Exploitation and Utilization of Insect Protein Feed Resources

The insect is the animal protein feed resource potential, the rapid repro- duction, large quantity, high protein content, and most species of insects can be used as livestock feed utilization, development of insect as feed resources, to pro- mote the development of China＇s animal husbandry and feed industry, has important significance.

Effect of New Fly Maggot Protein Feed on mRNA Expression of TOR Signaling Pathway-related Genes in Loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.

Effects of fermented protein feed on the growth performance of pond-raised crab

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a pellet feed containing fermented proteins on pond-raised Chinese mitten crabs,Eriocheir sinensis in a 7-month crab feeding experiment in Gucheng Lake,Jiangsu province,China.The results showed that fermented protein could significantly increase mean weight gain,crab size and total yield compared with control group.Moreover,the mean weight of male crabs and the number of large-sized male crabs improved over those of the control group.However,feed efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the two groups.The amino acid content in the muscles of the female crabs of both the groups was higher than that in the muscles of the male crabs.The present study suggests that fermented compound protein may be one kind of potential protein sources for E.sinensis.

Nitrogen partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows with different phenotypic residual feed intake

Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) is an inheritable measure of feed efficiency that is independent on level of production. However, physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying divergent RFI are not fully elucidated.This study was conducted to investigate dietary nitrogen(N) partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows divergent in phenotypic RFI.Results: Thirty Holstein dairy cows(milk yield = 35.3 ± 4.71 kg/d;milk protein yield = 1.18 ± 0.13 kg/d;mean ± standard deviation) were selected for the experiment to derive RFI. After the RFI measurement period of 50 d, the 10 lowest RFI cows and 8 highest RFI cows were selected. The low RFI cows had lower dry matter intake(DMI, P < 0.05) than the high RFI cows, but they produced similar energy-corrected milk. The ratios of milk to DMI(1.41 vs. 1.24, P < 0.01) and energy-corrected milk to DMI(1.48 vs. 1.36, P < 0.01) were greater in low RFI cows than those in the high RFI cows. The low RFI cows had lower milk urea nitrogen than that in the high RFI cows(P = 0.05). Apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ between two groups(P > 0.10). Compared with high RFI animals, the low RFI cows had a lower retention of N(5.72 vs. 51.4 g/d, P < 0.05) and a higher partition of feed N to milk N(29.7% vs. 26.5%, P < 0.05).Conclusions: The results suggest that differences in N partition, synthesis of microbial protein, and utilization of metabolizable protein could be part of the mechanisms associated with variance in the RFI.

Production Technology and Application of Slow-Release Non-protein Nitrogen Extruded Feed Additive

Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.

Influence of fish meal quality on growth,feed conversion rate and protein digestibility in shrimp (Penaeus chinensis ) and red seabream (Pagrosomus major)

The effect of fishmeal quality on growth,feed conversion ratio and protein digestibility was studied in a growth experiment with shrimp and red seabream.The shrimp and fish were fed three diets varing in the quality of the fishmeal used in the respective feeds: low quality fish meal,good quality fish meal,and Peru fish meal.The experiment lasted for 2 months.The shrimp and fish fed the feed with good quality fish meal showed significantly better feed conversion ratio,weight gain rate,protein digestibility than the other groups.

Feasibility of Partial Replacement of Fishmeal with Proteins from Different Sources in Diets of Korean Rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli)

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in an indoor recirculation seawater system to investigate the effects of partial replacement of dietary fishmeal with proteins from five sources on the growth performance and feed utilization of Sebastes schlegeli. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated using fishmeal(FM, the control) as sole protein source, or proteins from five sources including poultry by-product meal(PBM), meat and bone meal(MBM), soybean meal(SBM), cottonseed meal(CSM) and canola meal(CNM). Fifteen percent of the crude protein provided by fish meal was replaced, respectively. The results showed that the differences in specific growth rate(SGR) and survival rate(SR) among fish fed PBM, MBM, SBM, CSM and whole FM diets were not significant. However, SGR and SR of fish fed CNM diet was significantly lower than that of other treatments. Feeding rate, feed conversion, nutrient retention showed similar patterns to that of growth. Fish fed CSM and CNM showed significantly lower apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC) of dry matter and gross energy than those fed others while fish fed CNM showed lower ADC of crude protein than those fed others(P<0.05). These results suggested that it was feasible to substitute 15% dietary protein provided by fishmeal with PBM, MBM, SBM and CSM, respectively, but not with CNM as the replacement with CNM reduced fish growth and feed utilization.

Effect of Feeding Strategies on Molecular Responses of Biotransformation Genes in Crassostrea gigas Exposed to Cadmium

Heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), are widespread pollutants of great environmental concern because of their ac- cumulation and toxicity. Environmental conditions can affect the accumulation and elimination of Cd in organisms. The aim of this study is to understand the respective responses of metallothioneins (MTs), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) genes in the mantle and digestive gland of the oyster Crassostrea gigas exposed to 10 g L 1 Cd for 28 days, followed by a depura- tion period of 35 days under different feeding strategies. The MT expression in the digestive gland was higher than in mantle, and was induced in a fluctuating pattern throughout the time of the whole experiment when the oyster was exposed to Cd. The results indicated an enhanced MT activity is required for Cd detoxification. Expression levels of P-gp in the mantle of Cd-exposed oysters fed with algae increased in the first two weeks of the accumulation phase. Then the induction weakened, but the expression still in- creased significantly compared with the control group fed without algae. The P-gp levels in the digestive gland were under-regulated during both the contamination and decontamination periods except in the group fed with Dicrateria inornata at day 0.083. The in- duction of P-gp is possibly related to the important role of pumping Cd out of the cell, while a major implication of P-gp expression inhibition would be a disruption of the protein synthesis. Hsp70 expression exhibited an overall decreasing trend. The highest relative hsp70 inhibition occurred during day 42 to day 63, with approximately 4-fold and 10-fold lower hsp70 levels as compared to the C.gigas feeding with no algae in the mantle and digestive gland, respectively. The induction of hsp70 may be explained by the re- folding of protein in presence of Cd, followed by the inhibition of hsp70 when the protein synthesis was disrupted.

Effects of the Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Insect or Algae Meal in Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply on Parameters of Gut Microbiology and Dietary Protein Quality

Insects or algae are considered future solutions to substitute imported feed proteins like soybean meal (SBM) in animal nutrition. The objective of this research, as part of the multidisciplinary project “Sustainability transitions”, focused on replacing 50% SBM by partly defatted larvae meal from black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) or the blue-green algae Spirulina platensis in meat type chicken diets. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects on body composition, protein quality, apparent precaecal digestibility (apcD) and parameters of intestinal microbiota. In total, 288 one-day-old male growing chickens (Ross 308) from a commercial hatchery were randomly allotted to 48 pens (6 birds per pen) across five diets, which were fed at a free choice level. The control diet utilized SBM, wheat and corn as main ingredients, and experimental diets replaced 50% of SBM by the alternative proteins under study. Amino acid (AA) supplementation of the final diets was conducted both at a basic level (diets HM, SM;Lys and Met added equal to the control diet) and an extended level of AA fortification (diets HM+, SM+;extended supplementation of Lys, Met, Thr, Arg). After finishing the growth study, 4 individual birds per diet were slaughtered for whole body analyses to derive nutrient utilization and dietary protein quality parameters. Additionally, pooled chyme samples from 16 birds per diet (control, HM and SM) were analyzed to assess apcD and microbial parameters. Diets HM and SM with a basic level of AA fortification led to significant depressions in nutrient deposition and dietary protein quality. However, HM+ and SM+ diets with an extended level of AA supplementation led to significantly improved responses;however these were still generally not on par with the control diet. The HM+ diet provided superior CP deposition and dietary protein quality, as compared to the SM+ diet, but equal to the control diet. Results of gut microbiology yielded no significant effects due to feeding the alternative protein sources under study.

辣木叶的营养价值及其在家禽生产中的应用

辣木叶含有多种生物物质,其中含许多具有潜在药用功效的黄酮类、多酚类、苯丙素类、萜类、生物碱类、异硫氰酸酯类、有机酸等化合物,其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血脂等功效。辣木叶中还含有丰富的蛋白质和家禽所需的11种必需氨基酸,矿物元素和维生素也非常丰富,尤其是钙、铁、硒、维生素E、泛酸等。辣木叶作为家禽优良的饲料原料之一,替代部分蛋白质饲料,具有改善家禽生产性能,促进肠道健康、肉品质以及胫骨强度,以及改善蛋品质等作用。文章就辣木叶中的生物活性物质、营养成分以及在家禽生产中的应用进行综述,以期为辣木资源的饲料化和开发利用提供科学依据。

反刍动物营养与日粮中的蛋白替代技术策略

“大食物观”包含了饲料在内的粮食安全供给,我国饲料粮占粮食总量48.2%,其中蛋白质饲料资源短缺,对外依存度居高不下,给畜产品稳产保供、粮食安全带来隐患,制约着我国畜牧业的发展。牛羊等反刍动物产业既是重要的畜牧产业构成,也是民生产业,文章针对非蛋白氮、低蛋白日粮配制等技术在反刍动物营养与日粮中的应用以及蛋白替代策略进行论述,旨在为反刍动物养殖过程中开源节流、绿色可持续发展提供参考。

Analysis of Overall Popularization of Low-Protein Diet

The shortage of protein feed resources and environmental pollution restrict the healthy and sustainable development of breeding industry,so it is imperative to promote low protein diet. Based on the current industry trends and national policies, this paper analyzes the background con-ditions, significance and specific measures of popularizing low-protein diets, in order to provide policy, theoretical and technical support for the im-plementation of low-protein diets throughout the year.

昆虫蛋白开发应用进展及产业前景

昆虫是动物界中物种多样性最高的类群。昆虫不仅具有种类繁多、数量庞大、繁殖性能优良等特点,还含有丰富的营养成分。阐述了昆虫的营养价值,分析了昆虫蛋白在饲料及其他领域的应用现状,总结了昆虫蛋白产业发展过程中面临的问题,并对昆虫蛋白产业的发展前景进行了展望。利用昆虫生物转化废弃物生产昆虫蛋白,不仅能解决环保问题,还能解决饲料蛋白短缺问题,昆虫蛋白产业有益于经济和社会的可持续发展。

畜禽豆粕减量替代技术研究进展

一直以来,我国畜牧业对进口豆粕的依存度较高,近年来随着国际环境、贸易政策和全球气候的变化,豆粕的供应日益紧张,价格居高不下,制约了我国饲料业和畜牧业的发展。为保障我国饲料粮的供给安全,农业农村部部署“提效减量、开源替代”任务,豆粕减量替代工作刻不容缓、意义重大。文章综述了当前畜禽养殖行业中豆粕减量替代技术的研究进展,以期为饲料行业的发展提供参考。

Effects of Non-protein Nitrogen Supplement on Growth Performance of Graze Cattle

[Objective] The experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance of graze cattle fed on non-protein nitrogen （NPN） supplement. [ Method] The experiment was conducted in late spring and early summer before grazing. Thirty Chinese SimmentaI-Taihang taxa bulls at the age of 9-10 months weighing 150-170 kg were divided into the control group, experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, 10 in each group, Each cattle in the experimental group 1 fed on the basal diet supplemented 1.0 kg cornmeal every day. Each cattle in the experimental group 2 fed on the basal diet supplemented 1.0 kg cornmeal and 0.25 kg NPN supplement every day. Those in the control group were fed on the basal di- et. The experiment was performed for 100 d. [Result] The average daily gain of the experimental group I was 217 g larger than that of the control group, while the average daily gain of the experimental group 2 was 429 g larger than that of the control group. The differences in the average daily gain were significant between the three groups. [ Conclusion ] The growth performance of cattle grazed in northern slopes was obviously improved by supplementing a small amount of concentrate in feed. The improvement was more remarkable if a small amount of NPN supplement was also added in feed.

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料产品质量评定

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料的产品质量。试验通过考察麦麸添加量、辅料比例(大蒜皮与银杏叶添加量)、发酵时间对蛋白酶活的影响,优化发酵条件,检测发酵前后活菌数与pH值、常规营养成分和小肽、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量以及发酵过程中蛋白水解度,以全面评价发酵饲料的营养价值和品质。结果表明,以蛋白酶活为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定最优发酵条件为2%麦麸、2.5%大蒜皮+2.5%银杏叶、发酵时间72 h。在此条件下,蛋白酶活为342.36 U/g。枯草芽孢杆菌UL-191在基质上长势良好,活菌数可达3.5×10^(14) CFU/g。发酵前后水分和粗灰分含量无明显变化,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量明显增长,大分子蛋白降解成小分子蛋白。蛋白水解度、小肽含量、游离氨基酸含量均随着发酵时间延长均呈上升趋势,其中发酵72 h时,蛋白水解度可达25%,小肽、游离氨基酸含量可达182.9、1006.4μg/g。研究表明,试验制备的发酵复配饲料产品质量较高,具有一定市场应用前景。

黑水虻利用有机固废开发新型饲料蛋白与碳减排研发现状和展望

黑水虻作为一种重要的资源昆虫,可以处理多种有机固废,收获虫体生物质。黑水虻虫体富含蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质,在畜禽与水产的饲料中可有效替代鱼粉和豆粕而作为新型饲料蛋白资源。黑水虻幼虫处理有机固废还可以有效减少处理过程中的碳排放,将更多的碳元素以有机物的形式固定在虫体生物质上。文章从以下几个方面进行了综述:黑水虻转化不同有机固废,及其不同废弃物搭配对黑水虻转化及黑水虻营养的影响;微生物对黑水虻转化有机固废获得黑水虻生物质、蛋白的影响;黑水虻转化有机固废的无害化;黑水虻替代鱼粉和豆粕,是极具潜力的新型“开源”饲料蛋白;黑水虻中功能性蛋白(肽)的开发利用-用于饲料蛋白“节流”;黑水虻在固碳减排方面的作用;同时对黑水虻未来研究与开发方向进行了展望,以期为黑水虻资源的开发利用提供参考。

以可消化蛋白质为基础的水产低蛋白质饲料发展方向与技术分析

依据动物营养学理论,水产动物对饲料蛋白质和氨基酸的营养需要量就是在满足动物生长性能和生理健康条件下的饲料蛋白质和氨基酸的最低需要量。水产饲料中过高的粗蛋白含量既违背动物营养理论,又造成饲料资源的严重浪费,同时显著增加了对养殖水体中的氮输入量。因此,发展低蛋白质含量、高质量的水产饲料是必需的。这类饲料可以称之为实现了理想蛋白质模型的低蛋白质水产饲料。水产动物理想蛋白质模型是以饲料中可消化蛋白质的量、可消化氨基酸的量为基础计算和配制的,同时也要保持很好的氨基酸平衡性。构建饲料原料中蛋白质和氨基酸消化率数据库是发展理想蛋白质模型水产饲料的技术核心。采用工业化酶解技术和微生物发酵技术,可以显著提高饲料原料中蛋白质和氨基酸的消化利用率,或者开发出蛋白质、氨基酸消化率很高的新的饲料原料,这类原料在饲料中的应用,是发展低蛋白质含量、高质量水产饲料的重要保障。水产饲料产品质量标准是水产饲料工业和水产养殖业发展的重要技术保障。因此,水产饲料产品质量标准也要增加饲料中可消化蛋白质和氨基酸含量的技术指标和含量。

20~35 kg川中黑山羊蛋白质需要量研究

旨在研究生长期川中黑山羊的蛋白质需要量,为川中黑山羊的科学饲养提供营养需要参数。选择2.5月龄(19.97±5.47)kg断奶川中黑山羊羯羊22只,试验开始时屠宰4只,其余18只羔羊分为3个饲喂水平组,分别为自由采食组(AL组)、75%自由采食组(AL75组)、60%自由采食组(AL60组),每组6只羊。试验羊单笼单饲,试验期96 d。在饲养试验结束前4 d开展消化代谢试验,收集全粪全尿。当AL组试验羊平均体重达到35 kg时结束饲养试验,每组选取接近该组平均体重的4只羊(共12只)进行屠宰,屠体冷冻保存待测。结果表明:1)川中黑山羊试验末期AL组公羊平均体重极显著高于AL60组(P<0.01);AL75和AL60组公羊净增重、平均日增重(ADG)、平均干物质采食量(DMI)极显著低于AL组(P<0.01);AL60组料重比显著高于AL和AL75组(P<0.05);2)AL组黑山羊宰前活重、空腹体重、胴体重、净肉重均极显著(P<0.01)高于AL75和AL60组,而屠宰率、净肉率、胴体净肉率、肉骨比3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),AL组的骨重显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.05);3)AL、AL75和AL60组山羊的心脏、脾脏、肺脏器官指数和皮毛器官指数差异不显著(P>0.05),AL组肝脏器官指数极显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.01),肾脏器官指数随饲喂水平下降显著降低(P<0.01);4)20~35 kg川中黑山羊公羊的维持净蛋白质需要量为1.60 g·kg^(-1)·BW-0.75·d^(-1),日增重100~300 g·d^(-1)的川中黑山羊生长净蛋白质需要量Np_(g)=13.13~40.13 g·d^(-1),净蛋白质的总需要量Np_(r)=28.26~63.15 g·d^(-1)。本研究可为我国地方品种山羊饲养标准的优化提供数据参考。

蛋白桑饲料加工技术及其在畜牧业中应用的研究进展

蛋白桑是通过人工筛选和杂交培育出的新型桑树品种,已被定义为功能性饲料。蛋白桑蛋白质含量高、氨基酸含量丰富、适口性好,具有潜在的生态价值和饲料价值,开发前景十分广阔。相比鲜喂和干草饲喂,蛋白桑青贮存在很大优势。随着蛋白桑青贮加工工艺逐步完善,研究发现在青贮中添加一些饲料添加剂如糖类、菌制剂、酶制剂等能够获得更好的青贮效果。蛋白桑能够提高动物的生长性能、机体免疫力及抗氧化功能,改善肉品质和蛋品质。文章综述了蛋白桑的营养价值、加工技术及其在动物饲料中的应用,为蛋白桑在畜牧业中的应用研究提供参考。