Convergence Phenomenon with Fourier Series of tg(x2)and Alike

The Fourier series of the 2π-periodic functions tg(x2)and 1sin(x)and some of their relatives (first of their integrals) are investigated and illustrated with respect to their convergence. These functions are Generalized functions and the convergence is weak convergence in the sense of the convergence of continuous linear functionals defining them. The figures show that the approximations of the Fourier series possess oscillations around the function which they represent in a broad band embedding them. This is some analogue to the Gibbs phenomenon. A modification of Fourier series by expansion in powers cosn(x)for the symmetric part of functions and sin(x)cosn−1(x)for the antisymmetric part (analogous to Taylor series) is discussed and illustrated by examples. The Fourier series and their convergence behavior are illustrated also for some 2π-periodic delta-function-like sequences connected with the Poisson theorem showing non-vanishing oscillations around the singularities similar to the Gibbs phenomenon in the neighborhood of discontinuities of functions. .

Correction of dynamic Brazilian disc tensile strength of rocks under preloading conditions considering the overload phenomenon and invoking the Griffith criterion

Dynamic tensile failure is a common phenomenon in deep rock practices,and thus accurately evaluating the dynamic tensile responses of rocks under triaxial pressures is of great significance.The Brazilian disc(BD)test is the suggested method by the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering(ISRM)for measuring both the static and dynamic tensile strengths of rock-like materials.However,due to the overload phenomenon and the complex preloading conditions,the dynamic tensile strengths of rocks measured by the BD tests tend to be overestimated.To address this issue,the dynamic BD tensile strength(BTS)of Fangshan marble(FM)under different preloading conditions were measured through a triaxial split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB).The fracture onset in BD specimen was captured through a strain gage around the disc center.The discrepancy between the traditional tensile strength(TTS,determined by the peak load P_(f) of the BD specimen)and the nominal tensile strength(NTS,obtained from the load P_(i) when the diametral fracture commences in the tested BD specimen)was applied to quantitatively evaluating the overload phenomenon.The Griffith criterion was used to rectify the calculation of the tensile stress at the disc center under triaxial stress states.The results demonstrate that the overload ratio(s)increases with the loading rate(σ)and decreases with the hydrostatic pressure(σ_(s)).The TTS corrected by the Griffith criterion is independent of theσ_(s)due to the overload phenomenon,while the NTS corrected by the Griffith criterion is sensitive to both the andσ.Therefore,it is essential to modify the tensile stress in dynamic confined BD tests using both the overload correction and the Griffith criterion rectification to obtain the accurate dynamic BTS of rocks.

Asymmetric Environmental Regulation:Mechanism and a Yardstick Phenomenon

In discussing the policy effects of environmental regulation,we should focus not only on whether environmental regulation helps improve the environmental and economic performance of firms,but also on how such improvement is materialized,i.e.whether the obsolete mode of production is reversed.After matching the database of China’s industrial enterprises with that of pollution emissions from these industrial enterprises,this paper identifies the asymmetric scope of clean production standards to test the effect of environmental regulation on the total factor productivity(TFP)of the industrial enterprises.Our empirical research finds that the implementation of clean production standards may induce TFP improvement.However,such improvement only occurs for polluters who cannot or who barely meet clean production standards and does little to improve the production standards of polluters with low pollution emission,reflecting the yardstick phenomenon of the asymmetric environmental regulation policy effect:While polluters are forced to improve,clean enterprises that pollute less are more likely to take no action.Further research finds that such TFP improvement is materialized primarily by means of overall firm optimization;the compensation effect is insignificant and does not reverse the backward mode of production.Polluters cope with the implementation of clean production standards by purchasing more equipment and expanding capacity,which adds to the tension between the expansion of capacity and the abatement of pollution emission.

Anesthetic management of a patient with preoperative R-on-T phenomenon undergoing laparoscopic-assisted sigmoid colon resection:A case report

BACKGROUND The R-on-T phenomenon is a malignant arrhythmia associated with potentially catastrophic consequences.It may initiate ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation,which can result in syncope or sudden cardiac death.This manifestation poses a great challenge for anesthesiologists.However,it is rarely encountered in the perioperative setting.CASE SUMMARY We herein present a case in which the R-on-T phenomenon was incidentally revealed by 24-h Holter monitoring in a patient diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer.Careful evaluation and treatment with mexiletine were carried out preoperatively under consultation with a cardiovascular specialist,and surgery was uneventfully performed under general anesthesia after thorough preparation.CONCLUSION Physicians should be vigilant about this infrequent but potentially fatal arrhythmia.Our experience suggests that the anesthetic process can be greatly optimized with careful preparation.

Medical and interventional therapy of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon associated with Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma:A case report

An infant with Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon(KMP)presented with a giant subcutaneous mass in the right lower limb,severe hypofibrinogenemia,and thrombocytopenia.Glucocorticoids,along with supportive treatments including transfusion of blood products and clotting factors,were administered to reverse fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute hemolysis.The glucocorticoid dose was tapered slowly,and sirolimus was added to treat the hemangiomas.The patient subsequently underwent interventional therapy.After 6 months of medical and interventional therapy,the patient was doing well with a normal platelet count,the tumor volume was markedly reduced,and the primary cutaneous lesion became pale pink.Currently,the patient remains on sirolimus,and no recurrence of thrombocytopenia or further growth of the mass was observed after six months of follow-up.

Overflowing phenomenon during ultrasonic treatment in Al-Si alloys

At the late stage of solidification with ultrasonic treatment （UST） in Al-Si alloys, a part of semisolid overflows and climbs along the probe. The interesting phenomenon and its influence on the solidification microstructure were investigated in order to better study the mechanism of UST. It is considered that the overflowing phenomenon occurs due to the changes of vibration and flow in the remaining semisolid. Because the overflowed portion comes from the region with intense UST effect and vibrates with the probe during solidification, great modification of primary and euteetic Si （about 10 pm in length） and refinement of primary a（Al） （about 70 μm in size） are observed in this portion.

INFLUENCE OF VIRTUAL PHOTON FIELD ON COLLAPSE AND REVIVAL PHENOMENON IN TWO PHOTON J C MODEL WITHOUT RWA

The time evolution of system in two photon Jaynes Cummings (J C) model without rotating waves approximation (RWA) is obtained by using the theory of ordinary differential equations. Based on the evolution, the mean value of the atom inversion operator 〈 S 3(t)〉 is gi ven. The influence of the “counter rotating term” on the collapse and revival phenomenon is discussed from the comparison between the cases with RWA and without RWA. It shows that the influence of the virtual photon field makes the quantum fluctuations appear on the collapse and revival phenomenon.

Genetic pattern of belt-wide petroliferous phenomenon in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin and its practical application

The Pearl River Mouth Basin （PRMB） covers an area of approximately 20× 104 km2.However,oil-gas fields detected in this area thus far are highly concentrated and controlled predominantly by second-order structural belts,the seven largest of which aggregate proved oil reserves of 7.7× 108 m3,accounting for 86％ of the total discovered reserve in the basin.These second-order structures have one common phenomenon：oil is contained in all traps present in them.In other words,they are all belt-wide petroliferous reservoirs.Research has identified eight types of second-order structural belts under two categories in the eastern PRMB.Their petroliferous properties are subject to three typical constraints：petroliferous properties of subsags hosting these structural belts,locations of these belts in the petroleum system,and availability of traps prior to the hydrocarbon expulsion and migration.The formation and distribution of oil reservoirs in these belts are characterized by subsag-belt integration and ＂three-in-one＂.The former indicates that sags and the second-order structural belts within the supply range of the sags constitute the basic units of hydrocarbon accumulations and are therefore inseparable.The latter indicates that a belt-wide petroliferous second-order structural belt always contains three important elements：hydrocarbon richness,effective pathway and pre-existing traps.

Variational iteration solving method for El Nio phenomenon atmospheric physics of nonlinear model

A class of E1 Niйo atmospheric physics oscillation model is considered. The E1 Niйo atmospheric physics oscillation is an abnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere interactions. The conceptual oscillator model should consider the variations of both the eastern and western Pacific anomaly patterns. An E1 Niйo atmospheric physics model is proposed using a method for the variational iteration theory. Using the variational iteration method, the approximate expansions of the solution of corresponding problem are constructed. That is, firstly, introducing a set of functional and accounting their variationals, the Lagrange multiplicators are counted, and then the variational iteration is defined, finally, the approximate solution is obtained. From approximate expansions of the solution, the zonal sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific and the thermocline depth anomaly of the sea-air oscillation for E1 Niйo atmospheric physics model can be analyzed. E1 Niйo is a very complicated natural phenomenon. Hence basic models need to be reduced for the sea-air oscillator and are solved. The variational iteration is a simple and valid approximate method.

Optimization of Baffled Rectangular and Prismatic Storage Tank Against the Sloshing Phenomenon

The fluid motion in partially filled tanks with internal baffles has wide engineering applications. The installation of baffles is expected to reduce the effect of sloshing as well as the consequent environmental damages. In the present study, a series of experimental tests are performed to investigate the sloshing phenomenon in a baffled rectangular storage tank. In addition, the sloshing phenomenon is also modeled by using Open Foam. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, optimization of the geometric parameters of the tank is performed based on some criteria such as tank area, entropy generation, and the horizontal force exerted on the tank area due to the sloshing phenomenon.The optimization is also carried out based on the entropy generation minimization analysis. It is noted that the optimum baffle height is in the range of h_b/h_w=0.5-0.75 in the present study(where h_b and h_w are the baffle height and water depth, respectively). Based on the results, the optimal design of the tank is achieved with R_A= 0.9-1.0(where R_A=L/W, L and W are the length and width of the tank, respectively). The results also show that the increase of h_b can lead to a decrease of the maximum pressure and horizontal force exerted on the tank. It is also noted that the horizontal force exerted on the tank firstly continues to increase as the sway motion amplitude increases.However, as the normalized motion amplitude parameter, a/L(The parameter a is the motion amplitude), exceeds0.067, the effect of motion amplitude on the force is not obvious. The same optimization is also performed in the multiple-variable-baffled tank and prismatic storage tank.

Relatedness between catalytic effect of activated carbon and passivation phenomenon during chalcopyrite bioleaching by mixed thermophilic Archaea culture at 65°C

The relatedness between catalytic effect of activated carbon and passivation phenomenon during chalcopyrite bioleachingby mixed thermophilic Archaea culture(Acidianus brierleyi,Metallosphaera sedula,Acidianus manzaensis and Sulfolobusmetallicus)at65°C was studied.Leaching experiments showed that the addition of activated carbon could significantly promote thedissolution of chalcopyrite for both bioleaching and chemical leaching.The results of synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction,ironL-edge and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy indicated that activated carbon could change thetransition path of electrons through galvanic interactions to form more readily dissolved secondary mineral chalcocite at a low redoxpotential(?400mV)and then enhanced the copper dissolution.Jarosite accumulated immediately in the initial stage of bioleachingwith activated carbon but copper dissolution was not hindered.However,much jarosite precipitated on the surface of chalcopyrite inthe late stage of bioleaching,which might account for the decrease of copper dissolution rate.More elemental sulfur(S0)was alsodetected with additional activated carbon but the mixed thermophilic Archaea culture had a great sulfur oxidation activity,thus S0waseliminated and seemed to have no significant influence on the dissolution of chalcopyrite.

The effect of monosialylganglioside mix modifying the PEGylated liposomal epirubicin on the accelerated blood clearance phenomenon

PEGylated liposomes are potential candidates to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of encapsulated drugs, to extend their circulation half-life and facilitate their passive accumulation at tumour sites. However, PEG-modified liposomes can induce accelerated blood clearance(ABC) upon repeated administration, and the extent of ABC phenomenon on the cytotoxic drugs-containing PEGylated liposomes is related to the dose of the cytotoxic drugs.In this study, EPI served as a model cytotoxic drug, a hydrophilic surfactant molecule,monosialylganglioside(GM1) was chosen and modified on the liposomes together with PEG.It was shown that upon mixed modification, when GM1 contents reached 10% or 15% mol,the ABC phenomenon of the PEGylated liposomal EPI significantly reduced. We also found that GM1 played an important role in abrogating the ABC phenomenon in both the induction phase and the effectuation phase. The results suggested that GM1 incorporation unfortunately did not avoid occurrence of ABC phenomenon completely, but GM1 modification on PEGylated liposomes may provide a significant improvement in clinical practice of PEGylated liposomes. Further study must be necessary.

Effects of complement inhibition on the ABC phenomenon in rats

Researchers reported that intravenously injected PEGylated colloidal drug carriers lose their long-circulating characteristic and accumulated extensively in liver when they are administrated twice in the same animal with certain intervals. This phenomenon was referred to as the 'accelerated blood clearance(ABC) phenomenon'. Some former studies had found that complement-mediated phagocytosis, activated by antigen–antibody complex, was responsible for inducing the phenomenon. According to the theory, we have used cobra venom factor to deplete complement in vivo and to investigate the effect of complement inhibition on the ABC phenomenon. Rats were administered by injection of cobra venom factor solution to build up the model of complement exhaustion/inhibition, and the effect of the inhibition of complement on ABC phenomenon was carried out. It seemed that inhibition of complement didn’t affect the pharmacokinetic of the first infection. By contrast, in rats of which complement had been depleted, the second dose of PEGylated nanoemulsions showed enhanced circulation time compared with normal rats in a complement inhibition-independent manner, but the ABC phenomenon was not completely eliminated. It indicated that complement inhibition could certainly weaken the accelerated clearance;meanwhile, there were other factors causing the ABC effect.These findings provide novel insights into the attenuating of ABC phenomenon and lay foundation for further study of immune mechanism.

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.

Melting phenomenon in magneto hydro-dynamics steady flow and heat transfer over a moving surface in the presence of thermal radiation

The Lie group method is applied to present an analysis of the magneto hydro-dynamics（MHD） steady laminar flow and the heat transfer from a warm laminar liquid flow to a melting moving surface in the presence of thermal radiation.By using the Lie group method,we have presented the transformation groups for the problem apart from the scaling group.The application of this method reduces the partial differential equations（PDEs） with their boundary conditions governing the flow and heat transfer to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations（ODEs） with appropriate boundary conditions.The resulting nonlinear system of ODEs is solved numerically using the implicit finite difference method（FDM）.The local skin-friction coefficients and the local Nusselt numbers for different physical parameters are presented in a table.

Research on the Freezing Phenomenon of Quantum Correlation by Machine Learning

Quantum correlation shows a fascinating nature of quantum mechanics and plays an important role in some physics topics,especially in the field of quantum information.Quantum correlations of the composite system can be quantified by resorting to geometric or entropy methods,and all these quantification methods exhibit the peculiar freezing phenomenon.The challenge is to find the characteristics of the quantum states that generate the freezing phenomenon,rather than only study the conditions which generate this phenomenon under a certain quantum system.In essence,this is a classification problem.Machine learning has become an effective method for researchers to study classification and feature generation.In this work,we prove that the machine learning can solve the problem of X form quantum states,which is a problem of physical significance.Subsequently,we apply the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)algorithm and the decision tree to divide quantum states into two different groups.Our goal is to classify the quantum correlations of quantum states into two classes:one is the quantum correlation with freezing phenomenon for both Rènyi discord(α=2)and the geometric discord(Bures distance),the other is the quantum correlation of non-freezing phenomenon.The results demonstrate that the machine learning method has reasonable performance in quantum correlation research.

Anticipation phenomenon in familial adenomatous polyposis:an analysis of its origin

AIM To analyze the origin of the anticipationphenomenon,which means earlier death insuccessive generation in familial adenomatouspolyposis.METHODS The study subjects were 2161patients with familial adenomatous polyposisand their 7465 first-degree relatives who weremembers of 750 families registered at ourPolyposis Registry.The ages at death andcumulative mortality rates in the parent,theproband,and the child generations werecompared for both all subjects and the patientsalone.RESULTS In the patients over 5 years of age,the mean age at death was 50.9 years for theparent,42.3 years for the proband,and 33.3years for the child generations,respectively(P【0.001).The deceased rates in the threegenerations were 90.7%,51.3% and 23.1% ofthe patients,respectively,and this differencewas the main cause of the anticipation measuredby parent-child paring method.The cumulativemortality rates for all subjects failed to showanticipation,however the cumulative mortalityrates for the patients showed the anticipation.The anticipation phenomenon was shown by anyparent-child pairing methods for the deceasedpatients.Other important causes of theanticipation were different proportion of causesof death between generations(P【0.001),and alow proportion of detected or deceased patients (P【0.001)in the child generation.CONCLUSION Anticipation in familialadenomatous polyposis may be caused byparent-child paring methods as well as severalintergenerational biases.

Fault Diagnosis Method Based on System-phenomenon-fault Tree

The historical records of mechanical fault contain great amount of important information which is useful to identify the similar fault.The current fault diagnosis methods using historical records are inefficient to deal with intuitive application and multicomponent multiphase fault diagnosis.Towards the problem,the rapid and intelligent fault diagnosis method based on system-phenomenon-fault （SPF） tree is proposed.The method begins with the physical system of the fault system,conceives the fault causes as leaves,the fault causes as leaves and the frequentness of fault as the interrelationship,and finally forms the fault tree with structural relationship of administrative subordination and flexible multi-granularity components.Firstly,the forming method of SPF tree is discussed;Secondly some basic definitions as synonymous branch,the tough degree of the branch,the dominant leaf,and the virtual branch are defined;and then,the performances including the merger of the dominant branches keeping dominant,the merger of the synonymous branches keeping dominant were proved.Furthermore,the merging,optimizing and calculating of virtual branch of SPF tree are proposed,the self-learning mechanism including the procedure and the related parameter calculation is presented,and the fault searching method and main fault statistics calculation are also presented based on SPF tree.Finally,the method is applied in the fault diagnosis of the certain type of embedded terminal to demonstrate fault information searching in the condition of the synonymous branch,the virtual branch merging and visual presentation of search results.The application shows that the proposed method is effective to narrow down the scope of searching fault and reduce the difficulty of computing.The proposed method is a new way to resolve the intelligent fault diagnosis problem of complex systems by organizing the disordering fault records and providing intuitive expression and intelligent computing capabilities.

Physical, Psychological, and Social Health Impact of Temperature Rise Due to Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Its Associated Factors

The Urban Heat Island Effect（UHI）has now become a commonly observed phenomenon worldwide.Indeed,it has become a significant environmental effect of urbanisation.In Malaysia,research results showed that UHI effects are very evident in several cities such as Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.UHI effect has long been observed to cause temperature of cities.

The accelerated blood clearance phenomenon of PEGylated nanoemulsion upon cross administration with nanoemulsions modified with polyglycerin

For investigating the accelerated blood clearance(ABC) phenomenon of polyglycerin modified nanoemulsions upon cross administration with polyethylene glycol(PEG) covered nanoemulsion, we used the 1,2-distea-royl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-npolyglycerine-610 and the 1,2-distearoyl-n-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-n-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] as modify materials, the dialkylcarbocyanines as fluorescence indicator. Exhausted macrophages rat model was established and new material containing polycarboxyl structure was synthesized. The microplate reader and the in vivo optical imaging system were applied to measure the concentration of nanoemulsions in tissues.The results show that the first dose of polyglycerin modified nanoemulsion can induce the ABC phenomenon of the second dose of PEGylated nanoemulsion. With the increase in the amount of the surface polyglycerin, the extent of the ABC phenomenon decreases. Liver accumulation has positive relationship with the ABC phenomenon. Furthermore, kupffer cells in liver can get more immune information from polyhydroxy structure than polycarboxyl group in the modify compound. The results of our work imply that the polycarboxyl structure has advantages to eliminate the ABC phenomenon.