药物经济学评价报告质量评估指南(PEERs)解读

药物经济学作为促进医疗资源合理利用的重要手段,在药品定价、基本药物目录制定、医疗保险等诸多方面具有重要的参考和指导作用,对药物经济学报告质量的判断是运用药物经济学评价技术进行决策支撑的前提。药物经济学评价质量评估指南(PEERs)采用国际量表开发程序,借鉴国内外药物经济学研究质量评估方法和相关质量评价量表,在参考各国药物经济学指南的基础上,经德尔菲法专家咨询而形成。PEERs包括操作说明、报告质量评估量表、评价方法及评价结果四部分,主要用于药物经济学评价报告质量和研究过程的评估,可为第三方评价机构、政府决策部门、科研机构和医疗机构依据药物经济学评价报告进行决策时提供"报告"质量评价判断工具。

TaChord: a Chord system using topology-aware routing and super peers

Due to minimum consideration of an actual network topology, the existing peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks, such as CAN, Chord, Pastry and Tapestry, will lead to high latency and low efficiency. In TaChord, a topology-aware routing approach in P2P overlays and an improved design in Chord are presented. TaChord and other algorithms are evaluated by physical hops, interdomain-adjusted latency, and aggregate bandwidth used per message. Experimental results demonstrate that TaChord has the drastic improvement in routing performance where average physical hop is half that of chord, and the impact of cache management strategies in the TaChord overlay cannot be neglected.

The Influences of Family, Peers, School and Media in Children's Prosocial Behaviors

Children's skills of social interaction is a significant index of their following psychological development. Prosocial behaviors which influenced by many factors are fundamental representatives of social interaction. Present essay illustrates an indepth review of literature concerning the impacts of family,peers, school and media in Children's prosocial behaviors and also indicates the limitations of each research.

Peers Small-sized Group Work-A Beneficial Form of Classroom Interaction

Classroom interaction plays a critical role in language teaching and learning process.It involves both the teacher-students,and students-students.This article is intended to explore the vital significance of classroom interaction in language learning process with the emphasis placed on the students' involvement in the classroom activities,furthermore,to discover whether the peers small-sized group work is a beneficial and irreplaceable form of classroom interaction.

Will On-Screen Studying With City Peers Really Help Change Rural Students’ Fate?

The No.7 Middle School in Chengdu, southwest China,is a star in its own right.In 2017,more than 30 students who passed out of the school ,got enrolled in prestigious universities like the University of California,the United States,and over 70 entered Tsinghua University and Peking University.

Peer-Support in Oncology: A Qualitative Study of Caregivers Perception in a Cancer Center

This study aimed to gather healthcare professionals’expectations and reluctance toward peer support in a cancer center.Semistructured interviews were conducted among 12 professionals,recruited in different professions.The interviews were fully transcribed,and a thematic analysis was then conducted.Of the data analysis,three main themes about professionals’expectations emerged:the need for the strongest support of the patients,to break the isolation in the sickness,and to enhance the care system.Three main themes also emerged from the data analysis about professionals’reluctances:the limitations related to the intervention of the peer-workers,the psychological issues of the relationship,and institutional barriers to the implementation of peer-support interventions.Our study shows that peer support could be a response to the expectations of healthcare professionals’,but its implementation should consider their reluctance.

The Relationship between Father-Love Absence and Loneliness:Based on the Perspective of the Social Functionalist Theory and the Social Needs Theory

Fathers play an important role in adolescents’development,which is significant for their development and influences their mental health,including feeling of loneliness.However,the effects and mechanisms of father-love absence on individual loneliness are not clear.Based on the social functionalist theory and the social needs theory,this study examines the influence of individual fatherlove absence on loneliness and its underlying mechanisms.A questionnaire survey was administered to 319 junior high school students and 1,476 high school students.The results showed that adolescents with father-love absence had higher levels of loneliness,and that father-love absence affected loneliness levels through mediating pathways of individual gratitude,peer relationships,and gratitude to peer relationships.This study not only confirms the negative effects of father-love absence on adolescents’loneliness,but also explains the mediate roles of individual gratitude and peer relationships.It enriches the theoretical system related to family education and has important theoretical and practical implications for further interventions on adolescents’mental health from the perspective of fatherless parenting.

Experience of Mental Health Professionals Collaborating with Peer Supporters in a Community Mental Health Service Team

This study explored how mental health professionals collaborate with peer supporters with mental disabilities in a community mental health institution.From January 19 to February 23,2021,three 60 min interviews were conducted with six mental health professionals working at a Korean community center.The results were qualitatively analyzed and divided into four themes and eight categories.The four themes were the perceptions of and challenges in working with peer supporters with mental disabilities,conflict and confusion about working with peer supporters,forming partnerships with peer supporters,and policy support for peer supporters’job security.Participants reported vague anxiety about working with a peer supporter and difficulties with the trial-and-error process of adjusting to the role as challenging.Over time,however,they realized that they needed to make an effort to develop meaningful relationships with peer supporters and mental health professionals.Thus,through this study,we realized that there was a need to improve the system,such as building infrastructure for job stability for peer support workers and capacity building tailored to the mental disorders.Although peer supporters play various roles while working with mental health professionals,this study showed the possibility of mutual growth through communication and cooperation.These findings will help prepare systems necessary for collaboration between the two teams amidst the increasing institutionalization of peer support for mental disorders.

Is Peer Victimization Associated with Higher Online Trolling among Adolescents?The Mediation of Hostile Attribution Bias and the Moderation of Trait Mindfulness

Background:In recent years,online trolling has garnered significant attention due to its detrimental effects on mental health and social well-being.The current study examined the influence of peer victimization on adolescent online trolling behavior,proposing that hostile attribution bias mediated this relationship and that trait mindfulness moderated both the direct and indirect effects.Methods:A total of 833 Chinese adolescents completed the measurements of peer victimization,hostile attribution bias,trait mindfulness,and online trolling.Moderated mediation analysis was performed to examine the relationships between these variables.Results:After controlling for gender and residential address,the study found a significant positive correlation between peer victimization and online trolling,with hostile attribution bias serving as a mediator.In addition,trait mindfulness moderated the direct relationship between peer victimization and online trolling.Specifically,the effect of peer victimization on online trolling was attenuated when adolescents had high levels of trait mindfulness.The results of the study emphasized the joint role of peer and personal factors in adolescents’online trolling behavior and provide certain strategies for intervening in adolescents’online trolling behavior.Conclusion:The results of the study suggest that strategies focusing on peer support and mindfulness training can have a positive impact on reducing online trolling behavior,promoting adolescents’mental health,and their long-term development.

Experienced Involvement (ExIn) in Social-Psychiatric Care of Germany-Challenges and Chances

This study explores the integration of Experienced Involvement(ExIn)in social-psychiatric care in Germany,emphasizing both the challenges and opportunities it presents.The European Leonardo da Vinci Project(2005-2007)established a curriculum for ExIn,promoting participatory structures in psychiatric services.While peer support is well-established in other European countries,Germany’s experience is still developing.This research uses a mixed methods design,combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews,to investigate the professional experiences of ExIn recovery companions and team colleagues in German clinics and support services.The findings reveal numerous benefits:for social-psychiatric services,ExIn enhances service quality,inclusivity,and accessibility;for team colleagues,it fosters reflexivity,hope,and trust,and improves self-care;for service users,it provides empowerment,easy access to support,trust,and hope,and offers credible role models.Despite these benefits,challenges such as stigmatization,lack of recognition,and financial constraints remain and require to be addressed.The study highlights the need and provides implications for a dedicated and inclusive approach to effectively implementing ExIn,ultimately enriching psychiatric care through experiential knowledge and reducing prejudice within mental health services.

The Effectiveness of Peer Feedback on Second Language Writing

Peer feedback is a widely utilized practice in writing classrooms for second languages(L2)that has drawn a lot of attention.While some support the practice because of the clear advantages that peer feedback offers students,others doubt its efficacy.Comparing various forms of feedback is therefore necessary,as is determining the effects that peer feedback has on students and the variables that might affect how successful peer feedback is.This paper focuses on the usefulness of peer feedback for L2 writing,based on a review of studies on the subject.The findings imply that the functions of peer and teacher feedback are distinct,and that peer feedback is advantageous to both parties,particularly to the supplier.The attitudes and cultural backgrounds of the students are among the other factors that affect how effective peer feedback is.Lastly,some implications for future research and education are presented.

Peer pressure and academic stress among junior high school students:a cross-sectional study

Objective:The objective of the study was to explore the connection between peer pressure and academic stress among junior high school students.Methods:This descriptive correlational study was conducted to investigate the link between perceived peer pressure and academic stress.The study involved a total of 525 adolescents,aged 14-19 years,drawn from 6 public junior high schools(PJHS)in Padang,Indonesia,using purposive sampling.Academic stress and perceived peer pressure were assessed using the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents(ESSA)and the Perceived Peer Pressure Scale(PPPS).Results:The findings indicated significant variations in stress levels among students in different grade levels(7th,8th,and 9th grades)(P<0.05),while there were no noteworthy differences in peer pressure across these grade levels(P>0.05).Additionally,there was a positive correlation observed between perceived peer pressure and academic stress(r=0.14,P<0.05).Furthermore,multiple regression analyses,incorporating demographic variables and perceived peer pressure as independent factors,yielded statistically significant results(adjusted R^(2)=0.082,F=4.33,P<0.001).Notably,peer pressure had a direct impact on academic stress among adolescents,with class level and parents’educational background mediating the relationship between academic stress and adolescent behavioral problems.Conclusions:These findings underscore the importance of addressing both external and internal factors at the individual,family,school,and societal levels to enhance adolescents’psychological resilience and mitigate problem behaviors.

A Study on the Application of Peer Feedback among EFL Students in Blended Teaching

Recent years have witnessed the rise and popularity of blended teaching for EFL students,yet the lack of face-to-face communication and insufficient interaction lead researchers and educators to explore methods of improving the effectiveness of teaching.Peer feedback,a teaching strategy used to raise the bars by exposing instructions to a new teaching perspective to enhance students’online and offline collaboration,has received the lion’s share of attention in recent studies.On the basis of literature review,class records,and interviews,this paper,in hope of supporting advances in teachers’practice and field researches,examines the possible approaches to effectively implementing the application of peer feedback in blended teaching mode with a special focus on teachers’roles.

Online International Peer Interaction:An Exploration of Impacts on Comprehensive Competencies,Global Perspectives,and Cross-Cultural Communication Skills

With the increasing trend of globalization and the rapid advancement of information technology,online learning platforms such as Zoom are becoming increasingly influential in the field of education.The focus of this study was the online international peer interaction based on the Zoom platform,detailing how such interaction programs are conducted and exploring in depth the specific impacts of this interaction mode on students’comprehensive competencies,global perspectives,and cross-cultural communication skills.This research not only provides new practical references for online learning and international education but also offers new research perspectives and directions for educators and researchers.

一种基于信誉和风险评价的分布式P2P信任模型

针对目前大规模P2P系统不能有效处理恶意节点攻击的问题,该文提出一种新的基于信誉与风险评价的P2P系统信任模型,该模型考虑到节点的动态行为影响信任度计算的不确定性,引入风险因素,并提出采用信息熵理论来量化风险,将实体之间的信任程度和信任的不确定性统一起来。仿真试验及分析表明,该信任模型能够有效识别恶意节点,相比已有的一些信任模型较大程度地提高了系统成功交易率,可以使节点之间更有效地建立信任关系。

基于P2P技术的流媒体服务模型研究

探讨了现有的流媒体集中式(客户机-服务器-客户机)服务模型,及现阶段基于该方式的各种改进服务方式:内容传播网络、集群服务器、组播技术。研究了基于P2P技术的流媒体混和式服务模型,并在Windows操作系统下用Java2语言对该模型客户端进行实现,并且指出该模型的优点和不足之处。

P2P信任模型研究

在Peer-to-Peer网络中,由于节点的异构性、自治性等特点,节点兴趣和评价标准的不同会造成对服务节点的不公平评价,影响P2P网络的服务质量.针对这一问题,提出一种基于节点兴趣差异的P2P信任模型,用于量化和评估推荐的可信程度,根据节点间的兴趣相似性来确定对推荐的采纳程度,访问节点更倾向于相信与自身兴趣相似的推荐节点的评价.给出了推荐信息的放置方法及信任值求解算法.分析及仿真实验表明,该模型可以有效地提高P2P网络的服务质量.

一种基于Peer-to-Peer技术的Web缓存共享系统研究

提出了一种基于 peer to peer技术的分布式Web缓存共享系统:BuddyWeb.该系统的核心理念是让企业网络中的所有PC能够相互共享浏览器中的本地缓存,从而形成一个高效的、大规模的分布式缓存共享系统,并使系统具备易管理、易实现、低成本等优点;接着详细阐述了 BuddyWeb的工作原理和算法策略;然后,针对 Buddy Web系统的特性提出了仿真实验模型和评估方法.实验结果证明了BuddyWeb在命中率、网络通信流量负荷、系统响应延迟等诸方面均能取得令人满意的效果.

一种改进的Chord路由算法

如何有效地确定存储给定数据项的节点在P2P中非常重要。Chord是一种比较成功的P2P路由算法,但是Chord的路由表存在严重的信息冗余。提出了一种对Chord的改进算法,继承了Chord算法简单、高效、可靠、负载平衡及开销少的优点,对Chord的路由表提出了改造,增加了路由表中的有效信息,提高了查询效率。

基于CFS的P2P文件共享系统的研究

文章提出一种基于CFS的P2P文件共享系统。