Characteristics,classification and ordination of riparian plant communities in the Three-Gorges areas

Sixteen different vegetation types of grassland and shrubland were selected to study the component and diversity of plant species of riparian plant communities along main channel in the Three-Gorges areas. Species richness (s), Simpson index (D), and Shannon-Weiner index (H) were used to study the biodiversity and the hierarchical classification was carried out by the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA ordination. The results showed that the components of flora were complex and dominated by the temperate type in the riparian plant communities. Species diversity was not different between the communities, but Shannon-Weiner indexes of different layers in some grassland were significantly different. TWINSPAN and DCA indicated that riparian plant communities distributed along the gradient of moisture.

ORDINATION AND GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF CONIFEROUS FOREST IN DAXINGANLING

In this paper,the quantitative approach is applied on the study of coniferous forestbased on the data which were collected by the field investigation in Daxinganling region.The mainpurpose is objectively to show the position of communities in the space and the relationship be-tween the community and environment.By means of ordination,it is found that dahurian larch for-est,mongolian scots pine forest and korean fir forest lie in different positions. Gradient analysis ofthree dominant types of conigerous forest has revealed the difference of ecological amplitude,thedifference is one of the important reasons that determine the different communities in the differentenvironment.

Feasibility of Multi-lateral Co-ordination in the Asia-Pacific

There are really piles of tasks before the Asia-Pacific as the region is approach-ing the 21st century. The course of development of some of the major trendsand contradictions can be foreseen. But the complexity of the situation caused bymulti-laterality and the interdependence and interaction of the countries of the re-gion requires that we should break through the old framework of thinking,

Explore the Coordination and Nursing of the LaparoscopicCholecystectomy

Objective： Explore laparoscopic cholecystectomy ordination and nursing methods. Methods： A retrospective analysis of our hospital from July 2009 to January 2011 Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 89 cases of nursing data. Results： This group of patients the operation is successful, no serious complications occurred. Through surgery and nursing, has obtained the desired effect .Conclusions： The accuracy of the nursing co-ordination is to ensure the success of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The most important thing is, with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and intraoperative nursing can improve the quality of life of patients.

Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Plant Communities in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin

Based on vegetation survey data and environmental data of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, we conducted a quantitative ecological analysis of the vegetation community composition and the relationship between species and the environment in the study area. The results showed that 44 sampling sites and 68 plant species in the study area can be classified into seven subtypes: Artemisia minor + Stipa purpurea;Artemisia demissa + Stipa purpurea + Artemisia wellbyi;Kobresia pygmaea;Trikeraia hookeri;Sophora moorcroftiana + Cotoneaster multiflorus + Pennisetum centrasiaticum;Artemisia frigida;Potentilla fruticosa + Orinus thoroldii. Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) indicated that both longitude and altitude play important roles in site and species distribution patterns. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) revealed that in the upper and middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, changes in temperature and precipitation caused by longitude are the main factors controlling the formation and transition of vegetation community types. Moreover, natural vegetation could be divided into three types: desert steppe community(source area), alpine steppe community(middle reaches region), and shrub community(confluence of Yarlung Zangbo River and Nyangqu River).

Mapping forest vegetation patterns in an Atlantic-Mediterranean transitional area by integration of ordination and geostatistical techniques

Aims Forest vegetation variability may be explained by the complex inter-play among several spatial structuring factors,including climate and topography.We modelled the spatial variability of forest vegetation assemblages and significant environmental variables along a com-plex environmental gradient or coenocline to produce a detailed cartographic database portraying the distribution of forests along it.Methods We combined an analysis of ordination coenoclines with kriging over 772 field data plots from the third Spanish National Forest Inventory in an Atlantic-Mediterranean transitional area(northern Spain).Important Findings The best fitted empirical semivariogram revealed a strong spatial structure of forest species composition along the complex envi-ronmental gradient considered(the climatic-topographic gradient from north to south).The steady and gradual increase of semivari-ance with a marked lag distance indicates a gradual turnover of forest assemblages according to the climatic-topographic vari-ations(regional or local).Two changes in the slope of the semi-variogram suggest the existence of two different scales of spatial variation.The interpolation map by Kriging of forest vegetation assemblages along the main coenocline shows a clear spatial dis-tribution pattern of trees and shrubs in accordance with the spa-tial variation of significant environmental variables.We concluded that the multivariate geostatistical approach is a suitable technique for spatial analysis of forest systems employing data from national forest inventories based on a regular network of field plots.The development of an assortment of maps describing changes in veg-etation assemblages and variation in environmental variables is expected to be a suitable tool for an integrated forest management and planning.

Applying an Ordinal Priority Approach Based Neutrosophic Fuzzy Axiomatic Design Approach to Develop Sustainable Geothermal Energy Source

Geothermal energy is considered a renewable,environmentally friendly,especially carbon-free,sustainable energy source that can solve the problem of climate change.In general,countries with geothermal energy resources are the ones going through the ring of fire.Therefore,not every country is lucky enough to own this resource.As a country with 117 active volcanoes and within the world’s ring of fire,it is a country whose geothermal resources are estimated to be about 40%of the world’s geothermal energy potential.However,the percentage used compared to the geothermal potential is too small.Therefore,this is the main energy source that Indonesia is aiming to exploit and use.However,the deployment and development of this energy source are still facing many obstacles due to many aspects from budget sources due to high capital costs,factory construction location,quality of resources,and conflicts of the local community.In this context,determining the optimal locations for geothermal energy sites(GES)is one of the most important and necessary issues.To strengthen the selection methods,this study applies a two-layer fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method.Through the layers,the Ordinal Priority Approach(OPA)is proposed to weight the sub-criteria,the main criterion,and the sustainability factors.In layer 2,the Neutrosophic Fuzzy Axiomatic Design(NFAD)is applied to rank and evaluate potential locations for geothermal plant construction.Choosing the right geothermal energy site can bring low-cost efficiency,no greenhouse gas emissions,and quickly become the main energy source providing electricity for Indonesia.The final ranking shows Papua,Kawah Cibuni,and Moluccas as the three most suitable cities to build geothermal energy systems.Kawah Cibuni was identified as the most potential GES in Indonesia,with a score of 0.46.Papua is the second most promising GES with a score of 0.45.Next is the Moluccas,with a score of 0.39.However,the three least potential sites among the 15 studied sites are Lumut Balai,Moluccas and Patuha,with scores of 0.08,0.11 and 0.17,respectively.The conclusion of this study also classifies positions into groups to aid in decision-making.

The Absence of “Perfect Induction”in the Science

The present paper is finalized to show that the Science, even if considered in its two different Phenomenological Approaches at present known, is unable to assert that: “Thinks are like that”. This is because both the two Scientific Approaches previously mentioned have not the property of “the perfect induction”. Consequently, although they can even reach an experimental confirmation of the theoretical results, and thus a “valid description” of the various phenomena of the surrounding world, such a description has not an “absolute value”. In fact, it always and only has an “operative validity”, that is, it exclusively and solely refers to an “experimental point of view”. This means that such an “operative validity” cannot represent the basis for a logical process characterized by a “perfect induction”. In addition, the Traditional Scientific Approach is also characterized by “Insoluble” Problems, “Intractable Problems”, Problems with “drifts”, which could generally be termed as “side effects”. On the other hand, the same com-possible Scientific Approach based on the Emerging Quality of Self-Organizing Systems, also presents its “Emerging Exits”. Consequently, none of the two mentioned scientific Approaches has the “gift” of “the perfect induction”. However, there are significant differences between the two. Differences that may “suggest” the most appropriate choice among them for an “operative point of view”. This conclusion will be com-proved by considering, with particular reference, both the “side effects”, which are related to the Traditional Approach and, on the other hand, the “Emerging Exits”, which specifically pertain to the new Scientific Approach based on the Emerging Quality of Self-Organizing Systems.

The Accelerated Expansion of the Universe in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle

The main aim of the paper is to present (and at the same time offer) a differ-ent perspective for the analysis of the accelerated expansion of the Universe. A perspective that can surely be considered as being “in parallel” to the tradition-al ones, such as those based, for example, on the hypotheses of “Dark Matter” and “Dark Energy”, or better as a “com-possible” perspective, because it is not understood as being “exclusive”. In fact, it is an approach that, when con-firmed by experimental results, always keeps its validity from an “operative” point of view. This is because, in analogy to the traditional perspectives, on the basis of Popper’s Falsification Principle the corresponding “Generative” Logic on which it is based has not the property of the perfect induction. The basic difference then only consists in the fact that the Evolution of the Universe is now modeled by considering the Universe as a Self-Organizing System, which is thus analyzed in the light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle.

Response to Low Temperature and Evaluation on Cold Tolerance of Sugarcane at Seedling Stage

This study aimed to screen out cold-tolerant sugarcane cultivars through acomprehensive cold tolerance evaluation. A total of 9 sugarcane cultivars with good agronomic traits, bred by the Yunnan Agricultural University, were selected. They were treated by low temperaturestress （3 ℃）, and the changes of their cold-tolerant physiological and biochemical indices were monitored. The cold tolerance of the sugarcane cultivars was evaluated comprehensively by polar ordination. The results showed that the low temperature stress increased the averagemembrane conductivi- ty, soluble sugar content, MDA content, proline content, soluble protein content, chlorophyll content and peroxidase （POD） activity in sugarcane leaves by 21.21%, 134.1%, 83.60%, 35.47%, 47.72%, 9.07% and 565.2%, respectively, but decreased the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in sugarcane leaves by 19.67%. Among the 9 sugarcane cultivars, Dianzhe 03-91 showed the strongest cold tolerance, while Dianzhe 02-39 showed the poorest cold tolerance; the cold tolerance of Dianzhe 08-5, Dianzhe 05-103 and Dianzhe 01-58 was stronger than that of Dianzhe 04- 14, Dianzhe 04-429, Dianzhe 05-522 and Dianzhe 02-227.

农民工城市融合路径及影响因素研究——基于三阶段Ordinal Logit模型的实证

本文依据浙江省农民工城市融合的调查数据,构建三阶段Ordinal Logit模型实证分析了农民工城市融合路径及影响因素。结果表明,农民工城市融合经历经济生存融合、社会交往融合和心理认同三阶段发展路径,经济生存融合由强到弱受职业资格、就业公平、婚姻状况、初始社会资本和居住条件的影响;社会交往融合由强到弱受居住格局、经济生存融合、经济生存状态的未来期许和上网时间的影响;心理认同由强到弱受社会交往融合、长期居留意愿和乡土记忆的影响。整合分析表明,经济生存融合极大制约了农民工城市融合的纵向提升,当前农民工城市融合仍停留在经济生存融合阶段。促进农民工城市融合的政策建议应着重考虑以上因素。

基于Ordinal Logistic模型的事故严重性影响因素分析——以翻车事故为例

为准确分析影响交通事故严重性的各项因素,引入Ordinal Logistic模型研究驾驶员、车辆、环境因素对事故严重程度的影响,利用统计学方法对模型进行显著性检验。并使用该模型对北卡罗来纳州2010—2014年385个翻车事故样本进行严重性影响因素分析,所得回归模型符合平行线检验(=0.115 1)和似然比检验(≤0.000 1)。通过模型分析得出变量"安全带"(≤0.000 1)、"路面状况"(=0.013 6)、"道路线形"(=0.005 7)对翻车事故的严重性具有显著影响,研究结果表明:Ordinal Logistic模型适合于分析与揭示影响交通事故严重性的各个因素。

基于有序Logit与Probit模型的交通事故严重性影响因素分析

为准确分析影响交通事故严重性的各项因素,引入有序选择模型中的Ordinal Logit模型和Ordinal Probit模型,研究驾驶员、车辆、环境、管理因素与事故严重程度之间的耦合关系,利用计量经济学理论和统计学方法对模型进行显著性检验。并选择美国北卡罗来纳州2010年至2014年385个翻车事故样本进行严重性影响因素分析,所得回归模型参数估计均符合Wald检验（p≤0.0001）和似然比检验（p≤0.0001）,模型的拟合度也都符合Pearson检验（p=0.7976）、偏差检验（p=0.6006）和信息准则检验,模型预测精度指标值均大于0.7。所得两个模型中变量＂安全带＂（p≤0.001）、＂路面状况＂（p=0.0071）、＂道路线形＂（p=0.0077）、＂路面类型＂（p=0.0251）都对翻车事故的严重性具有显著影响,表明有序Logit模型和有序Probit模型均适用于分析和揭示影响交通事故严重性的各个因素。

农村学校撤并对学生上学距离的影响——基于GIS和Ordinal Logit模型的分析

农村义务教育学校布局调整是以撤并小规模学校为主要手段,旨在促进教育资源均衡配置的一项重大教育政策。通过广东省某山区县2003—2009年的学校布局规划数据,从物理距离、时间距离和文化距离的分类视角,运用GIS技术和Ordinal Logit模型分析农村学校撤并对学生上学距离产生的直接影响。研究结果表明:撤并农村学校导致学生上学的物理距离和时间距离增加,偏远学生上学难问题凸显;对学生的文化距离同样产生显著的负面影响。在未来学校布局调整的进程中,县域教育决策者应将关注点从一味追求规模效益转移到教育公平和教育质量上来。要保证农村学生就近入学,设定上学距离的限制;促进学校间教育资源的均衡配置,保证所有学生享受同等质量的教育资源;采用科学的规划程序完善布局调整政策的实施。

粮农综合补贴对农户种粮积极性的影响分析——以内蒙古太仆寺旗种植业农户为例

为了验证粮农综合补贴政策能否影响农户生产积极性,进而影响粮食生产。本文对内蒙古太仆寺旗从事种植业生产的农户进行了问卷调查,选取在维持目前粮农综合补贴标准和发放方式不变的情况下,农户对3年后种植粮食作物表达出的意愿和态度这一微观视角进行研究。Ordinal回归模型拟合结果及相关统计分析表明,由于补贴占收入比重较小,以种粮为主农户的收入远低于外出打工和兼业农户的收入水平,因此,补贴对未来农户种粮积极性的增加没有起到激励作用,反而是目前获得补贴较高的被调研农户,未来不愿意种粮的倾向性更高,长期发展我国种粮的有效劳动力可能更加缺乏。为此,本文提出在稳定现有补贴政策的基础上,鼓励规模化种粮,提高种粮农户的收益,以及在WTO规则允许范围内实施与粮食播种面积挂钩的补贴并提高补贴标准,进而提高农户生产积极性的政策建议。

基层农技人员对农业科技入户工程的价值认同及其影响因素分析

基层农技人员对农业科技入户工程的价值认同是影响农业技术推广效率的关键因素。调查湖北省378位基层农技人员对农业科技入户工程的价值认同情况,并用Ordinal模型对影响其价值认同的因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明:第一,基层农技人员对农业科技入户工程的价值认同程度不高;第二,文化程度、月收入、地方政府对农业推广的重视程度、对科技政策的了解程度等变量是影响基层农技人员对农业科技入户认同程度的关键因素。

个体特征、补偿机制与农民对新农合的满意度

文章基于2012年对新疆726位农民的调查数据,利用Ordinal Logistic回归模型,实证分析个体特征、补偿机制与农民对新农合满意度的影响。结果表明:农民对新农合的满意度比较高;补偿机制总体合理性及其五个方面的合理性,显著影响农民对新农合的满意度;年龄越大、政治面貌为党(团)员、少数民族的农民,对新农合的满意度更高。农民对新农合的满意度主要取决于农民的受益水平,同时也受到新农合缴费标准合理性、服务和监督管理水平的影响。提高农民对新农合的满意度,首先要适当提高新农合补偿比例,适度扩大新农合补偿范围,合理确定农民缴费标准;同时,要简化新农合补偿手续,提高补偿的便利性,加强监督管理,促进补偿的公平性。

Vegetation-environment relationships in the forests of Chitral district Hindukush range of Pakistan

We investigated the composition of plant communities to quantify their relationships with environmental parameters in the Chitral Hindukush range of Pakistan. We sampled tree vegetation using the Point Centered Quarter （PCQ） method while understory vegetation was sampled in 1.5-m circular quadrats. Cedrus deodara is the national symbol of Pakistan and was dominant in the sampled communities. Because environmental variables determine vegetation types, we analyzed and evaluated edaphic and topographic factors. DCA-Ordination showed the major gradient as an amalgam of elevation （p〈0.05） and slope （p〈0.01） as the topographic factors correlated with species distribution. Soil variables were the factors of environmental significance along DCA axes. However, among these factors, Mg2＋ , K ＋ and N2＋ contributed not more than 0.054% 0.20% and 0.073%, respectively, to variation along the first ordination axis. We conclude that the principal reason for weak or no correlation with many edaphic variables was the anthropogenic disturbance of vegetation. The understory vegetation was composed of perennial herbs in most communities and was most dense under the tree canopy. The understory vegetation strongly regulates tree seedling growth and regeneration patterns. We recommend further study of the understory vegetation using permanent plots to aid development of forest regeneration strategies.

Vegetation composition differentiation and species-environment relationships in the northern part of Isfahan Province, Iran

A considerable proportion of Iran＇s territory is covered with arid and semi-arid rangelands and mismanagement and overexploitation of those rangelands have resulted in serious ecological degradation. Thus, the need is pressing to examine the present species composition and the relationships with environmental factors for providing the needed scientific references to species conservation and ecological rehabilitation efforts. The aims of this study were to examine the species composition and to delineate the most important factors influencing the distributions of plant species and groups in the northern rangelands of Isfahan Province （Iran） using two-way indicator species analysis （TWINSPAN）, detrended correspondence analysis （DCA）, principal component analysis （PCA）, and canonical correspondence analysis （CCA）. Field investigations were conducted in the growing season of 2014 using stratified random method in 22 homogeneous sampling units. In total, 75 plant species belonging to 52 genera and 19 families were identified. The most important families were Asteraceae and Papilionaceae, the most important genera were Astragalus, Cousinia, and Acanthophyllum, and the most important species were Artemisia aucheri and Artemisia sieberi. Plant species were classified into 10 groups using TWINSPAN. DCA was used to estimate the magnitude of changes in species composition along the first two ordination axes to provide gradient length estimations for PCA and CCA ordinations. The first three PCA axes and the first three CCA axes demonstrated similar cumulative percentage of variance, indicating that the environmental factors （selected by PCA） used in CCA ordination were acceptable for explaining the species composition and the distributions. CCA ordination showed that the first axis was closely related to elevation, slope, surface bare soil cover, surface litter cover, gravel proportion, organic matter, total nitrogen, CaCO3 content, and grazing intensity and that the second axis was closely related to sand proportion, silt proportion, clay proportion, and saturation percentage. Among these factors, elevation was the most effective factor to separate the plant groups and grazing was the major cause of rangeland degradation.

Desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships in an oasis-desert ecotone of northwestern China

Environmental heterogeneity significantly affects the structure of ecological communities.Exploring vegetation distribution and its relationship with environmental factors is essential to understanding the abiotic mechanism(s)driving vegetation succession,especially in the ecologically fragile areas.In this study,based on the quantitative analysis of plant community and environmental factors in 68 plots at 10 different transects in the Minqin oasis-desert ecotone(ODE)of northwestern China,we investigated desert vegetation distribution and species-environment relationships using multivariate analysis.Two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN),detrended correspondence analysis(DCA),and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)methods were used.A total of 28 species,belonging to 27 genera in 8 families,were identified.Chenopodiaceae,Zygophyllaceae,Gramineae,and Leguminosae were the largest families.Annual and perennial herbs accounted for 28.60%of the total number of plants,while shrubs(42.90%)were the most dominant.Nitraria tangutorum was the constructive species of the desert plant community.We divided the 68 plots surveyed in this study into 7 community types,according to the results of TWINSPAN.The distribution of these 7 communities in the DCA ordination graph showed that species with a similar ecotype were clustered together.Results of CCA indicated that groundwater was the dominant factor influencing vegetation distribution,while distance between plot and oasis(Dis)and soil electrical conductivity(EC)were the local second-order factors.Our study suggests that optimizing the utilization of groundwater in oases is key to controlling the degradation of desert vegetation.The favorable topographic conditions of sand dunes should be fully utilized for vegetal dune stabilization,and the influence of soil salinity on the selection of afforestation tree species should be considered.