Identification of sika deer and red deer using partial cytochrome b and 12s ribosomal RNA genes

A study was conducted on the identifications of the degraded samples of sika deer （Cervus nippon） and red deer （Cervus elaphus） by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of partial Cytb and 12s rRNA genes sequences. 402 bp Cytb genes were achieved by PCR-sequencing using DNA extracted from 8 case samples, and contrasted with 27 sequences of Cytb gene downloaded from GenBank database. The values of three nucleotide distance between three suspected samples and sika deer were identical （0.026±0.006）, which was smaller than the smallest nucleotide distance between eastern red deer and sika deer （0.036）. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of sika deer and red deer indicated that the evidences located within the same cluster as sika deer. The evidences were sika deer materials. As the same way, other three suspected samples were derived from red deer. The results were further confirmed by phylogenetic and nucleotide distance analysis of 387 bp 12s rRNA gene. The method was powerful and less time-consuming and helpful to reduce the related cases with wildlife.

An Improved Method for DNA Extraction from the Faeces of Red Deer

[Objective] To introduce an improved method for DNA extraction from the faeces of red deer. [Method] Based on the traditional method of CTAB lysis, we proposed an improved DNA extraction method according to the characteristics of red deer faeces. [Result] This improved method extracted high-quality fecal DNA from Tianshan red deer and amplified the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. With the muscle and fur DNA of red deer as the control, the sequencing results further con- firmed the reliability of the method. [Conclusion] The method requires no proteinase K in the process of extraction, and the extracted DNA can be used for PCR ampli- fication directly without the purification of DNA purification kit, thus, it is cost-saving.

Population and genetic diversity of Tibetan red deer based on fecal DNA

The Tibet Shannan Red Deer Nature Reserve is the center of the geographic distribution of Tibetan red deer. This paper presents the results of DNA analysis of 199 red deer fecal pellet groups collected during 2013 and 2014 during the green-plant period. We successfully extracted DNA from 87 DNA pellet groups and determined individual identification with 12 microsatellite loci. We evaluated the genetic diversity of the population and various population estimates with Capwire in R software. The87 successfully extracted pellet groups were from 50 individuals. In the population, the average number of alleles was 7.58 ± 0.18, the average effective number of alleles was 4.58 ± 0.15, and average polymorphism information content was 0.67 ± 0.01. Among the 12 loci,only T123 was moderately polymorphic; the other 11 loci were highly polymorphic. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.45 to 0.91, with an average of 0.72 ± 0.01, and average observed heterozygosity was 0.52 ± 0.11.Although Tibetan red deer remains endangered, the high genetic diversity indicates that this population has a good chance of recovery. This study provided insight that could be used by the local forestry department to develop programs to protect Tibetan red deer.

The nutritional composition and digestion of plants foraged by red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) in northeast China

We studied species of plants foraged by red deer in the Muling forest region of northeastern China during January 2014 and 2015. We focused on nutritional composition, energy content, and the digestibility of these plants. Crude protein content varied by plant species.Average crude protein content was 7.5 ± 1.7% of dry matter, ranging from 4.5 to 10.3%. Crude lipid content did not vary by species and averaged 7 ± 1.5%(range5.4–9.8%). Non-fiber carbohydrate(NFC) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) content varied broadly with average values being 20.1 ± 4.8%(range 13.5–28.8%) and64.7 ± 5.9%(range 53.5–71.8%), respectively. Energy content ranged from 16.7 to 19.7 k J/g. Average dry matter digestibility(DMD) was 46.1 ± 4.8%, with a range from38.7 to 54.6%. Only three plants, Saussurea manshurica,Aralia elata and Equisetum hyemale exhibited DMD [ 50%. NFC content explained most of the variation in energy content(r = 0.451). In contrast, energy content was inversely related to NDF(r =-0.443). There was no correlation between crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content(r= 0.004, r=-0.190). S. manshurica,A. elata and E. hyemale had higher NFC and lower NDF content. Thus, these species offered the greatest nutritional value for wintering red deer in the study area. Along with high CP and NFC content, Taxus cuspidate also had high lignin content, and was thus, considered a good forage species for red deer.

Protein Nutrition in Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from -99.9% to 97.5%, depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets.Minimumm digestible energy intase of 153.5kcal/kg0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18-85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size, urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea conccntration. Rumen NH3-N production changes with season, but seasonal changcs in other NH3-N kinetic parameters (NH3-N concentration, NH3-N pool size and NH3-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold strcss. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0. 16 g N/kg0.75day (elk), and metabolic frcal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion.the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limite.Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.

Automated Red Deer Algorithm with Deep Learning Enabled Hyperspectral Image Classification

Hyperspectral(HS)image classification is a hot research area due to challenging issues such as existence of high dimensionality,restricted training data,etc.Precise recognition of features from the HS images is important for effective classification outcomes.Additionally,the recent advancements of deep learning(DL)models make it possible in several application areas.In addition,the performance of the DL models is mainly based on the hyperparameter setting which can be resolved by the design of metaheuristics.In this view,this article develops an automated red deer algorithm with deep learning enabled hyperspec-tral image(HSI)classification(RDADL-HIC)technique.The proposed RDADL-HIC technique aims to effectively determine the HSI images.In addition,the RDADL-HIC technique comprises a NASNetLarge model with Adagrad optimi-zer.Moreover,RDA with gated recurrent unit(GRU)approach is used for the identification and classification of HSIs.The design of Adagrad optimizer with RDA helps to optimally tune the hyperparameters of the NASNetLarge and GRU models respectively.The experimental results stated the supremacy of the RDADL-HIC model and the results are inspected interms of different measures.The comparison study of the RDADL-HIC model demonstrated the enhanced per-formance over its recent state of art approaches.

Variation in winter daily range area of red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) based on DNA extracted from fecal samples

With environmental change and increased human activity,wild red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus)populations and habitat area continue to decrease.Red deer is a main prey species of Amur tiger(Panthera tigris altaica).Factors affecting red deer winter home range in the Wanda montains of northeast China are not well understood.In this study,we aimed to better document red deer daily ranges to support conservation of red deer.A second objective was to develop a practical research method combining macro-and micro-technology for home range research on a variety of rare or endangered wild species.We collected 105 fresh fecal samples of red deer in three different periods during winter from December 2012 to March 2013 in the Wandashan region,Heilongjiang Province,China.Individual and sex identities were analyzed based on fecal DNA using microsatellite DNA.We used samples from deer farms for correction and validation of our identifications from field samples.We used a combination of molecular scatology,3S techniques(GPS),and direct observation to estimate winter daily range areas.Based on eleven microsatellite loci,we identified 18 individuals,10 females and 8 males,with a correction factor of 1.00 and sex ratio of 1:0.8.The mean(±SE)number of alleles was 5.1±0.41,and mean polymorphism information content was 0.63±0.03.Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.46 to 0.81,with a mean of 0.69±0.03,and mean observed heterozygosity was 0.73±0.07.Sizes of mean daily ranges were 26.1±1.1 ha in December,89.3±1.6 ha in January,and 67.5±1.9 ha in March,indicating the following trend for daily range area:middle winter>late winter>early winter.Mean daily range area was insignificantly larger for males than for females.Estimated winter daily ranges were similar to those reported for Europe.Our combination of macro-and micro-technology proved useful for estimating winter home range areas of red deer.

Wintering Habitat Evaluation of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)in Forest Area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.

Immune challenge of mating effort:steroid hormone profile,dark ventral patch and parasite burden in relation to intrasexual competition in male Iberian red deer

Testosterone secretion may regulate the reproductive effort and the development of sexual traits,but it may also involve costs at the immunological and metabolic levels.However,the evidence for this trade-off in wild populations is scarce.Cortisol also plays an important role in mediating the reproductive and immune functions.In this study,we analyzed whether the endoparasite burden relates to hormonal levels(fecal testosterone and cortisol metabolites)and/or morphological sexual traits(size of the dark ventral patch,a trait that indicates reproductive effort in males)in male Iberian red deer.For this purpose,we sampled male red deer harvested during hunting actions in 2 types of populations in south western Spain that differed in structure,affecting the level of male–male competition for mates.We used coprological analyses to estimate the parasite burden mainly of gastrointestinal and bronchopulmonary nematodes and of protozoa,and assessed testosterone and cortisol metabolite levels from fecal pellets.We found a positive relationship of host parasitation with both testosterone levels and the size of the dark ventral patch,but these relationships depended on the intensity of male–male competition in the population,being only found under the high-competition scenario.These results are discussed under the hypothesis of the testosterone immunocompetence handicap,suggesting a cost at the immunological level,and,therefore,higher susceptibility to parasite infection in males that make a greater reproductive effort.However,this effect seems to be modulated by the social environment(male–male competition)that might lead to different optima in testosterone production and sexual trait development.

THE EVALUATION METHODS OF VELVET ANTLER AND THE DETERMINATION OF NUCLEOSIDES AND STEROID HORMONES IN DIFFERENT PARTS FROM SIKA DEER AND RED DEER

Velvet antler is an important and precious traditional Chinese animal medicine,and was used for strengthening the kidney,anti-fatigue,improving sexual function and so on.But the evaluation methods of velvet antler and the scientific evidence for the use of antler is insufficient.Materials and Vacuum freeze drier was used for dehydration of the fresh antler at-60.,6 pa for 24 h.

Natural diet and food habitat use of the Tarim red deer,Cervus elaphus yarkandensis

为了决定自然食谱和食物产地， Tarim 红鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis ) 使用，研究在 Qiemo 被执行， Xinjiang，从 2000 年 10 月的中国到 2001 年 6 月。与排泄物的分析方法相结合的直接观察被用来决定红鹿的自然食谱。植物的 15 不同种类作为食物项目被识别。在他们之中，植物的 13 种类在夏天在冬季饮食和 9 种类被识别。因为他们的滋养的要求以及食物和高质量的牧草的缺乏的缺乏，红鹿在学习区域在冬季消费了大量种类。Phragmites communis， Glycyrrhiza inflata 和 populus diversifolia 经常是在鹿食谱的现在每当时在冬季和夏天。在他们之中， Phragmites communis 是在区域的最丰富的植物并且在鹿食谱被包括。俘虏 Tarim 红鹿的食物选择频率上的观察证明 Populus diversifolia 是首先比较喜欢的种类。然而，这食物在学习区域被限制。五种食物产地类型根据植物协会在学习区域被发现：(1 ) Phragmites communis-Tamarix ramosissima 协会，(2 ) Tamarix ramosissima-Halostachys caspica 协会，(3 ) Tamarix ramosissima-Phragmites communis 协会，(4 ) Populus diversifolia-Phragmites communis 协会，(5 ) 烧了区域。在他们之中， Phragmites communis-Tamarix ramosissima 协会(芦苇草地和芦苇沼泽地) 在学习区域以内被喜欢而不是另外的类型每当时在夏天和冬季。稠密的芦苇盖子能从食肉动物减少察觉的机会并且从食肉动物妨碍攻击。在芦苇的盖子下面，而且， Tarim 红鹿在夏天在热白天的小时期间被保护免受直接太阳的放射的伤害。芦苇草地和沼泽地被比较喜欢，因为当寻找食物时，红鹿能最小化他们的运动，大概流水并且盖住。

Digestive Rate of Dongtian F_1 Red Dear in Weaning Period and Growth Period

in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period. Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05)i During weaning period, When rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating groWth of young Dongtian F1 red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).

吉林省黄泥河林区东北马鹿野外放归成效评估

野外放归是维系濒危物种野生种群长期续存的重要途径,对放归成效的监测研究有利于濒危动物种群科学有效的管理。采用非损伤性标志重捕法评估了吉林省张广才岭南部黄泥河林区东北马鹿的种群数量与分布;利用粪便DNA信息,从亲权鉴定和遗传多样性方面对其放归成效进行了评估。结果显示:(1)黄泥河林区马鹿种群数量平均90(68—124)只,密度0.045(0.034—0.063)只/km^(2),主要分布于林区北部,呈现一定程度的地理隔离;(2)性别鉴定显示,野生种群的雌雄性比1.71∶1,放归后雌雄性比1.83∶1,放归提高了种群的可繁殖概率;(3)亲权鉴定检测到,放归个体(R3)与野生个体在野外成功繁殖,并产下子代;(4)野外放归向野生种群引入了平均2.9个“新”的等位基因,提高了其遗传多样性水平。在种群密度、可繁殖率、遗传多样性方面对马鹿放归的有效性进行了证实,但建议进一步在行为节律、家域和生境选择等方面开展研究,系统性评估马鹿种群的放归成效。

BO液-CR1aa体系在鹿体外胚胎生产中的使用效果

为探索BO液-CR1aa体系是否可用于鹿的体外胚胎生产,试验于5%CO_(2)气态条件(单气条件)下,用BO液-CR1aa体系对梅花鹿和非繁殖季节马鹿进行体外胚胎生产,同时于5%O_(2)、5%CO_(2)、90%N_(2)气态条件(三气条件)下,分别用BO液-CR1aa体系和BO液-20%绵羊血清(SS)-SOFaa体系对梅花鹿进行体外胚胎生产,并以SOFaa液-CR1aa体系、SOFaa液体系作为对照,从体外受精开始算起,第48小时检测卵裂情况,第5~7天检测胚胎发育情况。结果表明:单气条件下,将在体外成熟22~24 h的COCs在BO液中受精,在CR1aa培养液及CR1aa-10%FBS-输卵管上皮细胞(OEC)培养液中共培养的卵母细胞中仅有1个发生卵裂并在4-cell阶段停滞,总卵裂率为2%。梅花鹿COCs在BO液-CR1aa体系中的卵裂率为20%,有1个受精卵发育到了4-cell阶段;在SOFaa液-CR1aa体系中的卵裂率为17%,有1个受精卵发育到了2-cell阶段;而在SOFaa液体系中的卵裂率为50%,并有1个受精卵成功发育到了桑囊胚阶段,有2个受精卵在BO液(20%SS)-SOFaa体系中发育到了8-cell阶段,卵裂率提高到33%。用0.02 IU/mL LH代替成熟液中0.001 IU/mL LH使1个非繁殖季节马鹿受精卵发育到了4-cell阶段。说明在单气条件和三气条件下,BO液-CR1aa体系均不能用于梅花鹿体外胚胎生产,在BO液中添加20%SS可以提高梅花鹿卵母细胞的体外受精效果;BO液-CR1aa体系或许可用于我国马鹿的体外胚胎生产,但想要受精卵发育到桑囊胚阶段,还需对BO液-CR1aa体系进行进一步改良。

马鹿MORF4L2组织表达、基因克隆及生物信息学分析

MORF4L2是一种转录因子,通过形成NuA4组蛋白乙酰转移酶复合物来参与异染色质组装和组蛋白修饰,对细胞生长、增殖和凋亡起重要作用。为了探究马鹿(Cervus elaphus)鹿茸中MORF4L2所发挥的功能,使用qPCR技术检测鹿茸不同组织中MORF4L2基因的表达水平,采用PCR克隆马鹿MORF4L2基因的CDS序列,通过多物种比对MORF4L2基因mRNA序列进行相似性分析并构建系统进化树,利用生物信息学方法预测分析MORF4L2编码蛋白的结构与理化性质。结果显示:MORF4L2在马鹿鹿茸的前软骨层中表达量最高;马鹿MORF4L2的mRNA序列较为保守,与加拿大马鹿(C.canadensis)中MORF4L2的相似性最高;马鹿MORF4L2基因CDS区全长为864 bp,编码287个氨基酸,理论等电点为9.73,为碱性蛋白;预测发现马鹿MORF4L2蛋白不存在信号肽,有30个潜在磷酸化位点;蛋白质结构主要由无规则卷曲和α-螺旋构成,主要定位在细胞核中。研究结果可为MORF4L2在马鹿鹿茸生长发育过程中所起的作用提供重要基础数据。

基于SMRT测序技术的塔里木马鹿冬季肠道菌群多样性分析

为探究塔里木河流域塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)冬季肠道菌群群落结构、多样性与功能,采用PacBio平台的单分子实时测序技术(single molecule realtime sequencing,SMRT)对塔里木河上游湿地自然保护区采集并筛选的25份塔里木马鹿粪便样本的16S rRNA基因全长进行测序,共获得298578个clean reads,clean reads聚类获得28026个OTU,包括25门684属。Alpha多样性分析结果显示,塔里木马鹿冬季肠道菌群Shannon指数为(7.764±0.044),Simpson指数为(0.015±0.001),Chao1指数为(12242.668±695.106),ACE指数为(9366.423±407.612)。塔里木马鹿优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,60.51%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,26.02%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,3.61%)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia,1.57%)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,1.46%)。相对丰富度在前10的菌属为Papillibacter(5.48%)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides,5.12%)、Muribaculum(4.69%)、Phocaeicola(4.49%)、Lawsonibacter(4.31%)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus,4.09%)、Intestinimonas(3.06%)、普氏菌属(Prevotella,2.87%)、克里斯滕森菌属(Christensenella,2.71%)和弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter,2.54%)。PICRUSt 16S功能预测结果表明,塔里木马鹿肠道菌群基因功能主要富集于新陈代谢(48.58%)、遗传信息处理(19.04%)和环境信息处理(12.08%);其中新陈代谢主要以碳水化合物代谢(9.47%)、氨基酸代谢(9.93%)为主,并且环境信息处理的膜转运(9.96%)基因相对丰富度最高。研究揭示了野生塔里木马鹿冬季肠道菌群特征和功能,为塔里木马鹿野生种群的保护提供基础数据。

两幅古代画作所见“鹿形象”反映的宋辽关系

《丹枫呦鹿图》与《秋林群鹿图》是藏于台北故宫博物院的知名古代画作,艺术价值极高,但作者已无从考察,创作年代也存疑。这导致相关研究成果缺乏年代信息,难以形成结论。针对这两幅画作的缘起、作者及年代,古书画鉴定专家张珩和台北故宫博物院原副院长李霖灿曾发表见解,多重证据都指向辽代的一组五幅通景屏风画。两位学者的推论有理有据,很值得借鉴,但均基于美术学层面的分析,仅涉及画幅、画法、画风、题材等方面,并未结合当时宋辽两国特殊的政权关系来探讨“鹿形象”在此出现的深层含义、合理性以及所承载的政治象征。本文旨在以历史学视角,对这两幅画作进行深入挖掘,结合宋辽政权关系,探讨“鹿形象”在当时政治环境下可能呈现的特殊内涵。

马鹿四个亚种的起源和遗传分化研究

利用线粒体ＤＮＡ的细胞色素ｂ基因片段序列差异来分析探讨马鹿（Ｃｅｒｖｕｓｅｌａｐｈｕｓ）４个亚种的起源和遗传分化问题。结果表明：马鹿各亚种的ＤＮＡ差异都达到了亚种分化水平，并指出天山马鹿（Ｃｅｓｏｎｇａｒｉｃｕｓ）东西两个种群可能是两个不同的亚种；马鹿各亚种在５４—７６万年前开始分化，其中天山马鹿最先分化出来；马鹿与梅花鹿（Ｃｅｒｖｕｓｎｉｐｐｏｎ）间较低的种间遗传差异可能说明二者分化较晚，亲缘关系较近。

梅花鹿茸和马鹿茸多肽化学性质及生物活性比较

目的 :比较梅花鹿茸多肽和马鹿茸多肽化学组成及生物活性异同。方法 :用相同工艺提取梅花鹿茸和马鹿茸多肽组分 ;采用电泳和质谱等分离分析手段比较多肽组分的化学性质 ;用 [3H]TdR参入细胞DNA比较两种鹿茸多肽的促细胞增殖活性。结果 :梅花鹿茸和马鹿茸多肽组分的电泳图谱和质谱有明显差异 ,而中国的东北马鹿茸和新西兰马鹿茸多肽的图谱十分相近 ;梅花鹿茸和马鹿茸多肽对软骨细胞和表皮细胞分裂都有促进作用 ,但马鹿茸多肽对表皮细胞的增殖作用比梅花鹿茸多肽强。结论

马鹿茸促进表皮细胞和软骨细胞分裂的新多肽(英文)

目的 研究马鹿 (CervuselaphusLinnaeus)茸多肽的化学结构和促进细胞有丝分裂的生物活性。方法 用酸性水提取鹿茸多肽 ,多肽组分经过CM SepharoseFastFlow和SephadexG 5 0柱色谱分离后 ,再用反相HPLC (C6)纯化。结果 从马鹿茸得到一个单一多肽化合物。结合激光解析电离飞行时间质谱 ,N 端Edman降解和氨基酸分析结果表明 ,该多肽是由 32个氨基酸残基组成的直链多肽 ,分子量 32 16u ,主要含缬氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸 ,无半胱氨酸 ,其一级结构氨基酸排列顺序为 :N端 VLSAADKSNVKAAWGKVGGNAPAFGAEALLRM ,与已知蛋白序列同源性远小于 5 0 %。VAPP促进大鼠表皮细胞 (浓度 0 4 - 5 0mg·L-1)和家兔肋软骨 (浓度 10 - 5 0mg·L-1)细胞增殖。