The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes co...The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes complicate the measurements. The present international environmental tax statistics do not rely on a theoretical basis, and include several fiscal and resource taxes. Starting with the additivity theorem by Sandmo [1], we propose theoretically consistent guidelines for environmental tax statistics. Calculations based on this framework prove that the present international official statistics (Eurostat, IEA, OECD) severely overestimate environmental taxes. The lack of theoretical consistency forms arbitrary results and the statistics used as measures of environmental taxes may cause major flaws in research and policy-making based on such statistics.展开更多
文章拓展了巴尔尼特(A. H. Barnett) 1980年建立的模型,首次以非博弈论为基础,把国际贸易和完全垄断同时纳入模型中探讨环境税与边际外部损害之间的关系。文章发现:第一,当关税税率保持不变,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的...文章拓展了巴尔尼特(A. H. Barnett) 1980年建立的模型,首次以非博弈论为基础,把国际贸易和完全垄断同时纳入模型中探讨环境税与边际外部损害之间的关系。文章发现:第一,当关税税率保持不变,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之间的大小关系取决于需求价格弹性;第二,当市场结构保持不变,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之间的大小关系取决于关税税率;第三,当模型中引入国际贸易因素后,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之差的绝对值随着需求价格弹性绝对值的增加最终是增加还是减小取决于需求价格弹性的绝对值与临界值之间的大小关系。展开更多
文摘The tax revenues from Pigouvian taxes are difficult to calculate. The optimal pollution taxes are weighted averages of Ramsey taxes and Pigouvian taxes, and the entanglement of environmental, fiscal and other taxes complicate the measurements. The present international environmental tax statistics do not rely on a theoretical basis, and include several fiscal and resource taxes. Starting with the additivity theorem by Sandmo [1], we propose theoretically consistent guidelines for environmental tax statistics. Calculations based on this framework prove that the present international official statistics (Eurostat, IEA, OECD) severely overestimate environmental taxes. The lack of theoretical consistency forms arbitrary results and the statistics used as measures of environmental taxes may cause major flaws in research and policy-making based on such statistics.
文摘文章拓展了巴尔尼特(A. H. Barnett) 1980年建立的模型,首次以非博弈论为基础,把国际贸易和完全垄断同时纳入模型中探讨环境税与边际外部损害之间的关系。文章发现:第一,当关税税率保持不变,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之间的大小关系取决于需求价格弹性;第二,当市场结构保持不变,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之间的大小关系取决于关税税率;第三,当模型中引入国际贸易因素后,二级最优税和边际外部损害与国内销售份额的比值二者之差的绝对值随着需求价格弹性绝对值的增加最终是增加还是减小取决于需求价格弹性的绝对值与临界值之间的大小关系。