Market capitalization shock effects on open innovation models in e‑commerce:golden cut q‑rung orthopair fuzzy multicriteria decision‑making analysis

This research paper analyzes revenue trends in e-commerce,a sector with an annual sales volume of more than 340 billion dollars.The article evaluates,despite a scarcity of data,the effects on e-commerce development of the ubiquitous lockdowns and restriction measures introduced by most countries during the pandemic period.The analysis covers monthly data from January 1996 to February 2021.The research paper analyzes relative changes in the original time series through the autocorrelation function.The objects of this analysis are Amazon and Alibaba,as they are benchmarks in the e-commerce industry.This paper tests the shock effect on the e-commerce companies Alibaba in China and Amazon in the USA,concluding that it is weaker for companies with small market capitalizations.As a result,the effect on estimated e-trade volume in the USA was approximately 35%in 2020.Another evaluation considers fuzzy decision-making methodology.For this purpose,balanced scorecard-based open financial innovation models for the e-commerce industry are weighted with multistepwise weight assessment ratio analysis based on q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets and the golden cut.Within this framework,a detailed analysis of competitors should be made.The paper proves that this situation positively affects the development of successful financial innovation models for the e-commerce industry.Therefore,it may be possible to attract greater attention from e-commerce companies for these financial innovation products.

Open Innovation： A Systematic Literature Analysis

What is open innovation？ There are different definitions of open innovation, depending, at least, on three parameters： source, ownership, or users of the knowledge linked to innovation. The aim of the paper is to make a systematic literature review, to map open innovation studies, and to re-conceptualize the openness according to two dimensions： degree of technology convergence and ontology of openness. In particular, we propose a classification of open innovation, based on the distinction between the originator/developer of the knowledge and the user. Users are a ubiquitous category, because they can be originators, as well as customers of the innovation itself. Therefore, we point out that there are three types of open innovation, whose degree of openness is defined according to an ontological dimension： at users’ level, at an industry level, and among different fields or industries. Firm’s structure affects the propensity to open innovation adoption; and the type of innovation itself. Finally, we identify another literature gap： the relationship between the open innovation model and grand challenge. Even if open innovation seems to be ideally connected to grand challenges and many industries actually adopt this model, there seems to emerge a gap in literature. Therefore, we propose a conceptual model for future researches.

Leveraging Digital Entrepreneurship Through Collaboration Between Incumbent Firms and Entrepreneurial Ventures： An Inbound Open Innovation Perspective

Considering that traditional research and development （R＆D） models cannot keep up with the disruptive advances, the incumbent firms should consider external sources for obtaining and commercializing digital innovations. By contrast, entrepreneurial ventures have the necessary tech development skills and agility to create digital innovations. There has never been a better time for incumbent firms and entrepreneurial ventures to collaborate One paradigm that establishes such mutual beneficial partnership is called ＂inbound open innovation＂. Based on a multiple-cases design, this research provides evidence of the benefits, the degree of co-creation required, and the various collaboration schemes that emerge through an open innovation initiative

Open Innovation and New Mechanism of Market-Based Technology Diffusion from MNCs

The international community has blamed developing countries for the lack of intellectual property rights(IPR)protection-not least the“forced technology transfers”-in attracting foreign direct investment(FDI).This paper employs the largesample contract data of multinational companies’(MNCs)IT R&D transactions in China to discuss this controversy from a unique perspective of MNCs in the role of contractors.Our findings suggest that MNCs initially guarded their know-how before the 2000s under closed innovation,but have started to take the initiative to transfer technology to local partners as open innovation held sway.China’s structured market entities and huge demand for technology transactions have served as key drivers for MNCs to transfer technology,which has been further boosted by the new business model of open innovation.This paper’s empirical analysis not only helps unravel the“black box”of technology transfers by MNCs,but reveals how late-moving developing countries may make better use of FDI referencing China’s experience on the three dimensions of market opportunities,structured entities,and economies of scale.

Inbound Open Innovation, Business Model Design and Firm Innovation Performance

Through systematic literature review,this study constructs a relationship model of the impact of inbound open innovation on firm innovation performance,and introduced two-dimensional business model design(novelty and efficiency)as mediation variables.It is preliminary confirmed theoretically that inbound open innovation has a positive impact on firm innovation performance,and the rationality of business model playing a mediation role in the relationship between inbound open innovation and innovation performance.Through questionnaire survey and empirical analysis,it is concluded that inbound open innovation has a positive impact on firm innovation performance;Two-dimensional business model design(novelty and efficiency)play a completely positive mediation role in the relationship between inbound open innovation and innovation performance.Based on these findings,this paper developed recommendations for future research.

Research foresight in bridging open science and open innovation:Overview based on the complex thinking paradigm

Open innovation benefits from access to cutting-edge discoveries to increase their transformation into tangible applications for the benefit of society.Improving research quality has been proposed as a primary objective of open science by the United Nations,to increase science reproducibility,impact,and trust,leading to robust decision-making and policies.However,opening access to data and processes is insufficient for researchers to achieve open innovation in the context of globalization,for example,by gathering insights from external and internal sources.Developing the appropriate mindset to manage complexity and generate synergy among researchers in academia,industry,and the government is essential to catalyze knowledge and transform it into relevant innovations for society.To gain insights into the roles and challenges of researchers aiming to bridge the gap between open science and open innovation,a decade-plus Mapping Literature Review was conducted based on the complex thinking paradigm.Complex thinking allows for novel connections of the information collected through open science and open innovation,considering different forms of engaging with alternative means of knowledge creation that may promote innovative and critical thinking.The findings revealed:a)broad positioning of the terms in the European Union;b)open access and open data as current driving themes;c)a constant trade-off between the terms“open data”and“information protection”;d)lack of studies on researchers’complex thinking to help them manage openness;e)absence of the environmental helix in the initiatives;and(f)challenges in innovative communication and collaborative practices among public and private entities.Overall,we identified an opportunity to develop researchers’complex thinking such that the openness of information becomes a shared responsibility among partners across multiple helices.This shared responsibility can have methodological implications that permeate how open science and open innovation are theorized and,in practice,facilitate the development of fundamental collaborative research procedures.

Organizational ambidexterity, open innovation and innovation outputs: How do followers and low-flyer EU countries innovate?

This study analyses the role played by organizational ambidexterity and open innovation in innovation outputs,considering business units with different levels of technological intensity(medium-high and high tech,and medium-low and low tech)for countries with different inno-vation profiles.The countries considered in this paper are i)Estonia and Slovenia as innovation followers;i)Slovakia,Hungary,Spain,Czech Republic,Italy,Portugal,Norway,and Croatia as moderate innovators;and ii)Bulgaria,Lithuania and Romania as modest innovators.In the empirical approach,the research hypotheses arise from the literature review and are tested using secondary data collected from the Community Innovation Survey(CIS)201o.The conceptual model is tested using the logistic regression method,which indicates suitable accuracy and reliability for empirical testing purposes.The evidence reveals that for innovation followers,ambidexterity has a greater influence on the practice of eco-innovation,marketing innovation,and product innovation.For moderate innovators,ambidexterity has a greater influence on the practice of product innovation,process innovation,and eco-innovation.Concerning modest in-novators,ambidexterity has a greater influence on the practice of product innovation,process innovation,and eco-innovation.With regard to open innovation,for innovation followers,this has a negative influence on product innovation in medium-high and high-tech companies.For moderate innovators,open innovation has a greater influence in process,organizational,and eco-innovation.In the case of modest innovators,open innovation is more significant for innovation outputs in product,organizational,and marketing innovation.Size is not always positively related to innovation outputs.

Incorporation of sticky information and product diversification into static game of open innovation

Platform economics has promoted open innovation through sufficient channels to reveal and exchange knowledge with experts or valued customers.However,innovation also suffers from information stickiness and product diversification risks.In order to design an innovation strategy on a platform,this study incorporated these risks into game models of open innovation and proposed strategies to promote open innovation and welfare through equilibrium analysis.On the basis of the literature analysis of these risks,stochastic pay-off functions were constructed to regulate and stabilize the knowledge exchange flows.From equilibrium analysis of the game models,we conclude that:1)stickiness and diversification are critical factors for open innovation on a platform;2)at the beginning,a broad search is necessary to acquire diverse knowledge;at the middle stage,regulation of knowledge exchange is critical to achieving equilibrium and higher profits;and 3)global welfare could be elevated through adjustment of knowledge size and friction of communication.

Shaping digital earth applications through open innovation - setting the scene for a digital earth living lab

Science and policy increasingly request for sustainable development and growth.Similarly,Digital Earth undergoes a paradigm shift to an open platform that actively supports user engagement.While the public becomes able to contribute new content,we recognize a gap in user-driven validation,feedback and requirements capture,and innovative application development.Rather than defining Digital Earth applications top down,we see a need for methods and tools that will help building applications bottom up and driven by community needs.These should include a technology toolbox of geospatial and environ-mental enablers,which allow to access functional building blocks and content in multiple ways,but-equally important-enable the collaboration within partially unknown stakeholder networks.The validation and testing in real-life scenarios will be a central requirement when approaching the Digital Earth 2020 goals,which were articulated recently.We particularly argue to follow a Living Lab approach for co-creation and awareness rising in relation to environmental and geospatial matters.We explain why and how such a Digital Earth Living Lab could lead to a sustainable approach for developing,deploying,and using Digital Earth applications and suggest a paradigm shift for Virtual Globes becoming forums for research and innovation.

New AI-IP-EI Trilogy Opens Innovation to New Dimensions;Another Chip in “the Innovation Wall”, What About Emotional Intelligence (EI)?

The red thread of the AI-IP-EI Trilogy fate of this study, may have the appearance of a pot-pourri of intellectual and intelligence natures, as a matter of fact that it emanates from the genesis and practical synergism of the trilogy components. Concretely: The paper goes from: AI (Artificial Intelligence)—to the related IP (Intellectual Property) domain—to the relevance of EI (Emotional Intelligence);thus, forming the new AI-IP-EI Trilogy and its attributes and specific impacts to the new innovation process, and business model dimensions. These impacts are outlined and illustrated in part in essays of specific sections and all along. Several concrete study cases are used in the various dedicated sections;such as cases respective to the inventor status, and the EI factor, to the sport education innovative dimension, as well as to biases as inevitably promoting and revealing, to drastically enlarge open innovation supported by constructivism and creations of musical group as a model of open reflexive education. Overall resulting adapted business models appear to have a massive potential, and a multidimensional reach with a necessary attention to the IP policy on going definition. The durable green dimension is exemplified as well. The Ethics-plus, “@LEAST?”, said corpus is proposed. Could a human centric, AI-adapted-IP policy, internationally embraced, take part to some level of arbitrage, normative and enduring reliability in the field of interest? This seems to be “en route”. Shall the EI (Emotional Intelligence) factor be supervised? Likely so. Is traditional open innovation renewed to a more comprehensive, more inclusive dimension reminding best business practice and now “beyond”? Definitely, and will remain an opportunity, all along the 4IR quantum game changer to come. Neither seeking an in-depth expert analysis, nor a grand public over-simplified bavardage, of the trilogy, AI-IP-EI, four authors here propose an illustrated view of scientific, educational, visionary, demonstrative value to the subject matter. They are aged about 30-40-50-60, being IP & Innovation strategist, future IP lawyer, children-teacher and professional academy sport coach, illustrator and bio-advanced materials engineering “Fellow Scientist”. With experience of large and smaller organizations, being involved innovators, inventors and private artists as well, they are sharing their “non-jargonized down-to-earth”, forward looking views through a structured analysis of the trilogy using realistic examples and data from rather diverse specialized independent sources, biotechnology, nanomaterials, sport… New invention and inventorship is been “reconceptualized” at least from an “insighter or insider” viewpoint, and sport team approach more broadly revisited from its academy level to its commercial asset impact, via educational virtues and values. Music group constructivism enters the scene as well with its exemplary reflexivity and alterity valued for open innovation. Science is the prime lead. “Emotional intelligence, EI, is still an emerging area within AI” and beyond? A new open innovation scheme is taking place. This prompted our intention to further contribute to this matter. Is EI, the tree gently challenging the wind? Generated by AI and IP streams and scientific applications therewith? Naturally. Conclusions are encouraging the follow-up of promising orientations underlined by the AI-IP-EI Trilogy, favoring human centric feature adoptions.

Enabling Open Innovation:Lessons from Haier

Open innovation has become a dominant innovation paradigm.However,the actual adoption of open innovation organizational designs and practices remains elusive,and ongoing examples of large companies practicing open innovation in mature industries or beyond R&D activities are rare.Despite the continuing interest in open innovation and the surging research on the topic,not much is documented about how,in particular,large companies interpret and implement open innovation or develop and sustain an innovation‐enabling culture.This paper reports on a study of Haier’s adoption of six radical innovations as it implements an open innovation organization over a period of seven years.The study is unique in that the cases reveal how open innovation is enabled by the socially enabling mechanisms developed under Chairman Ruimin Zhang’s leadership.These varied enabling mechanisms open the organization to serendipity at every level,from the bottom up to suppliers.Most importantly,the mechanisms imprint and sustain an open innovation culture recognized as important—yet often left unarticulated in terms of how it is practiced—in the prior literature.The paper contributes to and highlights the centrality of socially enabling mechanisms underlying an organization’s innovation absorptive capacity.

IP &Innovation, within the Context of Frontier Technologies;A Matter of Accessibility with “Open” Questions?

Through a series of duly cited, and quoted (“–”), excerpts, originating mostly from two Technology Trends reports, WIPO (2019), WIPO (2021), an attempt to establish a pseudo dialog is proposed, in order to surface a few questions accessible to a larger public of innovators, who may have an interest in the IP accessibility dimension using Frontier Technologies (such as AI, IoT, 3D…). AT, Assistive Technology, is instrumental as a uniquely faceted example. The illustrations’ section extends the consideration and integration of additional “traits” of the field of interest and related. Intuitive answers are “reachable” and further literature is provided on the relevant matters and connected. The emphasis is on educational, illustrative and demonstrative value.

Construction of an Open Innovation Network and Its Mechanism Design for Manufacturing Enterprises： A Resource-Based Perspective

Innovation is the engine of development for enterprises, and there is an increasing trend to adopt an open innovation strategy. However, how to manage external resources in an open, collaborative and complementary manner, and in a shared environment that will yield the greatest networking effects, it is a challenging task. Because there is no such a satisfactory model for an open innovation strategy that combine operational mechanisms with the management of external resources. This article tries to fill the gap by adopting a resource-based perspective to construct an overall open innovation （OOI） business model. In this model, external resources are classified as industrial and non-industrial entities, to enable the identification of the interaction methods between manufacturing enterprises and external resources. The management of external resources involved in a Technology Open Innovation （TOI） cycle is given particular attention that includes： 1） the classification of the external resources of a TOI, 2） the general mechanisms extracted to promote qualified resources in and unqualified resources out, and 3） a business model to conceptualize the collaboration between enterprises and external resources. A case study of TOI is also provided to empirically verify its feasibility. This paper contributes to the literature by providing an original operational model and mechanism design for an open innovation strategy that is capable of managing external resources effectively.

Adhering to Opening and Innovation,Building A First-Class Yangzhou

Located in central Jiangsu Prov- ince,Yangzhou is situated north of the Yangtze River and south of the Huai River.The Beijing- Hangzhou Grand Canal runs down from the north,right through the center of Yangzhou,and continues due south.

AI Inventions: The Best Mode Requirement, Is It up for Redefinition, Minimizing Potential Innovation Bias and Optimizing Visual Aids?

From the author, there are not less than a dozen of rather significant recent publications in scientific editions anticipating some aspects of importance to innovation such as “bigger data”, AI, IP, and frontier technology with a central massive contribution in 2020 on AI, IP, and EI. Nonetheless, the IP associated with AI remains still barely covered in scientific publications. Especially patent discussion tends to be rather a legal matter. Another trilogy, 2013, “Business Strategy-IP Strategy-R&D Strategy: An All-in-One Business Model” proposed by the author, marked the advent, and customized implementation of a new strategy level. After the two trilogies’ volumes, the AI-IP “accessibility” chapter was a logical step brought to the attention of a larger public by the author. The time now to bring to light another chapter, namely the IP eligibility of AI innovation steps in ad hoc inventions. The main objectives of this short, principally illustrated communication, are to: 1) Revise the best mode requirement status, i.e. the best way to enable the reproducibility of claimed matter, reviewing its need for improvement when AI is involved. And proposing a unique sequence of evolution inspired by IP’s current and evolving practices. 2) Give a new dimension to visual aids to help the Best Mode description, demystify AI complexity, and underline frontier traits that may hinder a confident adoption or well-argued rejection. 3) Further illustrations take into account the fact that IoT, AI, and 3D can be simpler than perceived. 4) Finally ATA©, Adjacent Technology Analysis, is timely refreshed in a unique challenging, indeed tumultuous, environment. 5) Bias, such as semantic ones is consistently monitored. 6) Overall leaving space for innovative pleasurable interpretation. The emphasis is on educational, illustrative and demonstrative value.

Crowdsourcing for Innovation and the Conduciveness of University Students-A University Case: Altinbas University

Although the concept of innovation takes place in the list of what needs to be done in the institutions,it has started to get old and insufficient as everything getting old in time.Particularly,the lack of resources and the existence of a large number of competitors have led institutions and scientists to go one step further.The concept of open innovation has paved the way for the process of integration of innovation that occurs within the institution with the external sources.While searching for a variety of tools to use the concept of open innovation in the best and the most efficient manner,the method of crowdsourcing has stepped forward.This method is to benefit from the experience and intelligence of the crowd which is the most important factor.The purpose of this study is to introduce the concept of crowdsourcing in details and to prove that university students are a suitable type of crowd for this method.

电工电子实习教学改革的探索与实践

在分析电工电子实习教学现状的基础上,探讨了如何有效改革电工电子实习教学模式与培养学生创新能力。通过对实习教学的内容更新、内容分层次和模块化,建立完善科学合理的评价标准;并充分利用现代化教学手段,加强开放型实验教学的实践,最终使电子电工实习教学改革取得了较好的效果。

农业院校化学类开放实验室建设和管理模式的探索与实践

农业院校化学实验室在提高学生化学综合素质和培养应用创新型人才方面具有非常重要的作用。华南农业大学充分利用省级化学实验示范中心的条件,建立了基础化学、材料的制备与加工、现代分析与测试、精细化学品、化学生物学等多层次的开放实验室,对开放实验的建设和管理模式进行了探索,取得了较好的效果。

开放型大学物理实验教学模式探索与实践

从大学物理实验教学的实际出发,提出了基于计算机网络技术的开放型的大学物理实验教学模式。新的教学模式主要包括:双循环的实验教学方法、数字化的物理实验室、虚拟物理实验的研究、多样化的实验考核方法。实践表明新的教学模式有利于节约教学资源,提高学生的学习兴趣和探索能力。

Modeling the dynamics of innovation ecosystems

Demand for solving systemic problems has resulted in the need for new forms of innovation.Accordingly,the concept of innovation ecosystem has emerged.Ecosystems are intrinsically more fluid than networks,which set ups the need to understand and orchestrate the internal dynamics of innovation ecosystem in order to have successful innovation outcomes.The dynamics of ecosystems,however,is not well understood.In this paper the dynamics of innovation ecosystems has been studied by applying the methodology of system dynamics.The purpose of the study is to support the creation of innovation ecosystems and the orchestration of existing ecosystems so that they could be more successful.Key factors generating dynamics in innovation ecosystems were identified.They form the elements of the system dynamics model of innovation ecosystems.The causal loop structure between the model elements indicates how the key factors of dynamics influence the outcome of ecosystem.