Effect of size on characteristic of acoustic emission in rock specimen

A series of uniaxial-compression tests were conducted on some granite speci- mens.A multi-channel,high-speed AE signal acquiring and analyzing system was em- ployed to acquire and record the characteristics of AE events and demonstrate the tem- poral and spatial distribution of these events during the failure process.The test results show that in the primary stage,many low amplitude AE events are developed rapidly and distributed randomly throughout the entire specimens.In the second stage,the number of AE increases much slower than that in the first stage,while the amplitude of most AE events became greater.Contrarily to the primary stage,AE events clusteres in the middle area of the specimen and distributes vertically conformed to the orientation of compres- sion.The most distinct characteristic of this stage is a vacant gap formed approximately in the central part of the specimen.In the last stage,the number of AE events increases sharply and their magnitude increases accordingly.The final failure location coincidently inhabited the aforementioned gap.The main conclusion is that most macrocracks are de- veloped from the surrounding microcracks existed earlier and their positions occupy the earlier formed gaps,and the AE activity usually becomes quite acute before the main rup- ture occurs.

Numerical analysis on the influence of rock specimen size on crack stress field

In the simulation of rupture processes of seismic sources by using either numerical method or rock mechanics experiments, improper setting of the specimen size will influence the stress field near the faults. In this study, 2D finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the stress field of rock specimens in different sizes with fixed-size elliptic holes. The calculated stress field was compared with analytic solution for elliptic-hole problem in an infinite medium. Numerical results showed that boundary effect of a rock specimen with an elliptic hole on stress field under uniaxial compression cannot be neglected. Critical aspect ratio of the specimen is about 3:2, and critical ratio of distance between the tip of the hole and the border of specimen (d) to the major axis of the elliptic hole (l) is about 7.3. Numerical analysis on rock specimen size can provide theoretical reference for rock specimen experiments, and it is also helpful for setting of model sizes in numerical simulations of fault movement.

Effect of specimen thickness on Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness of rock

Anti symmetric four point bending specimens with different thickness, without and with guiding grooves, were used to conduct Mode Ⅱ fracture test and study the effect of specimen thickness on Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness of rock. Numerical calculations show that the occurrence of Mode Ⅱ fracture in the specimens without guiding grooves (when the inner and outer loading points are moved close to the notch plane) and with guiding grooves is attributed to a favorable stress condition created for Mode Ⅱ fracture, i.e. tensile stress at the notch tip is depressed to be lower than the tensile strength or to be compressive stress, and the ratio of shear stress to tensile stress at notch tip is very high. The measured value of Mode Ⅱ fracture toughness K ⅡC decreases with the increase of the specimen thickness or the net thickness of specimen. This is because a thick specimen promotes a plane strain state and thus results in a relatively small fracture toughness.

Modeling and numerical analysis of granite rock specimen under mechanical loading and fire

The effect of ISO 834 fire on the mechanical properties of granite rock specimen submitted to uniaxial loading is numerically investigated. Based on Newton's second law, the rate-equation model of granite rock specimen under mechanical load and fire is established. The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical performance of granite is analyzed at the center and the ends of specimen. At the free end of granite rock specimen, it is shown that from 20 C to 500 C, the internal stress and internal strain are weak; whereas above 500 C, they start to increase rapidly, announcing the imminent collapse. At the center of specimen, the analysis of the internal stress and internal strain reveals that the fi re reduces the mechanical performance of granite signi fi cantly. Moreover, it is found that after 3 min of exposure to fi re,the mechanical energy necessary to fragment the granite can be reduced up to 80%.

Measuring dynamic fracture toughness of cement rock using a short rod specimen

As Daqing Oilfield is developing oil layer with a big potential, the requirement for the quality of well cementation is higher than ever before. Cement rock is a brittle material containing a great number of microcracks and defects. In order to reduce the damage to cement ring and improve sealed cementing property at the interface, it is necessary to conduct research on the modification of the cement rock available. According to the principle of super mixed composite materials, various fillers are added to the ingredients of cement rock. Dynamic fracture toughness of cement rock will be changed under the influence of filler. In this paper, short rod specimens of cement rock are employed in the experiments to investigate the dynamic fracture toughness of cement rocks with different ingredients using split Hopkinson Pressure Bar, and partial experimental results are given. The results indicate that fiber reinforcement is an effective way to improve the impact resistance of cement rock.

类岩石试件三轴扰动破坏特性试验研究

为研究高应力围岩扰动破坏机制,开展了不同围压下类岩石试件的三轴常规压缩和三轴循环扰动试验,得到了试件的扰动应力–应变规律和变形破坏特征,并对试件开展了核磁共振(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)成像试验,从微观角度进一步阐明了试件扰动破坏机理。研究结果表明:(1)试件在不同围压下均存在一个阈值强度,轴向荷载超过阈值强度后,轴向变形对扰动变得敏感,再次施加扰动会引起试件显著变形,当轴向荷载低于阈值强度时,变形对扰动不敏感。阈值强度与极限强度的比值可以反映试件的抗扰动能力,随着围压增大,该比值呈现逐步递减的规律,说明高围压下试件抗扰动能力下降,对扰动作用更敏感。(2)扰动作用下类岩石试件存在弱化效应,如常规三轴10MPa围压下试件表现出腰鼓破坏,而受扰动作用后,试件呈现斜切脆性破坏,与常规三轴5MPa围压下破坏形态相近。(3)岩石试件在高应力作用下进入塑性流动状态,内部颗粒重新排列,内部小孔隙与大孔隙的占比减少,而中孔隙的占比显著增多,试件内部孔隙率整体降低。

基于加速加载试验的青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能研究

为评价青川岩改沥青混合料疲劳性能,该文设计了基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验系统的动轮载三点弯曲加载疲劳试验装置,对双层沥青混合料复合车辙试件进行轮胎碾压下的三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,结合沥青混合料小梁试件MTS弯曲疲劳试验,评价青川岩改沥青及复合改性沥青等对沥青混合料疲劳性能的改善效果。结果表明:青川岩改沥青提高了沥青混合料承受重复弯拉荷载的能力,改善了沥青混合料的抗疲劳性能,其抗疲劳性能优于青川岩沥青与SBS复合改性沥青、SBS改性沥青和基质沥青;基于比例尺为1∶3的路面加速加载试验的动轮载三点弯曲重复加载疲劳试验,能更真实地模拟现场路面轮载作用,减少了小梁试件尺寸效应对疲劳寿命的影响,再现了轮载作用下路面结构的受力状况。

热作用下花岗岩能量演变的尺度分析

【目的】为了定量探究岩石受热作用损伤的过程。【方法】从能量角度出发,通过冷却法研究实验室尺度下不同尺寸类型花岗岩试件在空气中冷却时热物理参数演变规律,讨论花岗岩受非稳态传热全过程能量吸收、能量释放及能量耗散特性,揭示非稳态过程中能量演变规律与花岗岩试件尺寸特征的内在联系。【结果】结果表明:不同尺寸类型高温花岗岩试件空冷至室温的过程中,比热持续降低;非稳态传热能量演变过程中,同一种尺寸试件耗散能与耗散比的大小与初始高温状态呈正相关;花岗岩在非稳态传热条件一致的情况下,随试件体积的增大,用于损伤的这部分能量绝对值在增加但相对值在减小;随着试件比面的增大,用于损伤的这部分能量绝对值在减小但相对值在增大。研究结果能够丰富高温岩石力学理论研究的发展。

基于声发射的含锚固缺陷节理试样单轴压缩破裂机制研究

锚固缺陷会弱化锚杆对节理岩体的支护效果,为探究锚固缺陷对锚固节理试样的锚固效应,对含不同锚固缺陷的锚固节理试样开展了单轴压缩试验,结合声发射、分布式光纤和DIC监测技术,分析了试样在不同破裂演化阶段时的声发射信息,得到了其破裂前兆特征。研究结果表明:锚固缺陷的存在降低了锚固节理试样的单轴抗压强度、峰值应变和声发射能量释放;在加载后期全长锚固节理试样声发射主频的高、低频信号都出现了增长,锚固缺陷试样主要是声发射主频的高频信号增长,且中间缺陷较端部缺陷会出现更高频段的声发射主频;全长锚固节理试样沿节理发生宏观剪切破坏;中间锚固缺陷试样的锚杆对裂纹控制作用较为迟缓,沿着节理发生宏观拉伸破坏;当锚固缺陷在试样一侧时该侧锚杆的变形大于对称侧,节理尖端的反翼裂纹向锚固缺陷一侧发生偏转并与锚固缺陷贯通,最终导致试样发生失稳破坏。持续高能的声发射能量释放,声发射峰值频率分布主频段增加,峰值频率呈降低趋势,声发射b值整体呈波动降低趋势,可作为试样发生失稳破裂的前兆特征。研究成果可为锚杆在节理裂隙岩体中的支护加固提供参考。

Experimental investigation on hard rock fragmentation of inserted tooth cutter using a newly designed indentation testing apparatus

This investigation aims to explore the effects of stress conditions and rock cutting rates on hard rock fragmentation through indentation tests on a newly designed triaxial testing apparatus.This apparatus was designed to realize a triaxial loading and indentation test of cylindrical specimens using inserted tooth cutter.The boreability and crushing efficiency of granite rock was investigated by analyzing the change rules of the thrusting force,penetration depth,characteristics of chippings and failure patterns.Several quantitative indexes were used to evaluate rock boreability in this investigation.The granite rock samples all had a chiselled pit and a crushed rock core.Under initial stress conditions,only flat-shape chippings were stripped from the rock surface when the thrusting force reached 20 kN.The rock cutting special energy had a close correlation with the initial stress conditions and inserted tooth shape.Moreover,a thrusting force prediction model was proposed in this paper.The contribution of this study is that for the first time the influence mechanism of the initial triaxial stress conditions on rock fragmentation is investigated using an inserted tooth and the newly designed testing apparatus.This study has a crucial importance for practical underground hard rock crushing in geoengineering.

双轴加载下成组裂隙参数对类岩石试件力学性质的影响规律

煤矿深部地层岩巷围岩裂隙分布复杂,裂隙参数对岩体力学性能影响较大。为研究深部地层裂隙岩体在掘进扰动条件下的破坏规律与力学性能,制备不同裂隙倾角和长度的成组裂隙类岩石试件,开展模拟煤矿深部巷道掘进扰动的双轴加载试验,研究类岩石试件力学特性及其影响因素。研究结果表明:成组裂隙试件强度受预制裂隙的倾角影响明显,当预制裂隙倾角为30°~45°时,试件的起裂应力和峰值应力为最小值,当裂隙倾角为90°时,试件的起裂应力和峰值应力最大。在双轴固定比例加载的条件下,裂隙倾角和长度均会对试件的强度产生影响,其中裂隙倾角对试件强度的影响最为明显,裂隙长度的影响较小。

不同界面倾角岩石-混凝土组合体蠕变特性研究

为探究岩石-混凝土界面对地下建筑支护结构失效的影响,通过7种不同界面倾角的岩石-混凝土组合体试件的单轴和分级加载蠕变试验,研究了其蠕变特性。研究结果表明:随界面倾角的增大,组合体抗压强度呈“W”形变化,倾角在0°,45°,90°时出现极大值,而倾角在30°,60°~75°时出现极小值;并将其破坏模式分为轴向破坏、组合破坏、界面破坏等3种典型破坏模式。组合体蠕变破坏强度低于单轴抗压强度,表明长期加载对组合体会造成损伤;瞬时应变随界面倾角的增大,先减小后增大;与倾角0°的相比,倾角45°,60°,75°,90°的瞬时应变分别减少了22.68%,47.72%,52.01%,4.56%;蠕变比随应力水平的提高呈下降-稳定-上升3个阶段特征;随界面倾角的增大,蠕变破坏临界应力逐渐减小,蠕变稳定阶段逐渐缩短,组合体稳定性逐渐降低。基于试验结果对Burgers蠕变模型参数进行辨识,所得理论曲线与瞬时变形和衰减蠕变阶段试验数据吻合较好。研究成果可为深入认识混凝土支护与围岩结构界面倾角引起的蠕变破坏机制及地下建筑结构支护安全提供参考。

冲击荷载下夹层复合岩石能量演化及断裂特征研究

为研究冲击荷载下夹层复合岩石能量演化及断裂特征,选用砂岩、大理岩和花岗岩3种材料制成6组不同的夹层复合岩石试件,利用霍普金森压杆系统进行动态断裂冲击试验,研究不同复合岩石试件的裂纹扩展形态、应力波波形特征、裂纹尖端应力场和能量损耗关系,同时结合DLSM模拟结果,分析动态断裂过程中的应力波传播规律以及动能演化过程。结果表明:高速相机拍摄的动态断裂过程与DLSM模拟裂纹扩展过程具有良好的拟合度;裂纹的产生情况取决于层理弱面的破坏情况,相同冲击条件下,仅层理弱面不同的试件,层理弱面强度越低,裂纹扩展的时间越短且越靠前,夹层材料硬度越小,用于裂纹扩展的能量越多;在相同入射能量条件下,硬度较大的试件作为冲击端材料时,试件的反射作用较强,反射能量较大,透射作用较弱,透射能量较小,试件的能量耗散较大;层理面对应力波传播具有明显的阻碍作用,产生的透射波在尖端积蓄能量直至切缝起裂,试件综合硬度增大后,透射波明显减弱,并且传播速度减缓。

Testing study of subcritical crack growth rate and fracture toughness in different rocks

Subcritical crack growth of double torsion specimens made of ore, lherzolite, marble and granite was studied using Instron1342 type electro hydraulic servo test machine. The relations of the mode-I stress intensity factor KI versus the subcritical crack growth velocity v and the fracture toughness KIC were obtained by the double torsion constant displacement load relaxation method. The behavior of subcritical crack growth was analyzed for different rocks. The results show that lgKI—lgv relations of four kinds of rocks measured by this method accord with linear rule, i.e. the relations between subcritical crack growth velocity and stress intensity factor have a power law, which is in good agreement with CHARLES theory. lgKI—lgv curves move to top left corner with the decrease of the elastic modulus, which implies that the subcritical crack growth velocity speeds up. The maximum subcritical crack growth velocity exhibits negative exponential increase, and mode-I fracture toughness KIC decreases with the decrease of elastic modulus. The testing results provide a basis for time-dependence of rock engineering stability.

矿岩充填体组合试件能量传递规律研究

为探讨矿岩-充填体组合试件的动态力学特征,使用取自云南玉溪大红山铜矿的含铜矿岩和分级尾砂制作矿岩和配比分别为1∶4、1∶10的充填体组合试件,利用分离式霍普金森冲击杆分别在0.20 MPa、0.22 MPa、0.24 MPa、0.26 MPa、0.28 MPa和0.30 MPa的冲击气压下对矿岩-充填体组合试件进行动态冲击试验,研究组合试件的能量传递规律和破坏模式。结果表明:当试件开始发生破坏时,宏观裂隙首先出现在试件边缘,并随着冲击气压增加而扩展,直到裂隙使充填体试件完全贯通,最终试件会完全破碎;组合试件的破坏模式主要表现为剪切破坏、张拉破坏及共轭剪切破坏3种;充填体试件的波阻抗变化反映了试件在冲击过程中的损伤演化规律;试件的吸收能密度随入射能量增加线性增加;在冲击气压为0.20 MPa时,矿岩和配比为1∶10的充填体组合试件较早发生剪切破坏;当冲击气压为0.24~0.30 MPa时,矿岩和配比为1∶4的充填体组合试件虽然发生破坏,但仍具有一定吸能特性,并且相较于完整状态下变化不大,而在此冲击气压下,配比为1∶10的充填体粉末占比达到约80%,这表明灰砂比较高的充填体部分具有更稳固的力学结构。

岩块锚固机理的模拟试验研究

为研究锚杆对深部巷道围岩的作用机理,利用自制三轴加载物理相似模拟试验系统,进行了加锚与不加锚完整和预裂岩石试件(400 mm×400 mm×400 mm)的加载对比试验,比较了锚杆预紧力和支护密度对完整和预裂岩石试件的锚固效果,分析了锚杆对完整和预裂岩石试件的作用时机。研究结果表明:无论完整试件或预裂试件,锚杆支护均可提高其峰值强度,尤其预紧力对提高峰值强度的作用明显,对预裂试件峰值强度的提高幅度比完整试件更大。加锚预裂试件相对于无锚预裂试件其应力应变曲线从竖向加载一开始就相对滞后;而加锚完整试件相对于无锚完整试件,从竖向加载开始到试件峰前连续变形阶段,应力应变曲线差别不大,无锚完整试件在达到其峰值强度后,承载力开始下降,而此时加锚完整试件承载力继续增大,只是增速有所减缓。对于预裂试件,锚杆承载具有即时性,即与试件基本同时承载;而对于完整试件,锚杆承载则体现出延时性,即锚杆在岩体发生破坏、产生较大变形后才开始承载。因此,锚杆支护难以阻止巷道围岩的塑性变形和塑性区的形成,深部巷道的围岩控制理念应由变形控制向稳定控制转变。深部巷道锚杆的主要作用一是提高破碎岩体的残余强度,二是阻止破碎岩体裂隙的后续扩张,从而提高围岩的整体性和完整性,达到维护巷道稳定的目的。

不同内径圆环砂岩试件温水耦合动态劈裂力学试验研究

煤矿巷道围岩经常处于地下水和温度共同作用环境中。由于岩石动抗拉强度远小于其动抗压强度,当受到掘进爆破等动载作用时岩体破坏往往取决于动抗拉强度,温水耦合岩石在动荷载扰动下动态抗拉力学性能值得深入研究。对不同内径圆环砂岩试件(外径50 mm,内径0~25 mm)进行温水耦合作用,开展X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜试验,并利用霍普金森压杆试验装置进行动态劈裂力学特性试验研究。结果表明:温水耦合作用使砂岩试件产生损伤劣化,基本物理参数发生变化,动力学性能呈现出弱化现象;相同加载条件下,圆环砂岩试件内径增大,试件更易发生张拉破坏;劈裂后的半圆环发生了挤压断裂;相同内径时,温水耦合作用砂岩试件碎块更加明显;从能量耗散角度对试件破碎形态进行分析。

单轴加载下含共面双节理双层复合类岩试样的力学行为与破坏特征

为研究节理与层理面对裂隙层状岩体裂纹演化的共同作用,对不同层理面倾角下,含多角度共面双节理的双层复合类岩试样进行单轴压缩试验和数字图像相关试验。由试验结果可知,层理面和节理对应力−应变曲线特征和强度参数有显著影响。试件的破坏模式分为4种不同类型。层理面的存在抑制了岩桥区域裂纹的贯通,层理面倾角的变化对裂纹扩展路径和破坏模式的转变有较大影响。对于层理面倾角为30°和45°的试件,节理倾角越大,层理面对试件破坏特征的影响越小。此外,观测到一种从层理面上萌生并且更容易在试件上层扩展的拉伸裂纹。

3D打印材料模拟脆性煤岩单轴加载力学特征的初步研究

传统的岩石取样方法以及模具浇筑常受到人工操作误差及取样内部结构复杂差异大的影响,导致岩石试件获取的周期时间长,精度低,造成试样的力学试验结果离散性大。3D打印技术具有精度高、周期短、打印材料多样化等优点,考虑到岩石力学研究受到试件各向异性、结构面复杂、随机性高及试件制备存在误差等因素影响,为寻求能够模拟天然煤岩的3D打印材料,选取了聚乳酸塑料(PLA)、光敏树脂材料SLA600及Vero White Plus,以及覆膜砂粉末材料4种材料制备标准力学试验试件进行单轴压缩试验,获取了4种材料的3D打印试样的力学参数及应力-应变曲线,并对比分析了它们与煤岩的表观破裂模式的相似性。结果表明:光敏树脂材料Vero White Plus与砂岩岩样的峰值强度、杨氏模量、泊松比及应力-应变曲线整体趋势相近;覆膜砂材料与所选煤样的峰值强度、杨氏模量及应力-应变曲线相近;表观破坏模式方面,PLA材料未发生与煤岩相似的脆性破坏;两种光敏树脂材料均发生了拉张与剪切破裂,其中SLA600材料表现出局部膨胀性,Vero White Plus材料与SLA600相比更适合模拟高强度的脆性硬岩;而覆膜砂3D打印试件的破裂特征及力学特性与低强度软岩相似,可作为低强度的脆性煤体的3D打印相似材料。

冲击作用下花岗岩的Ⅰ型裂纹形态及断面粗糙度研究

岩体工程中岩石常因动载作用产生断裂,研究岩石在冲击荷载下Ⅰ型裂纹的响应规律,采用分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统开展了侧开单裂纹三角形(single cleavage triangle,简称SCT)花岗岩试样的动态冲击断裂试验。采用Hough变换方法实现了表面裂纹形态长度及角度分布的定量描述,分析了表面裂纹形态与试样吸收能量的关系;并利用三维表面形貌仪获取了断面的三维点云数据,提出了基于拟合曲面阈值检测的断面重构方法,有效解决了断面三维点云数据误差点出现导致的误差问题;讨论了断面粗糙度与试件吸收能量间的关系。结果表明:随着吸收能量的增大,裂纹长度的指数分布λ值有增大的趋势;裂纹角度的分布较为平均,水平方向上的裂纹相对较少,试件能量耗散较低时,裂纹具有明显的方向性,能量耗散较高时,裂纹的弯曲程度更高且贯通性较好;断面重构方法在x、y方向点数的0.03~0.08,阈值为0.25时能够较好的完成断面处理,试件A、B断面的粗糙度统计参数随能量耗散的增大呈下降趋势。