Roll wear on finishing trains of ASP1700 hot strip mills

A great deal of research and practical production indicated that a perfectshape control system needs a precise prediction model of roll wear. According to the practical wearcurve of work roll in Angang ASP1700 hot strip mill, which was measured by a roll-profilemeter, themodel of wear curve caused by one single strip was established. The prediction of work-roll wear wasachieved by combining Fortran language and practical technology parameters. The calculated resultsagreed well with the measured.

Application of simulated annealing algorithm to improve work roll wear model in plate mills

Employing Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SAA) and many measured data, acalculation model of work roll wear was built in the 2 800 mm 4-high mill of Wuhan Iron and Steel(Group) Co. (WISCO). The model was a semi-theory practical formula. Its pattern and magnitude werestill hardly defined with classical optimization methods. But the problem could be resolved by SAA.It was pretty high precision to predict the values for the wear profiles of work roll in a rollingunit. After one-year application, the results show that the model is feasible in engineering, and itcan be applied to predict the wear profiles of work roll in other mills.

Computer simulation of rolling wear on bionic non-smooth convex surfaces

The study of bionics has found that the skins of many burrow animals which live in soil and stone conditions have an anti wear function, and which is related to their body surfaces’non-smooth morphology. In the present study, bionic non-smooth surfaces are used in roll surface design, and roll models with convex non-smooth surfaces are developed. The rolling wear of non-smooth roll in steel rolling is simulated by the FEM software-ANSYS. The equivalent stress, the node friction stress, and the node contact pressure between the roll and the rolling piece are calculated; and the anti-wear mechanism is analyzed.

Wear Mechanisms of High Chromium Iron Roll under Hot Rolling Conditions

By using a reformed laboratory rolling mill,hot wear test under near service conditions has been carried out to examine the wear mechanisms of high chromium iron roll.Each time after being rolled up to a given cycle,the worn morphology of roll surface was examined under SEM and occasionally by AES.Based on rolling conditions and lasting of in-service time,various wear characteristics have been identified distinctly.It involves abrasive wear and oxidation wear for matrix phase,fatigue wear,polishing wear and grain pull-out wear for carbides,smear adhesive wear,chemical wear,and in extreme case,plasticity-dominated wear.At the same time,wear type is also discussed compatibly in terms of abrasive wear,fatigue wear,as well as chemical wear according to conventional classification.And only in an extreme situation,i.e.rolling without cooling water,adhesive wear may partially be involved.At anytime under specified conditions,there are always several wear mechanisms occurring simultaneously,but usually only one of them can be identified as the dominant mode.And finally a wear mechanism figure can be depicted to qualitatively describe the relationship among them.

Wear analysis of a side dam in twin-roll strip casting

Reducing wear on a side dam can prolong the casting operation life of a twin-roll strip casting process,thus reducing production cost and improving casting stability.To lengthen the service life of the side dam,it is necessary to understand the wear performance of the side dam material.To investigate the wear behavior mechanism of the side dam,in this study,the UMT-2 friction and wear tester was used to determine the relationship between the wear rate of the side-dam material and various parameters.Based on the roughness of the contact area between the side dam and the end of the casting rolls as well as on the amount of deformation of the side dam,which was derived using a thermal-deformation simulation model,the reasons for the uneven wear of the side dam were obtained.

Research and Application of Non-symmetrical Roll Bending Control of Cold Rolling Mill

The existing research of the flatness control for strip cold rolling mainly focuses on the calculation of the optimum adjustment of individual flatness actuator in accordance with the flatness deviation, which can be used for general flatness control. However, it does not work for some special rolling processes, such as the elimination of ultra single side edge-waves and the prevention of strip break due to tilting roll control overshooting. For the purpose of solving these problems, the influences of non-symmetrical work roll bending and intermediate roll bending on flatness control were analyzed by studying efficiencies of them. Moreover, impacts of two kinds of non-symmetrical roll bending control on the pressure distribution between rolls were studied theoretically. A non-symmetrical work roll bending model was developed by theoretical analysis in accordance with practical conditions. The model was applied to the revamp of a 1250 6-H reversible universal crown mill (UCM) cold mill. Theoretical study and practical applications show that the coordination utilization of the non-symmetrical work roll bending control and tilting roll control was effective in flatness control when there appeared bad strip single side edge waves, especially when the incoming strip was with a wedge shape. In addition, the risk of strip break due to tilting control overshooting could be reduced. Furthermore, the non-symmetrical roll bending control can reduce the extent of uneven distribution of pressure between rolls caused by intermediate roll shifting in flatness control and slow down roll wear. The non-symmetrical roll bending control technology has important theoretical and practical significance to better flatness control.

Roll shifting strategy with varying stroke and step in hot strip mill

A new roll shifting strategy with varying stroke and varying step was investigated,Two characteristic parameters including cat ear height and gap contour smoothness were introduced to assess the effect of shifting strategy on roll wear,and the relation between characteristic parameters and shifting strategy was established.Both varying stroke and varying step can reduce cat ear height and gap contour smoothness,so the shifting strategy with varying stroke and varying step is better than the one with either varying stroke or varying step,Based on the effect of shifting control parameters on characteristic parameters of roll wear,the selection principle of these shifting control parameters was gained.A case study was conducted to validate the proposed roll shifting strategy,reducing uncontrollable quartic loading gap contour,improving strip profile and extending rolling length of a rolling campaign.

贝氏体钢轨磨损与接触疲劳行为的研究进展

钢轨的磨损和滚动接触疲劳是轮轨接触过程中的主要损伤形式,对铁路轨道安全与维护有着至关重要的影响。随着列车轴重的增加,贝氏体钢轨疲劳损伤问题日益凸显,严重危及行车安全。本工作综述了国内外贝氏体钢轨磨损与疲劳损伤在近年来的研究进展,重点阐述了贝氏体钢轨的磨损和滚动接触疲劳性能及两者之间的竞争关系,并与珠光体钢轨的试验结果进行了对比;总结了不同因素(显微组织、服役条件、环境介质)对贝氏体钢轨磨损及滚动接触疲劳性能的影响;提出了未来重点研究方向建议:基于化学成分调控与热处理工艺参数优化的稳定残余奥氏体组织制备,贝氏体钢轨在不同服役条件下的适用性研究,贝氏体钢轨在腐蚀、高低温等复杂恶劣环境下的使用性能研究。

Simulation-based multi-objective optimization for roll shifting strategy in hot strip mill

A simulation-based multi-objective optimization approach for roll shifting strategy in hot strip mills was presented. Firstly, the effect of roll shifting strategy on wear contour was investigated by mtmerical simulation, and two evaluation indexes including edge smoothness and body smoothness of wear contours were introduced. Secondly, the edge smoothness average and body smoothness average of all the strips in a rolling campaign were selected as objective functions, and shifting control parameters as decision variables, the multi-objective method of MODE/D as the optimizer, and then a simulation-based multi-objective optimization model for roll shifting strategy was built. The experimental result shows that MODE/D can obtain a good Pareto-optimal front, which suggests a series of alternative solutions to roll shifting strategy. Moreover, the conflicting relationship between two objectives can also be found, which indicates another advantage of multi-objective optimization. Finally, industrial test confirms the feasibility of the multi-objective approach for roll shifting strategy, and it can improve strip profile and extend same width rolling miles of a rolling campaign from 35 km to 70 km.

轮轨硬度匹配对重载贝氏体车轮钢磨损性能的影响

目的探究贝氏体车轮材料与不同钢轨材料的硬度匹配行为,为贝氏体车轮服役的安全性和可靠性提供理论参考。方法将贝氏体车轮与3种轨道进行匹配,结合磨损率、表面磨损形貌及表面硬化程度等,综合评价3种钢轨/车轮硬度比(Hr/Hw)下轮轨材料的耐磨性及损伤行为。结果随着匹配的轨道钢硬度的增加,贝氏体车轮钢磨损率从0.188mg/m逐渐升至0.217mg/m,增加了15.4%;轨道钢的磨损率呈下降趋势,从0.104mg/m降至0.042mg/m,下降了59.6%。车轮钢和轨道钢的磨损机理均以黏着磨损和疲劳磨损为主。随着轨道钢硬度的增加,车轮材料分层明显,损伤越来越严重,塑性变形层厚度和表面硬化程度呈上升趋势,表面疲劳裂纹的平均长度和深度依次降低,但平均扩展角度越来越高;轨道材料的分层和微裂纹减少,损伤减轻,且塑性变形层厚度和表面硬化程度呈下降趋势,表面疲劳裂纹长度减少,而扩展深度和角度均增加。接触斑能量耗散值越高,则贝氏体车轮受到轮轨硬度比的影响越明显。当Hr/Hw低于1时,钢轨磨损程度随着Tγ/A的增加越来越严重。结论随着匹配的轨道硬度的增加,车轮的磨损程度呈相反趋势,前者加剧,后者减轻。此外,与同种轨道匹配时,相较于典型的珠光体车轮钢(CL65),贝氏体车轮钢具有更加优异的耐磨性和抗疲劳损伤能力。

Multi-objective optimization for roll shifting strategy in cross rolling campaigns of hot strip mill

A multi-objective optimization approach for the roll shifting strategy in cross rolling campaigns of hot strip mills is presented. The effect of different roll shifting strategies on roll wear contour is studied by numerical simulation, and two evaluation indexes ,namely body smoothness and edge smoothness, are proposed. The average body smoothness and average rolling edge smoothness of all strips in a rolling campaign are taken as the objective functions, the shifting positions of all wide strips as the decision variables, and the multi-objective method of NSGA-II as the optimizer. Thus a multi-objective optimization model for the roll shifting strategy is built. The simulation results show that work roll shifting can make wear contour smooth,and a dish-shaped wear contour without severe local wear can be achieved by the roll shifting strategy with varying stroke. Optimization experimentation shows that by means of NSGA-II,a good Pareto-optimal front can be obtained, which suggests a series of alternative solutions for roll shifting strategy optimization. The experimentation also shows that there is a conflict between the two objectives. Finally, application cases confirm the feasibility of the multi-objective approach, which can improve the strip profile ,reduce edge waves and extend the rolling miles of a rolling campaign.

固溶时效处理对QAl10-3-1.5合金力学及摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用MFT-5000Rtec摩擦磨损试验机研究了QAl10-3-1.5合金挤制态和时效态在干滑动条件下的摩擦磨损行为,利用轮廓仪、金相显微镜和X-射线衍射仪等对QAl10-3-1.5合金组织特征和摩擦磨损机制进行了分析。结果表明:挤制态试样的抗拉强度约为680 MPa,经850℃×60 min(水冷)+550℃×4 h固溶时效处理后,抗拉强度提高了60 MPa,断后伸长率提高了1%,布氏硬度由136 HBW增至160 HBW;在10,20,30 N载荷下,挤制态试样在循环载荷作用下出现大量剥落,平均摩擦系数比时效态试样低10%左右;时效态试样磨斑宽度和磨斑深度均比挤制态试样小,耐磨性明显提高,且载荷越大,耐磨性提高越显著。

Numerical simulation of wheel wear evolution for heavy haul railway

The prediction of the wheel wear is a fundamental problem in heavy haul railway. A numerical methodology is introduced to simulate the wheel wear evolution of heavy haul freight car. The methodology includes the spatial coupling dynamics of vehicle and track, the three-dimensional rolling contact analysis of wheel-rail, the Specht's material wear model, and the strategy for reproducing the actual operation conditions of railway. The freight vehicle is treated as a full 3D rigid multi-body model. Every component is built detailedly and various contact interactions between parts are accurately simulated, taking into account the real clearances. The wheel-rail rolling contact calculation is carried out based on Hertz's theory and Kalker's FASTSIM algorithm. The track model is built based on field measurements. The material loss due to wear is evaluated according to the Specht's model in which the wear coefficient varies with the wear intensity. In order to exactly reproduce the actual operating conditions of railway,dynamic simulations are performed separately for all possible track conditions and running velocities in each iterative step.Dimensionless weight coefficients are introduced that determine the ratios of different cases and are obtained through site survey. For the wheel profile updating, an adaptive step strategy based on the wear depth is introduced, which can effectively improve the reliability and stability of numerical calculation. At last, the wear evolution laws are studied by the numerical model for different wheels of heavy haul freight vehicle running in curves. The results show that the wear of the front wheelset is more serious than that of the rear wheelset for one bogie, and the difference is more obvious for the outer wheels. The wear of the outer wheels is severer than that of the inner wheels. The wear of outer wheels mainly distributes near the flange and the root; while the wear of inner wheels mainly distributes around the nominal rolling circle. For the outer wheel of front wheelset of each bogie, the development of wear is gradually concentrated on the flange and the developing speed increases continually with the increase of traveled distance.

Failure analysis used for remanufacturing of steel rolling components

The guide-pieces, used in the process line of steel rolling, were the important components. The guide-pieces, which were slide contacting with the rolled-piece, had a high temperature and high speed. The wear was very serious. The results from failure analysis showed that there were three failure forms in the guide-pieces: the first was the wear during heat friction, the second was the heat fatigue under the cycle of deep heating and deep cooling, and the third was the impact rupture. Among them, the wear was the main reason. To the wear of guide-pieces, there were four mechanisms, namely abrasive wear, adhesive wear, fatigue wear and corrosion wear. The failure analysis to the guide-piece laid the foundation for its remanufacturing.

Study and Application of Heat Treat ment of Multi-Element Wear-Resistant Low-Alloy Steel

The effects of heat treatment on the properties of multi element wear-resistant low-alloy steel （MLAWS） which is used to make the liner of rolling mill torus were researched. The results show that when quenching temperature is lower than 900℃, the hardness increases with the increase of temperature, and when quenching temperature is higher than 900℃, the hardness decreases with the increase of temperature. As quenching temperature is lower than 920℃, the effect of quenching temperature on the impact toughness is not obvious. When quenching temperature is higher than 920℃ , impact toughness decreases with the increase of temperature. When tempering temperature is higher than 450 ℃ , the hardness begins to decrease obviously. After tempering at 350℃, the best wear resistance was obtained. According to the service condition of rolling mill torus liner, the MLAWS is quenched from 900-920 ℃ and tempered at 350-370℃.

Comprehensive contour prediction model of work rolls in hot wide strip mill

The predictive calculation of comprehensive contour of work rolls in the on-line strip shape control model during hot rolling consists of two important parts of wear contour calculation and thermal contour calculation, which have a direct influence on the ac- curacy of shape control. A statistical wear model and a finite difference thermal contour model of work rolls were described. The comprehensive contour is the equivalence treatment of the sum of grinding, wear, and thermal contours. This comprehensive contour calculation model has been applied successfully in the real on-line strip shape control model. Its high precision has been proved through the large amounts of actual roll profile measurements and theoretical analyses. The hit rates （percent of shape index satisfying re- quirement） of crown and head flatness of the strips rolled, by using the shape control model, which includes the comprehensive contour calculation model, have about 16% and 10% increase respectively, compared to those of strips rolled by using manual operation.

Failure Mechanism of Reflow Conductor Roll of Electroplating Tinning Line

The surface roughness of reflow conductor roll was checked on membrane sample. The surface morphology of conductor roll was observed by microscope, and the composition of adhered layer on conductor roll surface was analyzed by X-ray spectroscope. The results show that tin adhesion is the main reason for failure of conductor roll, and the failure of conductor roll is accelerated by wear. The measures to decrease tin adhesion and improve wear resistance were put forward.

Experimental Study on Surface Deterioration of Hot Rolling Mill Rolls under Near Service Conditions

With specially designed hot rolling test equipment,the surface deterioration process of hot rolling mill rolls can be simulated and representative samples were obtained.Thus a series of micro-analyses can be done onto the sample's worn surface,including wear loss,worn surface morphology,wear mode,oxidation and other influences from environment conditions.A leading study has been done with a high chromium cast iron to show the rolling test conditions and the methodologies of follow-up investigations for all the above-mentioned micro-analyses.Primary results have shown that high chromium iron roll may undergo complex degrading mechanism,and most of them can be investigated with the help of this research method-

A STUDY OF FATIGUE WEAR PERFOR MANCE OF TiN COATED SURFACE BY PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

Fatigue wear performanceof TiNhard coating onthesurfaceof highspeed steel( HSS) byion sputtering deposition process wasinvestigated. Thinner TiNhard coating was found to providethebetterfatigue wearperformance; Thicker TiNcoating underwentseriousspallingand fracture.

Making Use of the Eddy Currents Effect in the Examination of the Tribological Characteristics of Strip Rolling Mill Rolls

The key element in the proper performance of a rolling mill is the careful planning of the rolls operational conditions, since this factor constitutes the restricting element in the manufacturing process. In the article, a collection of operation and research steel strips hot-rolling mill information was presented, which was processed based on the advanced computer programmes for rolls grinders. The research outcomes were produced, presenting the application of eddy currents to detect materials flaws in metallurgical mill rolls.