Effect of sintering temperature and holding time on structure and properties of Li_(1.5)Ga_(0.5)Ti_(1.5)(PO_4)_(3)electrolyte with fast ionic conductivity

Li_(1.5)Ga_(0.5)Ti_(1.5)PO_(4))_(3)(LGTP)is recognized as a promising solid electrolyte material for lithium ions.In this work,LGTP solid electrolyte materials were prepared under different process conditions to explore the effects of sintering temperature and holding time on relative density,phase composition,microstructure,bulk conductivity,and total conductivity.In the impedance test under frequency of 1-10^(6) Hz,the bulk conductivity of the samples increased with increasing sintering temperature,and the total conductivity first increased and then decreased.SEM results showed that the average grain size in the ceramics was controlled by the sintering temperature,which increased from(0.54±0.01)μm to(1.21±0.01)μm when the temperature changed from 750 to 950°C.The relative density of the ceramics increased and then decreased with increasing temperature as the porosity increased.The holding time had little effect on the grain size growth or sample density,but an extended holding time resulted in crack generation that served to reduce the conductivity of the solid electrolyte.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Cemented Carbide

WC-Co nanocrystalline nitrogen-containing cemented carbides were prepared by vacuum sintering and low pressure sintering.The sintering processes of Cr_(2)(C,N)doped nano WC-Co powders were studied by using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cemented carbide was studied by scanning electron microscope(SEM),high resolution transmission electron microscope(HRTEM)and mechanical property test.The results showed that the nano WC grains began to grow in the solid phase sintering stage.A high-performance nano-nitrogen-containing cemented carbide with uniform microstructure and good interfacial bonding can be obtained by increasing the sintering temperature to 1380℃.It has a transverse rupture strength(TRS)of 5057 MPa and a hardness of 1956 HV30.

Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of 3D printing polysilazane reinforced Al_(2)O_(3)core

Ceramic cores are the key intermediate components of hollow blades for aero-engine.Conventional processes,such as hot-press molding and gel film casting,face difficulties in fabricating complex-structured ceramic cores due to the complexity of moulds and long process cycles.Stereolithography 3D printing provides a new idea for the fabrication of complex-structured ceramic cores.The effect of sintering temperature on open porosity,bulk density,weight loss rate,shrinkage rate,flexural strength and microstructure of the Al_(2)O_(3)-based ceramic core doped with 10vol.%polysilazane(PSZ)was studied.The sintering mechanism of PSZ-reinforced ceramic cores was analyzed.Results show that the optimum sintering temperature of PSZ-reinforced ceramic cores is 1,450°C.At this temperature,the open porosity of the ceramic core is 36.60%,bulk density is 2.33 g·cm^(-3),weight loss rate is 22.11%,shrinkage rate along the X,Y,Z directions is 5.72%,5.01%,9.61%,respectively;the flexural strength is 28.794 MPa at 25°C and 13.649 MPa at 1,500°C.Properties of 3D printing PSZ-reinforced ceramic cores can meet the casting requirement of superalloy hollow blades,which is expected to promote the industrial application of 3D printing complex structure ceramic cores.

Effect of sintering temperature on cycling performance and rate performance of LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 powder was prepared by mixing LiOH·H2O and co-precipitated Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1（OH）2 at a molar ratio of 1：1.05, followed by sintering at different temperatures. The effects of temperature on the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance were extensively studied. SEM and XRD results demonstrate that the sintering temperature has large influence on the morphology and structure and suitable temperature is very important to obtain spherical materials and suppresses the ionic distribution. The charge-discharge tests show that the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 powders becomes better with the increase of temperature from 700 ℃ to 750 ℃ and higher temperature will deteriorate the performance. Although both of materials obtained at 750 ℃ and 780 ℃ demonstrate almost identical cyclic stability at 2C rate, which delivers 71.9%retention after 200 cycles, the rate performance of powder calcined at 780 ℃ is much poorer than that at 750 ℃. The XRD results demonstrate that the poor performance is ascribed to more severe ionic distribution caused by higher temperature.

Low-field magnetoresistance of (1-x)La_(0.6)Dy_(0.1)Sr_(0.3)MnO_3/0.5x (Sb_2O_3) composite system under different sintering temperatures of matrix

A series of (1-x)La0.6Dy0.1Sr0.3MnO3/0.5x(Sb2O3)(x=0.15) samples were prepared by the solid-state reaction method, and the influence of sintering temperature of the matrix on low-field magnetoresistance of (1-x)La0.6Dy0.1Sr0.3MnO3/0.5x (Sb2O3) was studied through the measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscope (SEM) image, resistivity-temperature (ρ-T) curves, and magnetoresistance-temperature (MR-T) curves. The results indicate that for the samples with low sintering temperature of the matrix, lowfield magnetoresistance effect appears on the whole temperature range and can be explained by grain boundary effect; for the sample with high sintering temperature of the matrix, intrinsic magnetoresistance peak appears on the high-temperature range, low-field magnetore-sistance effect appears on low temperature range, and the magnetoresistance in the magnetic field of 0.2 T and on the comparatively large temperature range between 280 K and 225 K hardly changes with temperature and remains at 4.8%, which can be explained by the competition between the intrinsic magnetoresistance induced by double-exchange function inside grains and the tunneling magnetoresis-tance (TMR) induced by grain boundary effect. The temperature stability of magnetoresistance is beneficial to the practical applications of MR.

Effects of Rare Earth and Hot Pressing Sintering Temperature on the Transverse Rupture Strength of Fe-based Diamond Composites

Effects of sintering temperature in hot pressing, t yp es, states and amounts of rare earth as well as TiH 2 on the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of Fe-based composites are studied by means of orthogonal test and variance analysis in this paper. It is found that sintering temperature has a significant effect on the TRS of Fe-based diamond composites. The optimal sin tering temperature is 780～860 ℃. On the contrary, the effects of RE additi v es on values of TRS of the diamond composites have on distinct difference no mat ter the RE is in the state of mixture or compound or oxidization. Experimental r esults demonstrate that Fe-based diamond composites with RE additives exhibit h igher TRS, which results in an increase in diamond retention capacity. The degre e of increment of TRS is different at different sintering temperatures. The opti mal amount of rare earth was found to be about 1% in weight. The effect of RE is more significant at lower sintering temperature. The experimental results also reveal that TiH 2 additive has a negative effect on the TRS of Fe-based compos ites. Microscope observations demonstrate that specimen without TiH 2 additives , shows fewer pores and denser structures in the base metal. It can also be seen from the SEM observation of the resulting fracturing surface of bending test sp ecimens that the bonding of the diamond-matrix interface is better in the speci men without TiH 2 than in the specimen with TiH 2. Also the fracture surface o f the specimen without TiH 2 reveals ductile cup and cone behavior.

Studies on the Influence of Sintering Temperature on Crystalline Structures of Mg-Al Spinel Synthesized by Waste Aluminum Slag

Mg-Al spinel is synthesized by using industrial waste-residue and basic magnesium carbonate in the aluminum factory as the main raw materials. The influence of sintering temperature on crystalline structure and microstructure of Mg-Al spinel has been mainly discussed. The crystalline structure of sample is characterized by using XRD, SEM and relevant analytical software. The experimental results show that compared to the conventional synthetic method, the application of waste aluminum slag as the raw material can greatly decrease the synthetic tem-perature. The content of Mg-Al spinel first increases and then decreases with the rise of sintering temperature, and its purity can reach as high as 96wt% at 1550 ℃, which is therefore determined to be the optimum synthetic temperature. SEM observations demonstrate that as the rise of sintering temperature, the grain of Mg-Al spinel grows up obviously with typical octahedral characteristic appearance.

Effect of Sintering Temperature and Zinc Content on Some Properties of Li-Zn Ferrites

Li-Zn mixed ferrites with composition formula ZnxLi0.5-x/2Fe2.5-x/2O4 (0.2≤x≤0.8) were prepared by the usual ceramic method in 1000~1150℃. The effects of Zn substitution and sintering temperature on the formation, densification, microstructure and a.c. electrical conductivity have been studied. Under the effect of changing the firing temperature and Zn content, high sintered Li-Zn ferrite bodies are achieved. More fine structure bodies having high electrical resistance are obtained at high Zn content

EFFECTS OF In_2O_3 DOPING AND SINTERING TEMPERATURE ON THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF ZnO VARISTORS

ZnO varistors are prepared using the 0.1-0.3mm ZnO powders. The effects of the sintering temperature, contents of In2O3 doping on the non-linear properties of ZnO varistors have been investigated. Theresults show that this kind of ZnO powder has a high sintering activity. It is suitable for making the low voltage varistors. The Vc decreases with the increase of sintered temperature, when the In2O3 content is fixed(0. 98 %, mass fraction), and increases with the increase of In2O3 contents when the temperature is steady.

Modified phase transition and electrical properties of [Li_(0.05)(Na_(0.535)K_(0.48))_(0.95)]- (Nb_(0.94)Sb_(0.06))O_3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramic by sintering temperature

Li/Sb-doped (Na,K)NbO3 with a nominal composition of [Li0.05(Na0.535K0.48)0.95](Nb0.94Sb0.06)O3 ceramic was synthesized by normal sintering. The phase structure, microstructure, and electrical properties were investigated with a special emphasis on the influence of the sintering temperature. A polymorphic phase transition (PPT) from orthorhombic to tetragonal symmetry was observed when the sintering temperature was raised from 1040 to 1050 ℃, whereby the piezoelectric coefficient d33 and the electromechanical coupling coefficient kp reached the peak values of 245 pC·N-1 and 41.2%, respectively. The PPT induced by varying the sintering temperature is due to the different volatilization extents of alkali metals and appears to a lower sintering temperature with increasing Li content. The trace modifying of alkali metal content is more effective than doping B site element to enhance the d33 value.

Electrophysical properties of ceramic-polymer composite films as function of sintering temperature

The effect of changes in sintering temperature on electrical properties and microstructure of ZnO?polyaniline?polyethylene composite ceramics,prepared in disk form at the pressure of 60 MPa and at five different temperatures,has been investigated.Increasing sintering temperature from 30 to 120°C noticeably reduces breakdown voltage from 830 to 610 V.Further increase in sintering temperature causes breakdown voltage to increase.Interface voltage barrier height behaves differently when sintering temperature increases,which is in contrast to breakdown voltage behavior.These samples have a very low leakage current,a factor which indicates low degradation.Then again,the higher the sintering temperature gets,the less the nonlinear coefficient becomes.In addition,each sample has hysteresis which decreases through increase of sintering temperature up to 120°C.Further increase in sintering temperature,however,causes the hysteresis loop to spread.Regarding UV spectra of the samples,it is revealed that there are three impurity levels whose behaviors against sintering temperature are subtractive.Analysis of composite samples by scanning electron microscopy indicates that their microstructure consists of grains and grain boundaries.Resistivity of grain boundaries is the main responsible factor for these changes in varistor characteristic as a function of sintering temperature.

Influence of sintering temperature on the thermoelectric properties of Ba_8Ga_(16)Si_(30) clathrate treated by spark plasma sintering

A series of Ba8Ga16Si30 clathrate samples were prepared by arc melting, ball milling, acid washing, and spark plasma sintering （SPS）. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the lattice of the Ba8Ga16Si30 samples expanded as the SPS temperature was increased from 400 to 750℃. Lattice contraction recurred when the SPS temperature was further increased in the range of 750-1000℃. This phenomenon can be explained by the variation of Ga content in the lattice. The thermoelectric figure of the merit ZT value of clathrates increased with the increase in SPS temperature and reached a maximum when the sample was subjected to SPS at 800℃. A further increase in SPS temperature did not contribute to the improvement of ZT. The variation of the lattice parameter a vs. SPS temperature T was similar to the variation ob-served in the ZT-T curve.

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Aging Resistance and Mechanical Properties of 3Y-TZP Dental Ceramic

In order to investigate the effect of sintering temperature on aging properties and mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP dental ceramic in simulated oral environment, 3Y-TZP nanopowder compacts were pressurelessly sintered at 1 350℃, 1 400 ℃, 1 450 ℃,1 500 ℃, respectively, then were treated by soaking in artificial saliva （65 ℃, pH=7） for two months. The treated specimens sintered at 1 350 ℃ showed there was no phase transformation but whose strength and toughnesswere significantly improved （P〈0.05）, while those sintered at 1 400 ℃- 1 500 ℃ revealed a small amount of phase transformation and insignificant mechanical reinforcement （P〉0.05）. No microcracks were detected but increment in lattice volume was found in all specimens. Lowering sintering temperature favors aging resistance and mechanical reinforcement of 3Y-TZP in a simulated oral environment.

Influence of Sintering Temperature on the Structure and High-temperature Discharge Performance of Li Ni_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)Co_(1/3)O_2 Cathode Materials

Layered cathode materials of high-temperature lithium batteries, Li Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 are synthesized by a sol-gel method with variation in final sintering temperature for borehole applications. The structure, morphology and high-temperature discharge performance of these resulting products are investigated by X-Ray Diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), laser particle size analysis, galvanostatic and pulse discharge. The results of structural analysis indicate that the sample sintered at 800 ℃ has the characteristics of good crystallinity, narrow size distribution and large specific surface area at the same time. The discharge experiments also indicate that this sample has the best electrochemical properties, with the maximum discharge capacities of 314.57 and 434.14 m Ah·g-1 at 200 and 300 ℃ respectively and the minimum cell internal resistances at both temperatures.

The Effect of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure of High Chrome Bricks

The microstructure of high chrome bricks made at different sintering temperature are analyzed by SEM . The results indicate that the sintering temperature of high chromebricks has an optimum range , it is not the higher, the better, The high chrome bricks made at this -sintering temperature have the moderate crystal six in the matrix and of dense structure. The closed bonding structure could be obtained between grains and matrix and no crackle occurred.The high chrome bricks with this microstructure have the best dynamic properties.

Effects of sintering temperature on the microstructural evolution and wear behavior of WCp reinforced Ni-based coatings

This article focuses on the microstructural evolution and wear behavior of 50wt%WC reinforced Ni-based composites prepared onto 304 stainless steel substrates by vacuum sintering at different sintering temperatures. The microstructure and chemical composition of the coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, differential thermal analysis （DTA）, scanning and transmission electron microscopy （SEM and TEM） equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. The wear resistance of the coatings was tested by thrust washer testing. The mechanisms of the decomposition, dissolution, and precipitation of primary carbides, and their influences on the wear resistance have been discussed. The results indicate that the coating sintered at 1175℃ is composed of fine WC particles, coarse M6C （M=Ni, Fe, Co, etc.） carbides, and discrete borides dispersed in solid solution. Upon increasing the sintering temperature to 1225℃, the microstructure reveals few incompletely dissolved WC particles trapped in larger M6C, Cr-rich lamellar M23C6, and M3C2 in the austenite matrix. M23C6 and M3C2 precipitates are formed in both the γ/M6C grain boundary and the matrix. These large-sized and lamellar brittle phases tend to weaken the wear resistance of the composite coatings. The wear behavior is controlled simultaneously by both abrasive wear and adhesive wear. Among them, abrasive wear plays a major role in the wear process of the coating sintered at 1175℃, while the effect of adhesive wear is predominant in the coating sintered at 1225℃.

Effect of sintering temperature on microstructure and properties of glass-ceramics synthesized from waste cathode ray tubes funnel glass

Waste cathode ray tube(CRT)funnel glass(FG)is an important part in the disposal of electrical and electronic waste(e-waste).A novel approach for efficient lead extraction and glass-ceramics synthesized from waste FG through collaboratively smelting FG with coal fly ash(CFA)is proposed.Glass-ceramics materials with 40 wt%-80 wt%FG additions were produced under sintering temperatures of 900-1000℃.The microstructure and phase composition of the produced glass-ceramics were studied using X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The density,water absorption,Vicker hardness,chemical resistance and heavy metal leaching characteristics of the glassceramics were measured.The experimental results indicate that the samples can be crystallized at sintering temperatures of 900-1000℃.An elevated sintering temperature is favorable for enhancing the degree of crystallization,while the crystallization process is inhibited at excessively high temperatures.Increasing FG addition can lead to the transformation of the main crystalline phase from diopside to gehlenite.Well-crystallized crystals were generated in the specimens with 50 wt%-70 wt%FG additions.The samples with 40 wt%,50 wt%,60 wt%,70 wt%,80 wt%FG addition exhibit the optimal chemical and physical properties at 975,925,950,925 and 900℃,respectively.Overall results demonstrate that this study provides a feasible strategy for reliably detoxifying and reusing waste FG and CFA.

Reduction of Sensitivity to Sintering Temperature for Nd-Fe-B Magnets through Zr and Nb Additions

To reduce the sensitivity of grain growth to sintering temperature for improving property consistency of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, combined additions of Zr and Nb were investigated. It was found that when Zr content was increased to 0.07 at. pct, abnormal grain growth was effectively hindered even when the sintering temperature reached 1100℃. With combined additions of 0.07 at. pct Zr and 0.07 at. pct Nb, the sensitivity of grain growth to sintering temperature was greatly reduced consistency than the magnets containing no Zr and also improved. The magnets sintered at 1100℃ showed higher property Nb. In addition, the magnetic properties of magnets were also improved.

Effect of sintering temperature on structure, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La_(0.6)Ca_(0.4)MnO_3 manganite

The effect of sintering temperature on the structure, magnetic transition and magnetic entropy of La0.6Ca0.4MnO3 manganite was studied. It was observed that this compound belongs to the orthorhombic structure with the Pnma space group without any impurity phase. The effect of sintering temperature on the Curie temperature(TC) was studied. The small increment in TC is found with increasing the sintering temperature. The magnetocaloric study exposes a quite large change of the magnetic entropy, which varies with sintering temperature. For an applied magnetic field of 3 T and sintering temperature of 1300 °C, the relative cooling power(RCP) is 89 J/kg. As a result, the studied compound can be considered as potential material for magnetic refrigeration near and below room temperature.

Sintering temperature reflected cation distribution of Zn^(2+) substituted CoFe_2O_4

The most remarkable effect in spinel ferrites is the strong dependence of properties on the state of structural disorder and,in particular,on the cation distribution.The structural characterization of a Co-Zn ferrite nanoparticle sample was reported which prepared by wet chemical co-precipitation method.The samples were sintered at three different temperatures viz.650℃,850℃ and 1050℃ for 12 h.The structural details like:lattice constant and distribution of cations in the tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial voids have been deduced through X-ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis.Lattice constant was found to increase with the increase in Zn2+ ions and sintering temperature.Theoretical intensity ratios of (220),(400),(440) planes were considered,as these reflections are sensitive to cations on the A and B sites.Close agreement of the theoretical intensity ratio with the intensity ratio observed from XRD pattern supports the occupancy of Zn2+ ions and Co2+ ions on the octahedral and tetrahedral sites,respectively.