is described, and the result is proved that there is only one equivalent class of the crossed modules of Witt type Lie color algebras when the abelian group Г is equal to Г＋. Finally, for a Witt type Lie color algebra, the classification of its crossed modules is obtained by the isomorphism between the third cohomology group and the crossed modules.

Geometrical Langlands Ramifications and Differential Operators Classification by Coherent D-Modules in Field Theory

Spaces of equivalence modulo a relation of congruence are constructed on field solutions to establish a theory of the universe that includes the theory QFT （Quantum Field theory）, the SUSY （Super-symmetry theory） and HST （heterotic string theory） using the sheaves correspondence of differential operators of the field equations and sheaves of coherent D - Modules [1]. The above mentioned correspondence use a Zuckerman functor that is a factor of the universal functor of derived sheaves of Harish-Chandra to the Langlands geometrical program in mirror symmetry [2, 3]. The obtained development includes complexes of D - modules of infinite dimension, generalizing for this way, the BRST-cohomology in this context. With it, the class of the integrable systems is extended in mathematical physics and the possibility of obtaining a general theory of integral transforms for the space - time （integral operator cohomology [4]）, and with it the measurement of many of their observables [5]. Also tends a bridge to complete a classification of the differential operators for the different field equations using on the base of Verma modules that are classification spaces of SO（l, n ＋ 1）, where elements of the Lie algebra al（1, n ＋ 1）, are differential operators, of the equations in mathematical physics [1]. The cosmological problem that exists is to reduce the number of field equations that are resoluble under the same gauge field （Verma modules） and to extend the gauge solutions to other fields using the topological groups symmetries that define their interactions. This extension can be given by a global Langlands correspondence between the Hecke sheaves category on an adequate moduli stack and the holomorphic L G - bundles category with a special connection （Deligne connection）. The corresponding D - modules may be viewed as sheaves of conformal blocks （or co-invariants） （images under a version of the Penrose transform [1, 6]） naturally arising in the framework of conformal field theory.