Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis and Total Phenol Content of Proso Millet and Barnyard Millet

Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.

Comprehensive Assessment of Drought Resistance of Proso Millet Germplasm Resources in Shanxi

In order to clarify drought resistance of proso millet applied in field production in Shanxi, we identified its drought resistance during the whole growth period and measured nine traits, including plant height, panicle length, stem diameter, panicle weight, grain weight per spike, straw weight per plant, node numbers of main stem, 1 000-grain weight and effective panicles, under different treatments. Principal component analysis and stepwise regression analysis were used for comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance during the whole growth period and screening the drought index. The results showed that there were correlations among 9 phenotypic traits. The coefficient of variation of panicle weight and straw weight per plant sharply reduced under normal water supply and drought stress. Landrace ＂yellow millet＂ had the strongest drought resistance（D =0.87）, integrated drought D value and membership function value of yield had significant correlation（r =0.515 9, P〈0.05）. Panicle weight and straw weight per plant had significant impact on drought resistance and could be taken as comprehensive indexes of drought resistance identification in growth period.

GGE biplot analysis of yield stability and test location representativeness in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes

The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso millet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso millet genotypes in China. The objectives of this study were to analyze yield stability and adaptability of proso millets and to evaluate the discrimination and representativeness of locations by analysis of vari- ance （ANOVA） and genotype and genotype by environment interaction （GGE） biplot methods. Grain yields of proso millet genotypes were significantly influenced by environment （E）, genotype （G） and their interaction （GxE） （P〈0.1%）. GxE inter- action effect was six times higher than G effect in non-waxy group and seven times in waxy group. N04-339 in non-waxy and Neimi 6 （NM6） in waxy showed higher grain yields and stability compared with other genotypes. Also, Neimi 9 （NM9, a non-waxy cultivar） and 90322-2-33 （a waxy cultivar） showed higher adaptability in 7 and in 11 locations, respectively. For non-waxy, Dalat, Inner Mongolia （E2） and Wuzhai, Shanxi （E5） were the best sites among all the locations for maximizing the variance among candidate cultivars, and Yanchi, Ningxia （El0） had the best representativeness. Wuzhai, Shanxi （e9） and Yanchi, Ningxia （e14） were the best representative locations, and Baicheng, Jilin （e2） was better discriminating location than others for waxy genotypes. Based on our results, El0 and e14 have enhanced efficiency and accuracy for non-waxy genotypes and waxy genotypes selection, respectively in national regional test of proso millet varieties.

Diversity and trait-specific sources for productivity and nutritional traits in the global proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.) germplasm collection

Proso millet is an important short-duration crop that adapts well to varied climatic conditions and is grown worldwide for food,feed and fodder purposes.Owing to a lack of genetic improvement,the crop has experienced no yield improvement and provides low income to farmers.In this study,200 accessions of proso millet originating in 30 countries were evaluated in two rainy seasons to assess phenotypic diversity for morpho-agronomic and grain nutritional traits and to identify high grain-yielding and grain nutrient-rich accessions.Proso millet diversity was structured by geographical region,by country within region,and by racial group.Race patentissimum showed high diversity and ovatum low diversity,and diverged widely from each other.The lowest divergence was observed between races compactum and ovatum.Eighteen high grain-yielding,10 large-seeded,and 26 two or more grain nutrients-rich accessions were identified,and highly diverse pairs of accessions within and between trait groups were identified.They included IPm 9 and IPm2661 for high grain yield and large seed size;and IPm 2069,IPm 2076,and IPm 2537 for high Fe,Zn,Ca,and protein contents.IPm 2875 had a seed coat that is readily removed by threshing.This study provides valuable information to proso millet researchers about agronomic and nutritional traits in accessions that could be tested for regional adaption and yield for direct release as cultivars,and could be used in breeding for developing high grain-yielding and nutrient-rich cultivars.

Proso Millet Protein Elevates Plasma Level of High-Density Lipoprotein:A New Food Function of Proso Millet

We examined the effects of dietary proso-millet protein on plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in different rats from animals reported in our previous studies. The results showed also, in this animal, that the ingestion of the millet protein elevates plasma levels of HDL-cholesterol like our earlier works. Taking into account the anti-atherogenic function of HDL, therefore, the millet protein would be useful as a new food ingredient which has the function that regulates cholesterol metabolism

Yielding Ability and Stability and Adaptability of Proso Millet Varieties

The yielding ability and stability and adaptability of eight proso millet varieties from Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang and Hebei were analyzed and evaluated in different ecological regions including Zhangjiakou,Huanghua and Shijiazhuang in 2015. The results showed that Chishu No. 2 and Jishu No. 2 have stronger yielding ability,and their grain yields were 3 144. 42( highest) and 3 133. 15 kg/ha respectively,ranking first and second in the test varieties. In areas with low fertility,especially in saline-alkali areas,they still have potential for high yields,so they are suitable for promotion in large areas in Hebei Province. Neimi No. 8 and Yanshu No. 11 showed special adaptability under different ecological conditions. They require high-fertility soil and can be planted in the spring millet area in north of Hebei.

Proso millet醇溶蛋白调节小鼠血清胆固醇代谢的作用及其机理

通过比较分别饲喂不同蛋白源(酪蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、Proso m illet醇溶蛋白)饲料的小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-c)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-c)、甘油三酯(TG)浓度,旨在评价Proso m illet醇溶蛋白对小鼠胆固醇代谢的特定作用,并通过体外实验探讨其作用机理。结果显示,以Prosom illet醇溶蛋白(添加1.83%Lys和0.23%Trp)为唯一氮源的小鼠日粮对TC、TG无明显作用,却能显著提高小鼠血清HDL-c浓度(P<0.05),降低小鼠动脉硬化指数(AI)。但在体外其并不能抑制羟甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)还原酶的活性,即不能直接抑制胆固醇的合成,所以,其对胆固醇代谢的调节作用另有其他途径。

Diversity Evaluation of Proso Millet Germplasm Resources in Dryland

[Objective] This study was to provide a theoretical basis for the selection of the parents of proso millet breeding in dry land of south Ningxia, with the aim to improve the production of hilly proso millet in Ningxia hilly area. [Method] The genetic diversity of 46 accessions of dryland proso millet germplasm at 11 agronomic traits were analyzed by using principal component analysis, Shannon-weaver diversity index and non-weighted matching arithmetic average clustering method （UPGMA）. Cluster analysis was also performed. [Result] The proso millet resources mainly had green inflorescence color, panicle spikes, and yellow grain color. The maximum diversity index of proso millet was 2.03. The variation coefficient of grain weight per plant was 19.23. In all the principal components, the main information concentrated on the first 4 principal components with the cumulative contribution rate reaching 83.34%. The tested materials were clustered into 3 categories at euclidean distance of 0.984 4. The first category contained 41 germplasm resources, the second contained 2, and the third category contained 3. [Conclusion] This study could provide references for the targeted use of drought-resistant parents to select hybrid combinations of proso millet in Ningxia.

Application Effects of Several Herbicides in Spring Proso Millet Area in Northern Hebei Province

According to the ecological environment and current status of weeds in northern Hebei Province,five herbicides were screened out to test weed control efficacy and crop safety. The result showed that Gaolaotou was more economic and effective when spraying in soil on the sowing day at the dose of 2 250 m L/hm;.

Morphological diversity and correlation analysis of phenotypes and quality traits of proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)core collections

Genetic diversity and comprehensive performance are the basis for the discovery and efficient use of proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.) core collections. In this study, 386 proso millet core collections were used as materials to observe inflorescence color, leaf phase, inflorescence density, axis shape, branched spike length, panicle type, trichome, measured area of the top3 leaves, and chlorophyll content of the top3 leaves at filling stage. These core collections were also used to record growth period, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, branch number, panicle length, panicle number per plant, and panicle weight per plant at the maturation stage. Starch, fat, protein, and yellow pigment contents in the grain and 1 000-seed weight were also measured after harvest. Then, quantitative traits were used for diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of each collection. Correlations between all traits were also analyzed. Results showed that among the 8 quality traits, the Shannon index(H′) of hull color was the highest(1.588) followed by the H′ of inflorescence density(0.984). However, inflorescence color and axis shape were lower. The H′ of 16 quantitative traits were significantly higher than the quality traits with the following traits having the highest indices: fat content(2.092), 1 000-seed weight(2.073), top3 leaves area(2.070), main stem diameter(2.056), and plant height(2.052). Furthermore, all other traits had a diversity higher than 1.900. After a comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, leaf area of top3 leaves, and 1 000-seed weight were the biggest contributors to the principal components. Six high-fat and high-protein cultivars, including Nuoshu, A75-2, Zhiduoaosizhi, Panlonghuangmi, Xiaobaishu, and Xiaohongshu were also screened. Correlations between the quantitative traits were significant, including the correlation between quality traits and quantitative traits. In conclusion, the core collections can be used as basis for discriminating among proso millet cultivars based on related traits and for further studies on millet with rich genetic diversity, good representation, and significant collection between traits.

糜子淀粉结构及理化特性研究进展

由于糜子营养丰富且升糖指数低,糜子资源的开发受到越来越多的关注。现有研究表明,淀粉作为糜子的主要成分,其结构对理化特性和糜子制品的品质有极大的影响。本研究从颗粒形貌、分子结构、结晶特性3个方面对糜子淀粉的多尺度结构进行综述,并从糊化特性、热焓特性、流变特性和消化特性4个方面对糜子淀粉的理化特性进行分析,对比了粳性糜子淀粉和糯性糜子淀粉多尺度结构及理化特性的差别,探讨了糜子淀粉的结构特征与理化特性之间的关系,同时指出对糜子淀粉多尺度结构和理化特性之间关系的研究仍有不足,缺乏对不同品种糜子淀粉间多尺度结构和理化特性的系统比较等问题,以期为糜子资源的开发利用提供基础理论参考。

糜子改性淀粉的理化性质及体外消化特性研究

本研究将脱支糜子淀粉(DPM)与不同碳链长度(12〜18)的饱和脂肪酸复合,制备糜子改性淀粉(DPM-FA),并测定其理化性质和体外消化特性。研究发现,糜子改性淀粉的复合指数与脂肪酸碳链长度密切相关,且随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加,复合指数呈现先增高后降低的趋势,最高至23.09%。天然糜子淀粉(PMS),脱支糜子淀粉以及糜子改性淀粉的晶型有所变化,由A型转变为B型进而变为V型。随着晶型的改变,糜子改性淀粉热稳定性最高,焓变(ΔH)最高至5.26 J/g,且其体外消化率最低,相比天然糜子淀粉降低14.65%,这与抗性淀粉含量增加10.31%,快消化淀粉含量降低10.35%密切相关。综上,糜子改性淀粉的高稳定和低消化性的特质,使其有望作为降血糖功能性食品的重要来源。

干旱山区糜子新品种(系)的生态适应性评价

为筛选出环县旱作农业区生态适应性强的糜子新品种,2023年对引进的10个糜子品种(系)在环县干旱山区进行品比试验。结果表明,供试品种(系)产量差异明显,折合产量高于对照品种陇糜10号(2110.5 kg/hm^(2))的品种有6个,其中以1104-2-2N最高,为2555.6 kg/hm^(2),较陇糜10号增产21.1%(P<0.05);其次是2012FMZ8-1-3,为2388.9 kg/hm^(2),较陇糜10号增产13.2%(P<0.05);0903-1-1N、1126-7、2013FMZ3-1-3、1119-4-4-2分别较陇糜10号增产10.5%、7.9%、5.3%、2.6%。其余3个品种(系)的折合产量均低于陇糜10号,以晋黍8号最低,为1944.4 kg/hm^(2),较陇糜10号减产7.9%,但与陇糜10号差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合参试品种(系)的生态适应性及经济性状和产量表现,1104-2-2N、2012FMZ8-1-3、0903-1-1N、1126-7、2013FMZ3-1-3、1119-4-4-2等6个品种可在生产中应用。

The Impact of Varied Fertilizers on the Yield and Quality of Panicum miliaceum under Low Nitrogen Conditions

To clarify the response characteristics of broomcorn millet yield and quality to various fertilizers under low nitrogen conditions,the present study investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments,including no fertilization(HCK,CCK),urea(HF1,CF1),phosphate fertilizer(HF2,CF2),compound fertilizer(HF3,CF3),and organic fertilizer(HF4,CF4),on the agronomic traits,quality,and starch pasting properties of proso millet.As experimental materials,non-waxy proso millet(Hequ red proso millet,denoted as HQH)and waxy proso millet(Chishu 1,denoted as CS1)were utilized.The results showed that under low nitrogen conditions,urea treatment(HF1)significantly increased plant height and yield,and phosphate fertilizer treatment(HF2)significantly increased thousand-grain weight(TW).For waxy proso millet Chishu NO.1(CS1),urea treatment(CF1)significantly increased yield,phosphate fertilizer treatment(CF2)significantly influenced the height of the plants,and compound fertilizer treatment(CF3)significantly increased thousand-grain weight.In terms of quality,phosphate fertilizer treatment(CF2)and organic fertilizer treatment(CF4)resulted in a substantial augmentation of both the total starch content and amylose content of waxy proso millet Chishu NO.1(CS1),respectively,and organic fertilizer treatment(HF4,CF4)resulted in a notable enhancement of the protein content of proso millet.Organic fertilizer treatment(HF4)increased peak viscosity(PV),hot viscosity(HV),setback viscosity(SV),final viscosity(FV),breakdown viscosity(BV),pasting time(PTim),and pasting temperature(PTemp)of non-waxy proso millet.Phosphate fertilizer treatment(CF2)increased the peak viscosity(PV),hot viscosity(HV),breakdown viscosity(BV),final viscosity(FV),pasting time(PTim),and pasting temperature(PTemp)of waxy proso millet.Organic fertilizer treatment(HF4)and phosphate fertilizer treatment(CF2)under low nitrogen were the most effective in improving the comprehensive quality of non-waxy and waxy proso millet,respectively.The findings of our research elucidated the impacts of various fertilizers on the productivity and quality of non-waxy and waxy proso millet in nitrogen-deficient environments.Furthermore,this research offered a conceptual underpinning for attaining enhanced cultivation outcomes,encompassing both improved yield and quality,of proso millet in drought-prone regions.

黍稷麸皮多糖分离纯化、结构表征及抑菌活性分析

本研究通过对黍稷麸皮多糖进行分离纯化、结构表征,并研究其抑菌活性,旨在为黍稷加工副产物中营养物质的开发利用提供参考。采用碱提醇沉法提取黍稷麸皮多糖(millet bran polysaccharides,MBP),DEAE-50、Sephadex G-100柱层析分离纯化,利用HPLC色谱、红外光谱、原子力显微镜、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射等方法对黍稷麸皮多糖结构进行分析。结果表明,MBP分子量为3.479×104 Da,单糖组成的摩尔比为甘露糖:鼠李糖:葡萄糖:半乳糖:阿拉伯糖:木糖=0.11:0.13:5.86:0.62:1.00:0.52,是β型吡喃多糖。MBP具有良好的热稳定性,在形态结构方面呈片层状,连接紧密,不具备晶体结构。抑菌实验得出,MBP对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度为2 mg/mL。综上,从黍稷麸皮中提取得到的多糖MBP具有良好的抑菌能力。

禾本科杂粮作物养分高效机理及指标研究进展

我国耕地中低产田面积大,养分缺乏始终是限制作物产量的一个主要因素。谷子、糜子和高粱为我国传统的禾谷类杂粮作物,具有光合效率高,耐旱耐瘠薄的特点,较大宗粮食作物更适应干旱、贫瘠的土壤。然而,养分利用效率研究主要集中在玉米、小麦等主粮作物,小杂粮作物研究进展相对缓慢。本文系统总结了谷子、糜子和高粱氮、磷、钾高效利用的研究结果,归纳了几种杂粮作物养分高效的筛选指标,形态指标包括地上部干重、穗粗、穗重、草重、产量等,生理指标包括氮同化酶活性、磷积累量、光合养分效率等,养分吸收效率主要指标包括根系大小、根系长度、侧根分支和根直径,及可能参与养分高效的候选基因如NRT1、PHR1、钾转运蛋白HAK和钾离子通道蛋白Shaker等。未来可从以下几方面推进杂粮作物养分高效的研究:杂粮作物光合效率高和根系耐旱耐贫瘠的特点;利用转录组学方法深入分析引起杂粮作物光合作用和养分吸收效率的种间和种内变异的机理,特别是与氮组分、磷组分变化相关的机制;分析杂粮作物的根系形态及其主导的根系微生物互作特征对养分高效吸收的影响。这些研究将为培育养分高效高产的杂粮品种和高效栽培技术提供理论基础和指导。

超声波处理对发芽糜子品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究超声波处理对发芽糜子品质及抗氧化活性的影响,以‘榆黍1号’(糯性)带壳糜子为研究对象,利用超声波(40 kHz,96 W)处理糜子15 min,置于35℃催芽24 h后测定发芽糜子的色值、还原糖含量、游离氨基酸含量、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、总酚含量、总黄酮含量等品质指标、酶活性和抗氧化活性。结果表明,糜子发芽后,L^(*)值升高,a^(*)值和b^(*)值下降;还原糖含量上升;GABA含量上升;游离氨基酸含量增加;酶活性增强;抗氧化能力增强。与普通发芽组相比,超声波处理发芽组的糜子GABA含量升高了18.00%,还原糖含量升高了15.38%,黄酮含量上升了30.85%,酶活性和抗氧化活性得到进一步提升。综上,超声波辅助加工能在一定程度上改善发芽糜子的品质特性及抗氧化活性。

播期对不同类型糜子生长发育及产量和品质的影响

为揭示播期对西北旱区糜子生长发育及产量和品质的影响,以适宜西北旱区栽培的粳性和糯性糜子为研究对象,探究6个播期[4月20日(S1)、5月5日(S2)、5月20日(S3)、6月4日(S4)、6月19日(S5)、7月4日(S6)]下糜子的生长发育及产量和品质变化。结果表明,播期推迟,糜子的生育期也推迟,生育天数缩短,S1播期各品种糜子生育天数变化范围为125~139 d,S4处理生育期缩短至101~112 d,S6播期时仅81~88 d。糜子植株随播期推迟呈矮化生长,S4播期各品种糜子的株高比S3低10.63~16.70 cm(P<0.001)。糜子的穗长在S5播期下较长,穗重、单穗粒重、千粒重和产量达最大,且穗茎短。在S5播期,‘陇糜12号’、‘固糜21号’、‘榆糜2号’、‘冀黍2号’、‘赤黍8号’和‘晋黍9号’的产量比S3分别高18.0%、14.4%、15.1%、9.3%、8.0%和10.0%(P<0.05),穗茎长比S3分别短13.1%、14.6%、15.1%、30.6%、15.3%和11.8%(P<0.05)。糜子籽粒品质受播期的影响显著,播期推迟,糜子品质得到改善,但过迟播种对糜子品质不利,S5播期处理所有糜子品种的淀粉和蛋白质均达最高,各品种分别比S3高12.1%~22.7%(P<0.05)和11.3%~20.5%(P<0.05)。综合考虑糜子生长、产量及品质等指标,本试验条件下,S5为西北旱区糜子生产的适宜播期。

糜子核心种质成株期抗旱性鉴定评价与抗旱种质筛选

【目的】干旱是影响糜子生长发育及产量的主要制约因素之一,筛选优异抗旱资源及鉴定指标,为抗旱品种的选育和抗旱分子机制的研究奠定基础。【方法】以200份糜子核心种质资源为研究对象,于2021—2022年在甘肃敦煌连续开展2年的田间成株期抗旱性鉴定,试验设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫2个处理,测定叶面积(leafarea,LA)、主茎直径(mainstem diameter,MSD)、主茎节数(number of main stem nodes,NMSN)、主穗长(main panicle length,MPL)、穗下节间长度(pedunclelength,PL)、株高(plantheight,PH)、单株草重(strawweightperplant,SWPP)、单株穗重(panicleweight perplant,PWPP)、单株粒重(grainweightperplant,GWPP)、千粒重(thousandgrainweight,TGW)和小区产量(yield perplot,YPP)11个指标,采用综合抗旱系数(CDTC值)、抗旱指数(DRI值)和抗旱性度量值(D值)对糜子成株期抗旱性进行综合评价。【结果】在不同水分处理条件下,叶面积、主茎直径、主茎节数、主穗长、穗下节间长度、株高、单株草重、单株穗重、单株粒重、千粒重和小区产量11个指标在不同种质间均表现为显著差异。干旱胁迫处理下,糜子的生长受到抑制,11个指标测定值均较正常灌水处理明显降低,且小区产量对干旱胁迫较敏感。相关性分析发现,11个测定指标的抗旱系数间均呈现出一定的相关性,其中,单株穗重和单株粒重的相关性最强,相关系数为0.943。主成分分析将11个鉴定指标转换成6个主成分,累计方差贡献率达80.667%。基于CDTC值、DRI值和D值的糜子资源抗旱性排序基本一致。根据D值利用聚类分析将200份糜子种质资源抗旱性划分为4类,第Ⅰ类为强抗旱型有10份,第Ⅱ类为抗旱型有70份,第Ⅲ类为干旱敏感型有81份,第Ⅳ类为干旱极敏感型有39份。株高、单株粒重、单株穗重和主穗长与D值的相关性较高,相关系数分别为0.756、0.697、0.696和0.679。通过逐步回归分析构建了糜子成株期抗旱评价的回归方程:Y=-1.509+0.362X1+0.174X2+0.349X3+0.389X4+0.307X5+0.251X6+0.218X7。【结论】抗旱性度量值法适宜于糜子成株期抗旱性评价;筛选出巴林左疙塔黍(00000525)、高台乌糜子(00002677)和民乐红糜子(00002687)等10份强抗旱性材料;株高、单株穗重和主穗长可作为糜子成株期抗旱性鉴定的主要指标。

Physicochemical and structural properties of starches from non-traditional sources in China

In this study,we isolated starches from non-traditional sources,including quinoa,lentil,arrowhead,gorgon fruit,sorghum,chickpea,proso millet,and purple potato and investigated their morphology,physicochemical,and functional properties.Significant differences in starch particle morphology,swelling power,solubility,syneresis,crystalline pattern,and pasting viscosity were observed among the starches from these nontraditional sources.Further,all these isolated starches had unique properties because of their characteristic distinct granules when seen under scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The amylose content of the isolated starches shown significant difference(P<0.05),and the values ranged between 11.46%and 37.61%.Results demonstrated that the isolated starches contained between 79.82%to 86.56%starch,indicating that the isolated starches had high purity.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of starches isolated from sorghum,proso millet,quinoa,purple potato,and gorgon fruit presented A-type diffraction pattern;while lentil seeds,arrowhead,and chickpea starches presented C-type diffraction pattern.Overall,these results will promote the development of products based on starch isolated from non-traditional starches.