Exploring Nutritional Compositions,Volatile Compounds,Health Benefits,Emerging Processing Technologies,and Potential Food Products of Glutinous Rice:A Review

Glutinous rice(Oryza sativa var.glutinosa)stands out as one of the most popular rice varieties globally,amidst thousands of rice cultivars.Its increasing popularity is attributed to its rich nutritional compositions and health benefits.This review aims to summarize the nutritional compositions,volatile compounds,and health benefits of glutinous rice.Further,in-depth studies are necessary to explore the utilization of glutinous rice in enhancing processing technologies and developing new food products.Glutinous rice has been shown to possess numerous health benefits,including antioxidant activity,bioactive compounds,anti-cancer properties,anti-inflammatory effects,anti-diabetic potential,and cholesterol-lowering effects.Besides its nutritional compositions,the major volatile compounds identified in glutinous rice could serve as a functional food for human consumption.Emerging processing technologies related to glutinous rice are elaborated to improve the latest developments for incorporating them into various food products.

Nutritional Compositions of Maca Grown in Ebian and HPLC Fingerprints of Macaene and Macamide

In the present study, the nutritional compositions of maca which was grown in a mountain area at an elevation of 2 200-2 800 m of Ebian County,Sichuan Province were measured, and then HPLC analysis on two representative active compounds（macaene and macamide） in the maca sample was performed.The results revealed that there were 24.20% total protein, 18.40% total amino acids（including 3.84% arginine）, 42.80% total sugars, 1.36% fat and kinds of minerals（including 1.14% potassium） in Ebian maca. HPLC fingerprints of macaene and macamide of Ebian maca were similar to those of Peru maca. The results suggested that maca could be cultivated with good quality in some mountain areas with an altitude1 000 m lower than the origin place in Peru.

The nutritional composition and digestion of plants foraged by red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) in northeast China

We studied species of plants foraged by red deer in the Muling forest region of northeastern China during January 2014 and 2015. We focused on nutritional composition, energy content, and the digestibility of these plants. Crude protein content varied by plant species.Average crude protein content was 7.5 ± 1.7% of dry matter, ranging from 4.5 to 10.3%. Crude lipid content did not vary by species and averaged 7 ± 1.5%(range5.4–9.8%). Non-fiber carbohydrate(NFC) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content varied broadly with average values being 20.1 ± 4.8%(range 13.5–28.8%) and64.7 ± 5.9%(range 53.5–71.8%), respectively. Energy content ranged from 16.7 to 19.7 k J/g. Average dry matter digestibility(DMD) was 46.1 ± 4.8%, with a range from38.7 to 54.6%. Only three plants, Saussurea manshurica,Aralia elata and Equisetum hyemale exhibited DMD [ 50%. NFC content explained most of the variation in energy content(r = 0.451). In contrast, energy content was inversely related to NDF(r =-0.443). There was no correlation between crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content(r= 0.004, r=-0.190). S. manshurica,A. elata and E. hyemale had higher NFC and lower NDF content. Thus, these species offered the greatest nutritional value for wintering red deer in the study area. Along with high CP and NFC content, Taxus cuspidate also had high lignin content, and was thus, considered a good forage species for red deer.

Influence of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA on growth, nutritional composition and immune function in marine fish Sebastiscus marmoratus

Abstract A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids （n-3 LC-PUFA） on growth, nutritional composition and immune function of marine fish Sebastiscus marmoratus. Five diets containing 3.6, 10.2, 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg n-3 LC-PUFA were prepared. The results reveal significant influences of dietary n-3 LC-PUFA on the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and condition factor. As dietary n-3 LC- PUFA increased, weight gain and specific growth rate increased and were significantly higher in groups fed 18.2, 26.5 and 37.0 g/kgthan in groups fed 3.6 and 10.2 g/kg （P〈0.05）; there was no significant difference between groups fed 18.2, 26.5, or 37.0 g/kg （P〉0.05）. With increasing dietary n-3 LC-PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexenoic acid content in muscle and liver increased significantly, immunoglobulin class M content gradually increased from 9.1 to 14.8 Ixg/L, and lysozyme activity content increased from 1 355 to 2 268 U/mL. Broken line model analysis according to weight gain indicated that a dietary n-3 LC-PUFA level of 18.2 g/kg is essential for normal growth at a fat level of 125 g/kg. Therefore, appropriate dietary n-3 LC-PUFA not only promote growth and improve the n-3 LC-PUFA content, but also enhance immune function in S. marmoratus.

Sensory Characteristics, Nutritional Composition, and Quality of Eggs from Different Chickens

The present study evaluated the sensory, composition, and quality of eggs from Cosmopolitan (C), Improved Horro (H), ♂ Improved Horro * Cosmopolitan ♀ (HC), ♂ Cosmopolitan * Improved Horro ♀ (CH), Indigenous(L), and Koekoek (KK) genotypes. A completely randomized design was used in the study. A total of 108 (18/genotype), 180 (30/genotype), and 90 (15/genotype) eggs were used for the sensory, composition, and egg quality tests, respectively. All data were analyzed following the GLM model using SAS software. The boiled and scrambled eggs from L, H, and C were (P ≤ 0.001) preferred followed by CH, HC, and KK. Results showed that KK, HC, CH, and C eggs were higher in moisture, crude fat, crude ash, and crude fiber, but these traits were found lower in H and L genotypes. A significantly highest crude protein was observed in L (21.19 ± 0.19) genotype, with higher in H (20.62 ± 0.26), intermediate in HC (19.96 ± 0.29), C (19.85 ± 0.10), and CH (19.40 ± 0.37), whereas the eggs from KK genotype had the lowest crude protein content (18.69 ± 0.20). The egg quality was (P = 0.001 - 0.01) affected across traits except for eggshell indices (P > 0.05). The genotypes with a negative significant correlation with crude protein had a positive significant correlation with almost all composition and egg external quality traits. The genotypes with positive significant correlations of egg weight had positive significant correlations with most internal egg quality traits except that of yolk weight ratio, yolk albumen ratio, and yolk color. Conclusively: the eggs of L, H, and C genotypes were best favored followed by CH and C, but the KK genotype was the least favored, and these differences were deemed due to genetic variations, and interventions. Furthermore, the eggs laid from genotypes with deep yellow yolk color might be the most nutritious. It could also necessitate future breeding and dietary studies.

Nutritional Composition and Topoisomerase Inhibitor Activity of Ethnomedicinal Marine Mollusk Nerita albicilla

DNA topoisomerases （topo） I and II are molecular targets of several potent anticancer agents. Thus, inhibitors of these enzymes are potential candidates for anticancer development. Traditionally, Nerita albicilla had been used in Kei Island, Southern Maluku, Indonesia to treat liver disease including cancer. The paper reports on the chemical composition ofNerita albicilla and its topo I inhibitor ofhexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Topoisomerase-I inhibitor activity was determined using the method reported by TopoGEN. The proximate analysis described that Nerita albicilla dried powder contained 12.45% ± 0.05% moisture; 9.17% ± 0.03% ash; 62.05% ± 0.10% protein; 5.58% ± 0.08% fat; 6.60% ± 0.02% crude fiber and 4.15% ± 0.24% carbohydrate （by difference）. Furthermore, the protein consisted of 11 essential amino acids and six non-essential amino acids. It contained significant amount of branched-chain amino acids （BCAA） valine, leucine, isoleucine （a total of 187.8 mg g-1 protein） and lower content of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine （a total of 111.26 mg .g-1 protein）. The protein score was 92.2. The yield of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts ofNerita albicilla were 2.05% ± 0.05%, 1.56% ± 0.06% and 6.99% ± 0.14%, respectively. All extracts showed topoisomerase-I inhibitor activities. Minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） of methanol extract was 2.50 ug mL-1. Chemical screening of the extracts showed that they contained steroidal and alkaloid compounds. The investigation revealed that Nerita albicilla contains active compounds that could be potential for nutraceutical or pharmaceutical development.

Nutritional values,bioactive compounds and health benefits of purslane(Portulaca oleracea L.):a comprehensive review

Portulaca oleracea L.,commonly known as purslane,is a worldwide weed species belonging to the family Portulacaceae and has been known as“Global Panacea”.As one of the most widely consumed green vegetables and medicinal plants around the world,it has recently been re-evaluated as a potential“new crop”due to the properties that differentiate it as one of the best vegetable sources of omega-3 fatty acid(α-linolenic acid),as well as a variety of nutrients and phytochemicals.Accordingly,emerging research has found that purslane exhibits health-promoting properties like anti-inflammatory,anti-hyperglycemic,antioxidant,neuroprotective,and immunomodulatory.These findings suggest that this species possesses a potential using as a dietary supplement beyond potherb and traditional medicine.This review systematically summarizes the up-to-date research carried out on purslane,including the nutritional compositions,bioactive compounds,and health benefits it exerts as well as limitations,challenges,and future directions of research.Finally,we hope that this review would provide purslane with a comprehensive reference and future scope as functional and health-promoting food for disease prevention and treatment.

Assessment of Physicochemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Sclerocarya birrea A. Almonds and Oil from Burkina Faso

Sclerocarya birrea fruits and almonds are used in human nutrition and are a source of income for the rural population of Burkina Faso. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical and nutritional characteristics of Sclerocarya birrea A. rich (Anacardiaceae) almonds from Burkina Faso. Fresh ripe fruits of Sclerocarya birrea were collected in three regions of Burkina Faso: the North, the Mouhoun loop and the Hauts-Bassins. The physicochemical parameters of almonds and oil extracted from almonds were determined using AOAC methods. Amino acids were measured by HPLC and minerals by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results show that Sclerocarya birrea almonds have a moisture of 4.16% ± 0.40% with 4.47% ± 0.20% total ash;28.89% ± 2.08% protein;56.46% ± 2.36% total fat and 10.18% ± 2.14% carbohydrates. Amino acid profile showed that almonds contain all the essential amino acids, with high levels of histidine and phenylalanine. Total ash analyzed consists mainly of calcium (192.85 ± 169.17 mg/100g), potassium (806.71 ± 324.48 mg/100g), magnesium (386.57 ± 176.03 mg/100g) and sodium (28.68 ± 20.55 mg/100g), with a Na/K ratio of 0.03 ± 0.01. Almonds also contain iron (3.33 ± 1.50 mg/100g) and zinc (6.46 ± 3.06 mg/100g). Sclerocarya birrea oil has a refractive index at 20˚C of 1.46 ± 0.00, an iodine value of 25.40 ± 3.18 g I2/100g and a saponification value of 190.29 ± 10.25 mg KOH/g. S. birrea almonds of Burkina Faso are a source of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and essential amino acids for the diet and deserve to be developed.

Nutritional compositions of various potato noodles:Comparative analysis

In this study,three kinds of noodles,wheat,Shepody potato and Atlantic potato noodles,were produced with blended powder consisting of wheat flour and certain amounts of various potato flours.In order to investigate the effects of potato flour on the nutritional characteristics of noodles,the nutrient compositions of four types of noodles were analyzed:fresh noodle,dried noodle,fresh noodle after boiling,and dried noodle after boiling.Results showed that the contents of protein,crude fiber,total ash,reducing sugar,vitamin B1,vitamin B2,vitamin B3,vitamin C,most mineral elements,dietary fiber,and amino acids in potato noodles were higher than those in wheat noodles.Furthermore,drying and boiling could decrease the contents of vitamin B1,vitamin B3,and mineral elements in noodles,but the nutrient contents in potato noodles remained higher than those in wheat noodles.The comprehensive nutritional values of noodles were evaluated using the index of nutritional quality,the results showed that the nutritional value of Shepody potato noodles was the highest,followed by that of Atlantic potato noodles and then wheat noodles.

Roots and rhizomes of wild Asparagus:Nutritional composition,bioactivity and nanoencapsulation of the most potent extract

The nutritional composition and bioactive properties of roots and rhizomes of Asparagus stipularis were evaluated.Antioxidant activity of extracts obtained by infusion was evaluated using free radicals scavenging and reducing power methods.Porcine liver primary cell was used to check the hepatotoxicity of infusions.Results revealed that Asparagus samples are likely a source of nutrients,such as dietary fibre and essential fatty acids.HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS characterization of infusions allowed the identification and quantitation of 7 phenolic compounds,all hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives,with caffeic acid as the most abundant.Roots infusion contained the highest amounts of these compounds.It also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all assays,with EC_(50) values of 0.44±0.01,0.98±0.03 and 0.64±0.01 mg/mL for DPPH,ABTS and FRAP assays,respectively,with no toxicity towards PLP2 primary cell cultures(GI_(50)>400μg/mL).PLGA nanoparticles loaded with root extract were prepared using solvent-evaporation double emulsion method.Nanoparticles size was about 260 nm and a polydispersity index around 0.1,with a zeta potential of about-36 mV,as well as a good encapsulation efficiency of approximately 83%.Their morphology was analysed by SEM and spherical polymeric nanoparticles with a smooth surface were observed.FTIR and DSC were also performed,which allowed corroborating the efficacy of the encapsulation and to confirm the production of a stable and robust system to load Asparagus extracts.The developed nanoparticles are expected to be used as delivery systems for bioactive compounds of A.stipularis and they could be used as an innovative dietary supplement.

Pumpkin seeds as nutraceutical and functional food ingredient for future:A review

Pumpkin belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae,which comprises several species that has economical as well as agronomical importance.All parts of pumpkin are edible and laden with beneficial neutraceutical compounds.Pumpkin seeds are valuable source protein which can help in eradicating protein malnutrition and lipids(rich in PUFAs)contains essential as well as non essential fatty acids which prevents from various ailments like cancer and other cardiovascular diseases.Since,seeds of pumpkin are abundant in macro(magnesium,phosphorous,potassium,sodium and calcium)and micro minerals(iron,copper,manganese,zinc and selenium),they can be used as an incredible dietary supplement which in turn helps in curbing various deficiency disorders.This review enlightens the characteristics of pumpkin seeds,process of valorization of pumpkin seeds and the effect of processing on their nutritional composition which have been studied currently with the aim to use this wonder seeds for human wellbeing.Pumpkin seeds possess many bioactive compounds like polyphenols,flavonoids,phytosterols and squalene which makes it a lucrative raw material for pharmacological and food industries.Pumpkin seeds work as anti-depressant and helps majorly in the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia(BHP).Daily consumption of pumpkin seeds can reduce the chances of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.Pumpkin seeds are rich in tocopherols and can be used for oil extraction for edible purposes and utilized in other food formulations for future use.

Nutritional Quality of Mixed Silage of Lablab purpureus and Sweet Sorghum

[ Objective ] The paper was to evaluate the fermentation quality of mixed silage of Lablab purpureus and sweet sorghum, and to find out the appropriate mixing ratio. [ Method] L. purpureus were mixed with sweet sorghum at different proportions, to identify the sensory character and quality of silage. [ Result] The nutrient content of mixed silage of L. purpureus and sweet sorghum at different proportions decreased significantly at 30 - 60 d, while no significant changes were observed after 60 d. Mixed silage of L. purpureu.s and sweet sorghum had the best effort at the proportion of 3：7 ; followed by the proportion of 5： 5. These two proportions significantly improved dry matter （DM） content and effectively alleviated the crude protein （CP） loss of raw materials; significantly improved the contents of crude fiber and crude ash; and significantly reduce ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen （AT/TN）. [ Conclusion ] From the perspective of silage quality, the appropriate mixing ratio ofL. purpureus and sweet sorghum is 3：7 or 5：5.

Nutritional Analysis and Physiological Activity Evaluation of Pneumatophorus japonicus Sauce

The nutritional composition of Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce was analyzed and compared with other fish sauces. The sodium chloride content of the sample Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce was greater than 25%. The total soluble nitrogen content was greater than 2.1 g/100mL, and the amino nitrogen content was greater than 1.2 g/100mL. The mineral content was abundant in the Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce, the calcium content and the magnesium content were 391.50±0.03 and 375.00±0.02 mg/L respectively, much higher than those in other samples. The iron content and the zinc content were 22.30±0.04 and 2.80±0.03 mg/L, respectively. The content of free amino acids was 5 552.17 mg/100mL, the content of essential amino acids was 2 666.00 mg/100mL,The taurine content was 113.05 mg/100mL. The antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth was 90.48%, while the TCA soluble peptide content was 29.04 mg/mL. Pneumatophorus japonicus sauce is nutritionally rich and has special physiological activity.

Effects of Planting Density and Cutting Time on Hay Yield and Nutritional Value of Forage Soybean HN389

Forage soybean is an important source of high protein forage.Variety screening and breeding not only can solve the adjustment of agricultural planting structure,but also can provide a large amount of high-protein forage material,and effectively solve the problem of a serious shortage of high-protein forage in herbivorous animal husbandry in China.In this study,the feeding-type soybean strain HN389 was selected as experimental material,with three planting densities of 270000,405000 and 540000 plants•hm^(-2) and three cutting periods of the initial pod stage(R1),the initial grain stage(R2)and the early mature stage(R3)were set to determine the yield and feeding quality,in order to obtain the best planting density and harvest time of the variety.The results showed that in forage soybean strain HN389 at the R1 and R2 stages,plant height increased with increasing planting densities,while fresh and dry weight per plant decreased with increasing planting densities,and there was no significant difference at the R3 stage.The yield of hay at the R1,R2 and R3 stages increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of planting densities,and the yield per hectare was R3>R2>R1.The order of contents of crude protein(CP),neutral detergent fibers(NDF)and acid detergent fiber(ADF)in feeding quality of HN389 were R2>R1>R3,and ether extract(EE)content order was R3>R1>R2,and there was no significant difference among different groups.Two principal components were extracted from five forage indexes including CP,NDF,ADF,EE and fresh grass yield by principal component analysis.The cumulative contribution rate of principal components 1 and 2 was 90.053%,and their characteristic values were 3.617 and 0.885,respectively.After a comprehensive evaluation,harvested at the R3 stage and the density was 405000 plants•hm^(-2),HN389 had the highest comprehensive score of 0.344,yield of 38035.53 kg•hm^(-2),CP,NDF,ADF and EE contents of 17.61%,17.61%,21.54%and 3.81%,respectively.

Nutritional Analysis and Determination of Heavy Metal Content of Some Spices from the Northern Region, Bangladesh

Spices are generally consumed because of their medicinal properties, taste, and add flavor to food. Objectives: To determine the nutrient contents and heavy metals of five commonly consumed spices, namely turmeric (Curcuma longa), bay leaf (Laurus nobilis), red chili (Capsicum annuum), coriander (Coriander sativum), and black cumin (Nigella sativa) were collected from the local market of Northern zone, Bangladesh and were analyzed. Methods: Nutrient composition was assessed by proximate analysis, trace and heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry while the indophenol method was used to determine vitamin C. Result: The results revealed that spices are good sources of carbohydrate, fiber, and fat. The highest levels of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, protein, and fat were observed in turmeric (71.1%), black cumin (40.0%), red chili (16.77%), and coriander (17.8%) respectively. Vitamin C was present in trace amounts ranging from 0.04 to 0.1 mg/100g, except black cumin (35.0 mg/100g). Essential trace minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron were significantly present in black cumin and bay leaf. Most of the heavy metal levels in the spices were appreciable amounts i.e. much lesser than the statutory safe limit approved by WHO and FAO for some of the samples. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the investigated spices are nutritionally rich, and heavy metal levels in the examined samples are safe for human consumption.

Nutritional Analysis of Fast Food in Streets of Patna Town, Bihar

Mushroom growth of street fast food is a boon for changing lifestyle of urban people. However, its nutritional aspect is also a matter of concern. The objective of the present study was hence to assess the nutrient components of fast food sold in streets of Patna town. A total of 30 fast food samples from streets were collected from different locations of Patna town in aseptic containers and immediately transferred to the laboratory for proximate analysis. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. In terms of nutrient contribution, the highest energy content was found in Hot potato chips （536 ~ 85.2 kcal /I00 g） followed by Chicken chawmin （527 ~ 253.08 kcal/plat）, Chilli chicken （464 ~ 91.8 kcal/plat） and Pav bhaji （425 -4- 164 kcal/plat）. Highest level of protein was detected in Chilli chicken at 27.3 ~ 5.01 g per serving. Protein of Chilli chicken supplied approximately 29% of the total energy content per serving. Maximum amount of fat was also found in Chilli ckicken （35.5 ~ 31.89 g/plat）. Total fat contribution of Chilli ckicken to the total energy per serving found to be approximately 67%. Highest level of carbohydrate was detected in Idli at 15.0 ~ 9.18 g per serving of sample which contributed approximately 91% of the total energy content per serving. From this study it was concluded that street fast foods provide an appreciable amount of recommended nutrient composition. It could be observed in this study that street fast foods supply appreciable amount of nutrients and calories to the people of Patna.

Physical Characteristics and the Effect of Boiling and Fermentation on the Nutritional Value of <i>Telfairia occidentalis</i>Seeds

This work evaluates some physical parameters (the weight, length, diameter of fruits and seeds, number of seeds per fruit) and the effect of boiling and fermentation on the nutritional value of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) seeds. Firstly, a survey was done in the city of Yaounde on the different treatments applied to the seeds before cooking. From the results of the survey, the seeds were divided into three groups: raw, boiled and fermented. The moisture, lipid, protein, fibre, carbohydrate and ash contents were analysed using AOAC methods and minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that T. occidentalis fruit averagely weighed 6.35 kg and contained about 90 seeds. The decorticated seeds had an ovoid shape, 3.70 cm long and weighed 8.91 g. Boiling led to an increase in lipid (16.29% - 31.44%) and carbohydrate (19.20% - 21.8%) but a decrease in protein (54.06% - 34.17%) contents. Fermentation increased the crude fibre (0.70% - 1.1%) but decreased the ash content (4.07% - 3.14% DM). Boiled seeds had higher calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium, while fermented seeds had higher zinc levels. Boiling proved better in preserving most of the seed nutrients. These seeds could be used to prevent some mineral deficiencies and their high proteins suggest their potential for the formulation of infant foods.

Availability, Accessibility and Contribution of Infant Flours to the Diet of Children Aged 6-59 Months in Benin

This study assesses the nutritional composition as well as the availability and affordability of infant flour found on the market and in the households of Benin. To do that assessment, a two-step cross-sectional survey based on food ethnography methods was used. A total of 61 marketplaces were visited in seven towns and rural districts as part of the availability and affordability survey, while 400 children (aged 6 to 59 months) were surveyed to track the uses of infant flours at the household level. The results obtained reveal that pre-manufactured infant flour is sold more in urban areas (Cotonou, Porto-Novo and Parakou) than in rural ones. The average infant flours price did not vary (p = 0.985) in any given year (regardless of abundance or lean periods) nor does it vary (p = 0.133) from one point of sale to another (drugstore or supermarkets). However, the average price is found to be expensive considering the purchasing power of the households surveyed. On the other hand, the amount of ingredients used in the production of the flour types found on the market complies with the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius, unlike the homemade ones. Pre-manufactured infant flour is found to be outside of the economic reach of most households (92%) who rely heavily on the homemade ones to feed their children. In light of the above, public authorities should help improve geographic access and pricing affordability to quality infant flour for low-income households in urban and remote areas. Moreover, awareness should be raised among mothers relative to the importance of complementary feeding through education on good nutrition practices.

Study on Germplasm Resources of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) in Shanxi Province

This study analyzed the tartary buckwheat recorded in the books Catalogue of Crop Germplasm Resources in Shanxi Province and Catalogue of Chinese Buckwheat Germplasm Resources by Excel 2003 and DPS 7.5 from the aspects of distribution areas,main agronomic traits and nutritional components,so as to lay a foundation for the selection of excellent buckwheat germplasm resources and improvement of buckwheat varieties.The results showed that different buckwheat varieties vary in plant height,node number of the main stem,grain weight per plant,grain weight per plant and kilo-grain weight.Compared with the national average values,buckwheat in Shanxi is higher in protein and fat,but lower in vitamin E and vitamin PP;it is rich in Ca,Mg,Cu,P,Se,Fe,Mn and Zn;and it contains 18 amino acids with the content of glutamic acid being the highest and the content of tryptophane being the lowest.After analyzing and classifying the tartary buckwheat germplasm resources recorded in Catalogue of Grop Germplasm Resources in Shanxi Province and Catalogue of Chinese Buckwheat Germplasm Resources,breeders could breed new varieties with high yield and quality and strong stress resistance by crossbreeding with these germplasm resources.

Light shading improves the yield and quality of seed in oil-seed peony(Paeonia ostii Feng Dan)

Tree peony seed is unique for its super-high content of unsaturated fatty acid and is thus considered as an important source of woody oil. However, photosynthetic production is greatly reduced under high light intensity and air temperature during the seed filling period, which negatively affects seed yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine if appropriate shading improves yield and quality of seed in oilseed peony. In this study, oilseed peony trees were shaded by different density polyethylene nets from four weeks after flowering to harvest stages to form light, moderate, and severe shadings, equivalent to about 80, 40, and 20% of full solar exposure, respectively. The effects of different shadings on some physiological parameters, yield and yield components, and nutritional composition of seed were examined. Averaged across two years, light shading increased the actual net photosynthetic rate（P_n） by 16.8%, the maximum net photosynthetic rate（P_（max）） by 81.4%, chlorophyll（Chl） content by 52.8%, auxin（IAA） content by 38.1%, and gibberellic acid（GA_3） content in leaves by 6.3%; it decreased the accumulation of H_2O_2 in leaves by 24.8%, malondialdehyde（MDA） by 22%, and endogenous abscisic acid（ABA） by 8.8%, indicating that leaf senescence in late season was considerably delayed. Light shading increased seed yield, and contents of crude fat and unsaturated fatty acids by 9.7, 5.6, and 9.6%, respectively, while moderate or severe shading significantly reduced all the three parameters. Light shading increased seed weight, but moderate or severe shading reduced seed weight or follicle density. The improved seed yield under light shading was mainly due to increased seed weight, while the reduced seed yield under moderate or severe shading was mainly attributed to reduce follicle density and seed weight. The improved seed weight and content of unsaturated fatty acids under light shading was possibly due to the delayed leaf senescence. The overall results indicated that light shading is beneficial to yield and quality parameters of seed in oilseed peony. Cultivating oilseed peony under a light shading environments such as partially closed forests would better increase total output and income per unit land area than that under full solar exposure.