Influencing factors and prevention measures of casing deformation in deep shale gas wells in Luzhou block,southern Sichuan Basin,SW China

Based on structural distribution and fault characteristics of the Luzhou block,southern Sichuan Basin,as well as microseismic,well logging and in-situ stress data,the casing deformation behaviors of deep shale gas wells are summarized,and the casing deformation mechanism and influencing factors are identified.Then,the risk assessment chart of casing deformation is plotted,and the measures for preventing and controlling casing deformation are proposed.Fracturing-activated fault slip is a main factor causing the casing deformation in deep shale gas wells in the Luzhou block.In the working area,the approximate fracture angle is primarily 10°-50°,accounting for 65.34%,and the critical pore pressure increment for fault-activation is 6.05-9.71 MPa.The casing deformation caused by geological factors can be prevented/controlled by avoiding the faults at risk and deploying wells in areas with low value of stress factor.The casing deformation caused by engineering factors can be prevented/controlled by:(1)keeping wells avoid faults with risks of activation and slippage,or deploying wells in areas far from the faulting center if such avoidance is impossible;(2)optimizing the wellbore parameters,for example,adjusting the wellbore orientation to reduce the shear force on casing to a certain extent and thus mitigate the casing deformation;(3)optimizing the casing program to ensure that the curvature radius of the curved section of horizontal well is greater than 200 m while the drilling rate of high-quality reservoirs is not impaired;(4)optimizing the fracturing parameters,for example,increasing the evasive distance,lowering the single-operation pressure,and increasing the stage length,which can help effectively reduce the risk of casing deformation.

Optimization Study of Outburst Prevention Measures for Tuzhu Coal Mine Based on Fixed Weight Clustering Analysis

Affected by many involved factors, different dimensions, data with large difference, incomplete information and so on, the most optimal selection of regional outburst prevention measures for outburst mine has become a complicated system project. The traditional way of outburst prevention measure selection belongs to qualitative method, which may cause high-cost of gas control, huge quantities of drilling work, long construction time and even secondary disaster. To solve the above-mentioned problems, in light of occurrence status of coal seam gas in No. 21 mining area of Jinzhushan Tuzhu Mine, through grey fixed weight clustering theory and a combination method of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the judging model with multi-objective classification for optimization of outburst prevention measures was established. The three weight coefficients of outburst prevention technology scheme are sorted, in order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of each outburst prevention technology scheme under the comprehensive evaluation of multi-target. Finally, the problem of quantitative selection for regional outburst prevention technology scheme is solved under the situation of multi-factor mode and incomplete information, which provides reasonable and effective technical measures for prevention of coal and gas outburst disaster.

Major hazard sources analysis and prevention measures of packaging emulsion explosive production line

Emulsion explosive with favorable water-resistance performance,storage performance and detonation stability has been widely used in all over the world.The development actuality and production technique characteristics of emulsion explosive in China were introduced firstly.Taken the technique characteristics of packaging emulsion explosive into account,major hazard sources of emulsion explosive production line were analyzed.Finally,prevention measures based on inherent safety of emulsion explosive production were put forward.

Health effects of climate change in Africa:A call for an improved implementation of prevention measures

The world’s climate,particularly in Africa,has changed substantially during the past few decades,contributed by several human activities.Africa is one of the continents that is most vulnerable to climate change globally.Since the beginning of 2022,extreme weather events in Africa have affected about 19 million people and killed at least 4,000 individuals.Cyclones,floods,heatwaves,wildfires,droughts,and famine were among the severe weather occurrences.Natural disasters and extreme weather events brought on by climate change may compromise access to clean water,sanitation systems,and healthcare facilities,making people more vulnerable to a number of illnesses.Floods and drought can lead to both communicable and non-communicable diseases.The African population is more likely to experience more mental health disorders than before because of natural disasters,which result in the loss of property and sometimes loss of lives more frequently.We,therefore,call for an improved implementation of strategies to prevent the health effects of climate change so that the health of the people in Africa can be maintained.

Occurrence Characteristics and Prevention and Control Measures of Spodoptera frugiperda in Maize

Based on practical work experience,this paper analyzed the occurrence characteristics and control measures of Spodoptera frugiperda in maize.The measures including forecasting and early warning,regional prevention and control,agricultural prevention and control,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control can effectively control the damage of S.frugiperda and guarantee the safety of food production.The results will provide some reference for the prevention and control of S.frugiperda.

Influencing factors and preventive measures of infectious complications after intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease

The incidence of Crohn’s disease(CD)has increased in recent years,with most patients requiring intestinal resection.Complications after intestinal resection for CD can lead to poor prognosis and recurrence,among which infectious complic-ations are the most common.This study aimed to investigate the common risk factors,including medications,preoperative nutritional status,surgery-related factors,microorganisms,lesion location and type,and so forth,causing infectious complications after intestinal resection for CD,and to propose corresponding preventive measures.The findings provided guidance for identifying suscept-ibility factors and the early intervention and prevention of infectious complic-ations after intestinal resection for CD in clinical practice.

Critical rainfall intensity for safe evacuation from underground spaces with flood prevention measures

Underground space in urban areas has been expanding rapidly during recent decades, and so has the incidence of fatal accidents and extensive damage to facilities resulting from underground flooding. To evaluate the safe evacuation potential of individual underground spaces in flood-prone urban areas, the hydraulic effects of flood prevention measures, e.g., stacked flashboards or sandbags and elevated steps, were incorporated in a proposed formula for estimating the depth of inundation of an underground floor. A mathematical expression of the critical rainfall intensity for safe evacuation from underground space was established and then evaluated for two types of underground spaces, an underground shopping mall and a building basement. The results show that the critical rainfall intensity for any individual underground space can be determined easily using the proposed analytical or graphical solution. However, traditional underground flood prevention measures cannot improve safety if people refuse to evacuate immediately once water intrudes into the underground space.

Risk assessment and landslide prevention design using numerical modelling——A case study in Qingliu,China

Numerous Quaternary deposits are existed in the mountainous areas of Southwest China,especially in the transition zone between the QinghaiTibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin,where strong tectonic movements and frequent climatic changes increase the potential landslides.The possible deformation and failure process of potential landslides and their impacts on the surrounding environment are important research topics.Field investigation and monitoring indicate that the Qingliu landslide in Xiameng town,Li County,Sichuan Province,China has been continuously deforming since August 2020.The deformation zone has a maximum deformation depth of approximately 18.9m,a total area of 54,628 m2,and a volume of 34.0×104 m3,which seriously threatens infrastructure projects and dwellings.As a result,understanding the Qingliu landslide evolution process,assessing the hazard risk,and planning disaster prevention measures are of great significance for reducing disaster loss.In this study,the mass movement process and hazard risk of the Qingliu landslide are evaluated,and the effects of different prevention measures are compared and discussed.By using the depth-integrated method,the mass movement of the Qingliu landslide is analyzed.The numerical simulation results indicate that the maximum velocity of the Qingliu landslide is approximately 37.5 m/s,and the duration of the landslide is approximately 90s.The simulated landslide can eventually form a deposited mass with a maximum deposit thickness of 19.4 m and an area of approximately 60,168.3 m2,thereby blocking the river and burying dwellings.Furthermore,a risk assessment of the Qingliu landslide under different forms of protection measures is also produced and discussed by considering the hazard level and economic vulnerability level of the affected area.Setting three layers of anti-slide piles on the deformation zone to reduce the hazard risk of the Qingliu landslide is a better choice.Our results may be useful for planning prevention measures and improving disaster emergency response systems.

The Prevention and Control Measures of COVID-19 in the People’s Hospital of Pingchang County

COVID-19 (COVID-19) or COVID-19 is pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus infection in patients in 2019. COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic is widespread, wide, and deep. To effectively combat the further spread of COVID-19: the overall protocol of the hospital: “three lines of defense” of community prevention and control, fever clinic and face-to-face treatment;grasp the good three-time limits: “2 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours”;do a good job of three key points: key areas and places and groups;carry out four early prevention and control measures: early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment;management of confirmed, suspected, fever, close contact “four types of personnel”;implement l responsibility system;doing all receivable, should be treated, should be checked, should be separated by “four should be”;do investigation, control, supervision, education, and care “five in place”. Through the above methods, the People’s Hospital of Pingchang County has effectively controlled COVID-19.

Assessment on the Effects of Hepatitis B Prevention and Control Measures in Western China:A Comparison of Three Population-based Serosurveys

Objective Despite the remarkable progress in efforts to control disease spread,the nationwide elimination of hepatitis B in China is still hindered by the persistently high rate of hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection in Western China.This study aimed to evaluate the strategy of hepatitis B prevention and control in Western China and identify potential areas and strategies for improvement.Methods Susceptible population vaccination,health education,professional training of doctors,and other prevention and control measures have been implemented in Wuwei city since 2010.Data were obtained from three representative cross-sectional serosurveys conducted in 2010,2013,and 2015.The serum samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect the following seromarkers:HBV surface antigen(HBsAg),antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen(anti-HBs),and antibody against hepatitis B core antigen(anti-HBc).Estimates of variance were determined using Taylor series linearization methods.Results The three serosurveys revealed decreases in the prevalence of HBsAg(7.19% in 2010 vs.6.51% in 2013 vs.5.87% in 2015)and anti-HBc positivity(43.89%vs.32.87%vs.28.46%)and an increase in the prevalence of anti-HBs positivity(49.07%vs.53.66%vs.53.72%)over time.From 2010 to 2015,the legally reported incidence of hepatitis B in Wuwei city decreased from 686.53/100,000 to 53.72/100,000.Notably,persistently high HBsAg-positive rates(above 5.40%)were observed among subjects aged 20–69 years old in the three serosurveys;the prevalence of HBsAg was above 1% among children younger than 10 years old.Furthermore,rural subjects had higher rates of HBsAg and anti-HBc positivity than their urban counterparts(6.04%vs.4.83% and 30.26%vs.20.35%,respectively)in 2015 but had a lower rate of anti-HBs positivity(49.68 vs.55.18%).Multivariate regression analysis showed that age,urban and rural areas,and education level were the main factors affecting HBV infection.Conclusion Although vaccine-based prevention and control measures reduced the rate of HBV infection in Wuwei City over time,the hepatitis B infection rate in children younger than 10 years was still higher than the national average level.Therefore,the prevention and control of mother-to-child transmission and the management of the infected should be the focus of future prevention and control work.

Prevention and Control Measures of Environmental Pollution Problem Caused by Dairy Farming in Inner Mongolia

Environmental pollution problem generated in dairy farming process is the bottleneck restricting development of animal husbandry. By using the investigation data from dairy farmers of Inner Mongolia,environmental pollution problem generated by dairy farming in Inner Mongolia and its cause were analyzed,and prevention and control measures were put forward. The research result showed that weak technology support of environmental treatment and environmental-protection awareness of dairy farmer and bad application effect of pollution control technology caused by lower education degree of dairy farmer were main reasons for environmental pollution problem. We should develop dairy circular economy,advocate a moderate scale,scientifically breed,and enhance training of pollution control technology and propaganda to protect environment.

Scenario of Infection Prevention and Control Measures for Tuberculosis in Tuberculosis Inpatient and Outpatient Department in Tertiary Care Hospital

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in our country. Also nosocomial infection by tuberculosis can occur, which can be prevented by implementing simple, effective and affordable tuberculosis infection control measures in health care facilities. To evaluate the effectiveness of infection control measures, such study was planned. Questionnaires were administered to all doctors, healthcare workers and servants working in outdoor and indoor department of tuberculosis at tertiary care hospital to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on prevention and control of Tuberculosis infection. A scoring system was devised to grade them. One-time audit was also done in outpatient and inpatient department. The analysis showed scoring of poor for doctors, good for nurses and poor forward aids. There is a need to develop strategies for training of health care workers on regular basis in order to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections. Audit result shows a good level of environmental control measures. Better knowledge, attitude and practices are helpful for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Also environmental control measures are helpful to prevent infection.

Characteristics of coal resources in China and statistical analysis and preventive measures for coal mine accidents

In the process of green and smart mine construction under the context of carbon neutrality,China's coal safety situation has been continuously improved in recent years.In order to recognize the development of coal production in China and prepare for future monitoring and prevention of safety incidents,this study mainly elaborated on the basic situation of coal resources and national mining accidents over the past five years(2017-2021),from four dimensions(accident level,type,region,and time),and then proposed the preventive measures based on accident statistical laws.The results show that the storage of coal resources has obvious geographic characteristics,mainly concentrated in the Midwest,with coal resources in Shanxi and Shaanxi accounting for about 49.4%.The proportion of coal consumption has dropped from 70.2%to 56%between 2011 and 2021,but still accounts for more than half of the all.Meanwhile,the accident-prone areas are positively correlated with the amount of coal production.Among different levels of coal mine accidents,general accidents had the highest number of accidents and deaths,with 692 accidents and 783 deaths,accounting for 87.6%and 54.64%respectively.The frequency of roof,gas,and transportation accidents is relatively high,and the number of single fatalities caused by gas accidents is the largest,about 4.18.In terms of geographical distribution of accidents,the safety situation in Shanxi Province is the most severe.From the time distribution of coal mine accidents,the accidents mainly occurred in July and August,and rarely occurred in February and December.Finally,the"4+4"safety management model is proposed,combining the statistical results with coal production in China.Based on the existing health and safety management systems,the manage-ments are divided into four sub-categories,and more specific measures are suggested.

Prevention and Control Measures of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Developed Country and Its Inspiration to China

Bovine viral diarrhea disease is an important disease in the world, which causes great economic loss and leads to serious clinical symptoms such as drop in milk and meat production, reproductive failure, growth retardation, and secondary infection increasing the mortality rate. The developed countries have made a series of measures in preventing the disease and made a great purpose. This paper summarizes those methods in order to make a reference for the control of the disease in China.

Prevention and Control Measures of the Occurrence of Ceracris kiangsu Tsai in Sugarcane Areas of Yunnan Province

Ceracris kiangsu Tsai is one of the most widely distributed forest pest.C.kiangsu has migrated from Laos to China this year,with many migration peaks and large population numbers.The main sources of C.kiangsu were from abroad and a small number of native insect sources exist.Most of the immigration sources were from Laos,and a small part originated from Vietnam.The frontier region of Yunnan Province is suitable for the growth of C.kiangsu.It is speculated that the migration frequency of the C.kiangsu from abroad may increase in recent years.In this paper,the typical morphological characteristics,life history,biological characteristics and prevention and control measures of C.kiangsu were summarized.Based on the characteristics of C.kiangsu,and combining actual sugarcane production condition in Yunnan sugarcane areas,we put forward prevention and control strategies and measures.It is suggested that Yunnan Sugarcane areas should pay close attention to the occurrence of C.kiangsu in neighboring countries,monitor the C.kiangsu population dynamics and update pest forecast information in time,and detect and control C.kiangsu in the early period,in order to effectively prevent C.kiangsu and ensure the safety of sugarcane production.

Construction Technology and Safety Risk Control Measures of Deep Foundation Pit Excavation

Deep foundation pit excavation is a basic and key step involved in modern building construction.In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits,this paper takes a project as an example to analyze deep foundation pit excavation technology,including the nature of this construction project,the main technical measures in the construction of deep foundation pit,and the analysis of the safety risk prevention and control measures.The purpose of this analysis is to provide scientific reference for the construction quality and safety of deep foundation pits.

Diagnosis and Prevention of Glasserella parasuis

This paper introduced the characteristics of Glasserella parasuis from the aspects of pathogen,epidemiology,clinical symptoms and anatomical symptoms,and put forward its clinical and laboratory diagnosis methods.Moreover,the disease was differentiated from similar diseases such as mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine,swine flu infectious pleuropneumonia of swine,swine streptococcosis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome.Finally,the prevention and treatment measures of the disease are proposed.

Diagnosis and Prevention of Swine Foot-and-mouth Disease

This paper introduces the characteristics of swine foot-and-mouth disease from the aspects of pathogen,epidemiology,clinical symptoms,and anatomical symptoms,and puts forward clinical comprehensive diagnosis and laboratory diagnostic methods.The disease is distinguished with similar diseases,such as swine pox,porcine vesicular stomatitis,and swine vesicular disease.Finally,the prevention and control measures of the disease are proposed.

Occupation-related airborne diseases: Management and prevention of tuberculosis among nurses working in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital

Objective:More health workers die from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis(TB)than from any other infectious agent,so the current study is designed to assess TB treatment and preventive measures as they relate to nursing care practice.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted among 82 nurses from December 2022 to January 2023.The data were collected through a self-developed questionnaire and analyzed by frequency table and analysis of variance(ANOVA)statistics.Results:The researchers found that nurses have sufficient knowledge on Infection Prevention and Control(IPC)policy,but not all nurses follow this management protocol,and the reason for their action is addressed in this study.The management and preventive measures used by the participants were identified as:proper cough etiquette/hygiene,working in a well-ventilated area,use of mask,appropriate disposal of used items and so on was reported.Moreover,this study also discovered that there is a positive correlation between nurses who had received training in IPC policy and their use of airborne preventive measures for TB patients(F=1.87,P=0.002)as well as a positive correlation between the availability of resources and their adherence to the proper use of airborne preventive measures when caring for TB patients(F=1.96,P˂0.001).Conclusion:We proposed infection and control training for nurses and adequate equipment supplies to the TB ward which are required in quick TB diagnosis,and must be carried out on a regular basis by health-care personnel,for efficient nursing practice.Ensuring proper safety equipment and isolation units should be available and assessable for nurses or other health workers showing sign or symptoms of TB.Similarly,it is necessary for government to put in place the control and regulations that will safeguard nurses and mandate them to adopt TB prevention protocols,which will aid in lowering the prevalence of TB among nurses.

Diagnosis and Prevention of Avian Leukosis

This paper introduced the characteristics of avian leukosis from the aspects of pathogen,epidemiology,clinical symptoms,and anatomical symptoms,and puts forward clinical comprehensive diagnosis and laboratory diagnostic methods.Besides,the disease is also differentiated from similar diseases of chicken such as Marek's disease,infectious bursal disease and reticuloendothelial hyperplasia.Finally,the prevention and control measures against the disease were proposed.