The effect of propagation delay on the dynamic evolution of the Bitcoin blockchain

This paper analyzes the selfish-mine strategy in the Bitcoin blockchain introduced in 2013 by I.Eyal and E.G.Sirer.This strategy could be used by a colluding pool of miners to earn more than their fair share of the mining revenue and in consequence to force other honest miners to join them to decrease the variance of their revenues and make their monthly revenues more predictable.It is a very dangerous dynamic that could allow the rogue pool of miners to go toward a majority by accumulating powers of news adherents and control the entire network.Considering that the propagation delay of information between any two miners in the network,which is not negligible and follows a normal distribution with mean proportional to the physical distance between the two miners,and a constant variance independent of others'delays,we prove that no guarantee can be given about the success or failure of the selfish-mine attack because of the variability of information propagation in the network.

Minimizing the Impact of Long Propagation Delay on Multiple Access for Wireless Networks

A multiple access protocol is proposed to greatly improve multiple access performance of wireless networks with long propagation delay. All the nodes with packets to send can make rapid successful reservation in access reservation mini-slots, which is adaptively adjusted according to current traffic load and idle channel resources. A Central Control Node (CCN) coordinates channel reservation and allocates on-demand channel resources to the successfully accessed nodes on two channels. Each node can employ only one handshake to accomplish each communication session, and transmit one or multiple data packets piggybacked with acknowledgment (ACK) information to one or multiple destination nodes in each frame until the end of their communication sessions, which greatly minimizes the impact of long propagation delay caused by handshakes and improves channel efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol obviously outperforms the Centralized Scheduling-based Medium Access Control (CSMAC) protocol, especially in the presence of long propagation delay.

The Contribution of the Gravitational Propagation Delay to Orbital and Center of Mass Motions

Recent measurements have shown that gravitational waves and thus the gravitational interaction propagate with the speed of light. The propagation delay of the gravitational interaction in orbiting systems couples the orbital and center of mass motions. This causes the orbits to spiral out and the center of mass to accelerate. It is one of a number of small effects modifying the Kepler orbits. The calculations show that the analytical describable expansion of the semimajor axis started at a time that is less than the age of the systems. This could be caused by a collision of a system component in the past. The effect of this propagation delay on the motion of the Earth Moon and the Brown Dwarf 569Bab binary star system is analyzed. These systems were chosen because a considerable amount of measured astronomical data is available. The calculated results are in excellent agreement with the measured data. In galaxies, too, the energy transfer from the orbit of the star cloud to the center of mass motion causes the galaxies to ac-celerate. If galaxies are considered to be molecules of the universe, then the acceleration of the galaxies will cause the molecular gas to heat and expand. Alternatively, the loss in orbital internal energy of the galaxies should be included in the mass and energy in the calculation of the expanding Universe.

The Effect of Signal Propagation Delay on the Measured Vibration in Planetary Gearboxes

Modulation of the gear mesh vibration is a major field of research for the condition monitoring of planetary gearboxes.The modulation creates sidebands around the gearmesh frequency in the vibration spectrum,and the distribution of these sidebands has been researched in numerous papers.All publications on the subject assume that the effect of the time varying signal propagation delay between the main vibration source–the gear mesh point(s)–and the(usually fixed)transducer can be neglected.This paper investigates the validity of this assumption.To do so,a planetary gearbox with a transducer mounted on the(fixed)ring gear is studied,and the effect of the propagation delay is modelled as a phase modulation of the gear mesh vibration.General expressions are then derived for the distribution and strength of the modulation sidebands,and these expressions are applied to quantify the effect of the propagation delay on five industrial gearboxes.The results show that the amplitude of the sidebands is negligible and would not interfere with condition assessment based on analysis of the modulation of the gear mesh frequency,and thus the propagation delay can be neglected for practical purposes.

Prediction of high-speed train delay propagation based on causal text information

The delay-causing text data contain valuable information such as the specific reasons for the delay,location and time of the disturbance,which can provide an efficient support for the prediction of train delays and improve the guidance of train control efficiency.Based on the train operation data and delay-causing data of the Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway,the relevant algorithms in the natural language processing field are used to process the delay-causing text data.It also integrates the train operatingenvironment information and delay-causing text information so as to develop a cause-based train delay propagation prediction model.The Word2vec model is first used to vectorize the delay-causing text description after word segmentation.The mean model or the term frequency-inverse document frequency-weighted model is then used to generate the delay-causing sentence vector based on the original word vector.Afterward,the train operating-environment features and delay-causing sentence vector are input into the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)regression algorithm to develop a delay propagation prediction model.In this work,4 text feature processing methods and 8 regression algorithms are considered.The results demonstrate that the XGBoost regression algorithm has the highest prediction accuracy using the test features processed by the continuous bag of words and the mean models.Compared with the prediction model that only considers the train-operating-environment features,the results show that the prediction accuracy of the model is significantly improved with multi-ple regression algorithms after integrating the delay-causing feature.

Propagation Delay Measurement and Compensation for Sampled Value Synchronization in a Smart Substation

Reliable sampled value(SV)synchronization is used to ensure the reliability of protective relaying in a smart substation based on IEC 61850.In this paper,an SV synchronization method based on SV propagation delay measurement and compensation is proposed.The method does not depend on an external reference clock and has higher reliability than existing ones.The core issue in the proposed method is to measure the switching delay.The following steps are undertaken in this work:First,the composition of SV propagation delay in a smart substation is analyzed.Second,a new switch with the capability of switching delay measuring and recording is presented.Third,two laboratory tests are conducted to study the measurement accuracy of the switching delay.Finally,an SV synchronization method is presented and its application is tested on a busbar protection system to demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve SV synchronization effectively.Test results show that the measurement is sufficiently accurate for the SV propagation delay compensation.The proposed method also shows that the reliability of the protective relaying in a smart substation is significantly improved.

Propagation delay and power dissipation for different aspect ratio of single-walled carbon nanotube bundled TSV

Through-silicon vias （TSVs） have provided an attractive solution for three-dimensional （3D） integrated devices and circuit technologies with reduced parasitic losses and power dissipation, higher input-output （I/O） den- sity and improved system performance. This paper investigates the propagation delay and average power dissipation of single-walled carbon nanotube bundled TSVs having different via radius and height. Depending on the physical configuration, a comprehensive and accurate analytical model of CNT bundled TSV is employed to represent the via （vertical interconnect access） line of a driver-TSV-load （DTL） system. The via radius and height are used to estimate the bundle aspect ratio （AR） and the cross-sectional area. For a fixed via height, the delay and the power dissipation are reduced up to 96.2% using a SWCNT bundled TSV with AR = 300 ： 1 in comparison to AR = 6：1.

Periodic acoustic source tracking using propagation delayed measurements

There exist a large class of acoustic sources which have an underlying periodic phenomenon. Unlike the well-studied Bearings-Only Tracking(BOT) of an aperiodic acoustic source,this paper considers the problem of tracking a periodic acoustic source. For periodic acoustic tracking, the signal emission time is known. However, the true measurement reception time is unknown because it is corrupted by noise due to propagation delay. We augment the sensor’s signal reception time onto bearing measurements, and the information of the delay constraint is included in the original bearing measurements to compensate for the propagation delay. A Cubature Kalman Filter(CKF) is used for periodic acoustic source tracking, in which measurement prediction cannot be obtained directly because the sensor’s position at the true measurement reception time is unknown.We solve this problem by using the implicit Gauss-Helmert Sensor Model(GHSM) for estimating the sensor’s position, which consists of the sensor’s motion equation and the known measured sensor’s signal reception time equation related to the state. Then a CKF based on the GHSM(CF-GHSM) is developed for periodic acoustic tracking. Illustrative examples demonstrate that the CF-GHSM algorithm is better than other algorithms for periodic acoustic source tracking.

A Spatial-Temporal Network Perspective for the Propagation Dynamics of Air Traffic Delays

Intractable delays occur in air traffic due to the imbalance between ever-increasing air traffic demand and limited airspace capacity.As air traffic is associated with complex air transport systems,delays can be magnified and propagated throughout these systems,resulting in the emergent behavior known as delay propagation.An understanding of delay propagation dynamics is pertinent to modern air traffic management.In this work,we present a complex network perspective of delay propagation dynamics.Specifically,we model air traffic scenarios using spatial–temporal networks with airports as the nodes.To establish the dynamic edges between the nodes,we develop a delay propagation method and apply it to a given set of air traffic schedules.Based on the constructed spatial-temporal networks,we suggest three metrics-magnitude,severity,and speed-to gauge delay propagation dynamics.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method,we carry out case studies on domestic flights in the Southeastern Asia region(SAR)and the United States.Experiments demonstrate that the propagation magnitude in terms of the number of flights affected by delay propagation and the amount of propagated delays for the US traffic are respectively five and ten times those of the SAR.Experiments further reveal that the propagation speed for US traffic is eight times faster than that of the SAR.The delay propagation dynamics reveal that about six hub airports in the SAR have significant propagated delays,while the situation in the United States is considerably worse,with a corresponding number of around 16.This work provides a potent tool for tracing the evolution of air traffic delays.

Cascading Delays for the High-Speed Rail Network Under Different Emergencies:A Double Layer Network Approach

High-speed rail(HSR) has formed a networked operational scale in China. Any internal or external disturbance may deviate trains’ operation from the planned schedules, resulting in primary delays or even cascading delays on a network scale. Studying the delay propagation mechanism could help to improve the timetable resilience in the planning stage and realize cooperative rescheduling for dispatchers. To quickly and effectively predict the spatial-temporal range of cascading delays, this paper proposes a max-plus algebra based delay propagation model considering trains’ operation strategy and the systems’ constraints. A double-layer network based breadth-first search algorithm based on the constraint network and the timetable network is further proposed to solve the delay propagation process for different kinds of emergencies. The proposed model could deal with the delay propagation problem when emergencies occur in sections or stations and is suitable for static emergencies and dynamic emergencies. Case studies show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve the computational efficiency of the large-scale HSR network. Moreover, the real operational data of China HSR is adopted to verify the proposed model, and the results show that the cascading delays can be timely and accurately inferred, and the delay propagation characteristics under three kinds of emergencies are unfolded.

Social Network Information Propagation Model Based on Individual Behavior

In this paper, we discuss building an information dissemination model based on individual behavior. We analyze the individual behavior related to information dissemination and the factors that affect the sharing behavior of individuals, and we define and quantify these factors. We consider these factors as characteristic attributes and use a Bayesian classifier to classify individuals. Considering the forwarding delay characteristics of information dissemination, we present a random time generation method that simulates the delay of information dissemination. Given time and other constraints, a user might not look at all the information that his/her friends published. Therefore, this paper proposes an algorithm to predict information visibility, i.e., it estimates the probability that an individual will see the information. Based on the classification of individual behavior and combined with our random time generation and information visibility prediction method, we propose an information dissemination model based on individual behavior. The model can be used to predict the scale and speed of information propagation. We use data sets from Sina Weibo to validate and analyze the prediction methods of the individual behavior and information dissemination model based on individual behavior. A previously proposedinformation dissemination model provides the foundation for a subsequent study on the evolution of the network and social network analysis. Predicting the scale and speed of information dissemination can also be used for public opinion monitoring.

Analytical Modeling for Translating Statistical Changes to Circuit Variability by Ultra⁃Deep Submicron Digital Circuit Design

This paper presents a physics⁃based compact gate delay model that includes all short⁃channel phenomena prevalent at the ultra⁃deep submicron technology node of 32 nm.To simplify calculations,the proposed model is connected to a compactα⁃power law⁃based(Sakurai⁃Newton)model.The model has been tested on a wide range of supply voltages.The model accurately predicts nominal delays and the delays under process variations.It has been shown that at lower technology nodes,the delay is more sensitive to threshold voltage variations,specifically at the sub⁃threshold operating region as compared with effective channel length variations above the threshold region.

A Handover Strategy in the LEO Satellite-Based Constellation Networks with ISLs

A new handover strategy named minimal-hops handover(MHH) strategy for the lowearth orbit(LEO) satellite constellations networks equipped with inter-satellite links(ISLs) is proposed.MHH strategy,which is based on the hops of the end-to-end connection paths and makes good use of theregularity of the constellation network topology,can appropriately combine the handover procedure withrouting and efficiently solve the inter-satellite handover issue.Moreover,MHH strategy can providequality of services(QoS) guarantees to some extent.The system performances of the MHH strategy,suchas time propagation delay and handover frequency,are evaluated and compared with that of otherprevious strategies.The simulation results show that MHH strategy performs better than other previoushandover strategies.

Network analysis of Chinese air transport delay propagation

The Chinese air transport system has witnessed an important evolution in the last decade,with a strong increase in the number of flights operated and a consequent reduction of their punctuality.In this contribution,we propose modelling the process of delay propagation by using complex networks,in which nodes are associated to airports,and links between pairs of them are assigned when a delay propagation is detected.Delay time series are analysed through the wellknown Granger Causality,which allows detecting if one time series is causing the dynamics observed in a second one.Results indicate that delays are mostly propagated from small and regional airports,and through flights operated by turbo-prop aircraft,These insights can be used to design strategies for delay propagation dampening,as for instance by including small airports into the system＇s Collaborative Decision Making.

A New Independent GPS-Free System for Geo-Referencing from Space

A new system’s geo-referencing from space is entirely free from any GNSS (GPS or equivalent) systems. The system addresses to various strategic and economic applications such as in remote clock synchronism, aircraft and balloon navigation, missile and smart bombs tracking, satellite orbital determination and remote target geo-positioning. The new geometry concept corresponds to an “inverted GPS” configuration, utilizing four ground-based reference stations, synchronized in time, installed at well known geodesic coordinates and a repeater in space, carried by an aircraft, balloon, satellite, etc. Signal transmitted by one of the reference bases is retransmitted by the transponder, received back by the four bases, producing four ranging measurements which are corrected for the time delays undergone in every retransmission. A minimization function was derived to compare the repeater’s positions referred to at least two groups of three reference bases, to correct for the signal transit time at the repeater and propagation delays, and consequently to provide the accurate repeater position for each time interaction. Once the repeater’s coordinates are known, the other determinations and applications become straightforward. The system solving algorithm and process performance has been demonstrated by simulations adopting a practical example with the transponder carried by an aircraft moving over bases and a target on the ground. Effects produced by reference clock synchronism uncertainties at the four bases on the measurements are reviewed.

Network science approach for identifying disruptive elements of an airline

Currently,flight delays are common and they propagate from an originating flight to connecting flights,leading to large disruptions in the overall schedule.These disruptions cause massive economic losses,affect airlines’reputations,waste passengers’time and money,and directly impact the environment.This study adopts a network science approach for solving the delay propagation problem by modeling and analyzing the flight schedules and historical operational data of an airline.We aim to determine the most disruptive airports,flights,flightconnections,and connection types in an airline network.Disruptive elements are influential or critical entities in an airline network.They are the elements that can either cause(airline schedules)or have caused(historical data)the largest disturbances in the network.An airline can improve its operations by avoiding delays caused by the most disruptive elements.The proposed network science approach for disruptive element analysis was validated using a case study of an operating airline.The analysis indicates that potential disruptive elements in a schedule of an airline are also actual disruptive elements in the historical data and they should be considered to improve operations.The airline network exhibits small-world effects and delays can propagate to any part of the network with a minimum of four delayed flights.Finally,we observed that passenger connections between flights are the most disruptive connection type.Therefore,the proposed methodology provides a tool for airlines to build robust flight schedules that reduce delays and propagation.

Transient response of carbon nanotube integrated circuits

The speed of frequency response of all published carbon nanotube （CNT） integrated circuits （ICs） is far from that predicted. The transient response of CNT ICs is explored systematically through the combination of experimental and simulation methods. Complementary field-effect-transistor （FET） based inverters were fabricated on a single semiconducting CNT, and the dynamic response measurement indicates that it can only work at an unexpectedly low speed, i.e. with a large propagation delay of 30 }_ts. Owing to the larger output resistance of CNT FETs, the existence of parasitic capacitances should induce much larger resistive-capacitive （RC） delay than that in Si ICs. Through detailed analysis combining simulation and experimental measurements, several kinds of parasitic capacitances dragging down the actual speed of CNT FET ICs are identified one by one, and each of them limits the speed at different levels through RC delay. It is found that the parasitic capacitance from the measurement system is the dominant one, and the large RC delay lowers the speed of CNT FETs logic circuits to only several kHz which is similar to the experimental results. Various optimized schemes are suggested and demonstrated to minimize the effect of parasitic capacitances, and thus improve the speed of CNT ICs.

VLSI scaling methods and low power CMOS buffer circuit

Device scaling is an important part of the very large scale integration （VLSI） design to boost up the success path of VLSI industry, which results in denser and faster integration of the devices. As technology node moves towards the very deep submicron region, leakage current and circuit reliability become the key issues. Both are increasing with the new technology generation and affecting the performance of the overall logic circuit. The VLSI designers must keep the balance in power dissipation and the circuit＇s performance with scaling of the devices. In this paper, different scaling methods are studied first. These scaling methods are used to identify the effects of those scaling methods on the power dissipation and propagation delay of the CMOS buffer circuit. For mitigating the power dissipation in scaled devices, we have proposed a reliable leakage reduction low power transmission gate （LPTG） approach and tested it on complementary metal oxide semiconductor （CMOS） buffer circuit. All simulation results are taken on HSPICE tool with Berkeley predictive technology model （BPTM） BSIM4 bulk CMOS files. The LPTG CMOS buffer reduces 95.16% power dissipation with 84.20% improvement in figure of merit at 32 nm technology node. Various process, voltage and temperature variations are analyzed for proving the robustness of the proposed approach. Leakage current uncertainty decreases from 0.91 to 0.43 in the CMOS buffer circuit that causes large circuit reliability.

Security and performance evaluation of master node protocol based reputation blockchain in the bitcoin network

Bitcoin is a digital currency based on a peer-to-peer network to propagate and verify transactions.Bitcoin is gaining wider adoption than any previous crypto-currency.However,the mechanism of peers randomly choosing logical neighbours without any knowledge about the underlying physical topology can cause a delay overhead in information propagation which makes the system vulnerable to double spend attacks.Aiming at alleviating the propagation delay problem,this paper introduces a proximity-aware extension to the current Bitcoin protocol,named Master Node Based Clustering(MNBC).The ultimate purpose of the proposed protocol,which is based on how clusters are formulated and how nodes can define their membership,is to improve the information propagation delay in the Bitcoin network.In the MNBC protocol,physical internet connectivity increases as well as the number of hops between nodes decreases through assigning nodes to be responsible for maintaining clusters based on physical Internet proximity.Furthermore,a reputation-based blockchain protocol is integrated with MNBC protocol in order to securely assign a master node for every cluster.We validate our proposed methods through a set of simulation experiments and the findings show how the proposed methods run and their impact in optimising the transaction propagation delay.

FELERION: a new approach for leakage power reduction

The circuit proposed in this paper simultaneously reduces the sub threshold leakage power and saves the state of art aspect of the logic circuits. Sleep transistors and PMOS-only logic are used to further reduce the leakage power. Sleep transistors are used as the keepers to reduce the sub threshold leakage current providing the low resistance path to the output. PMOS-only logic is used between the pull up and pull down devices to mitigate the leakage power further. Our proposed fast efficient leakage reduction circuit not only reduces the leakage current but also reduces the power dissipation. Power and delay are analyzed at the 32 nm BSIM4 model for a chain of four inverters, NAND, NOR and ISCAS-85 c17 benchmark circuits using DSCH3 and the Microwind tool. The simulation results reveal that our proposed approach mitigates leakage power by 90%–94% as compared to the conventional approach.