Synthesis of CA_(6)/AlON composite with enhanced slag resistance

Different amounts of AlON have been introduced in calcium hexaaluminate(CA_(6)) using two approaches, that is, one-step and twostep methods, to improve the slag resistance of CA_(6). A one-step method can directly sinter the mixtures combining Al_(2)O_(3), CaCO_(3), and Al in flowing nitrogen, in which AlON clusters are always formed because of the poor wettability of Al by Al_(2)O_(3), leading to the high porosity of CA_(6)/AlON composite. In a two-step method, CA_(6)and AlON are prepared separately and then mixed and sintered in flowing nitrogen. Compared with the sample prepared by the one-step method, CA_(6)and AlON in composite by the two-step method are more uniformly distributed,and the optimized amount of AlON added is 10wt%. The slag corrosion and penetration test shows that the CA_(6)/AlON composite using the two-step method exhibits superior slag corrosion protection. The promoted effect of AlON on slag penetration and corrosion resistance is also discussed.

Anisotropy of Expansion Coefficient and Slag Resistance of Spinel Carbon Bricks

Effects of the pressure direction on the thermal expansion and slag corrosion resistance were investigated and anisotropic microstructures of flaky graphite in spinel carbon bricks were examined. The experimental results show that slag corrosion velocities in the direction parallel to the pressure direction display a decrease of 34% compared to those in the vertical direction. Meantime, the linear expansion coefficient in the direction parallel to the pressure direction is 2.45 times as large as that in the vertical pressure direction. Slag corrosion velocities of spinel carbon bricks soaked in the AOD melting slag display a 46%-47% decrease compared to those of magnesia carbon bricks. The microstructure observation shows that spinel carbon bricks have a high degree of preferred orientation.

Slag Resistance of Magnesite-chrome Brick Impregnated with Chrome-bearing Sols

Cr2O3 has eminent slag corrosion resistance. So, the magnesite -chrome brick is thought as an important refractory material used in RH refining furnace in the process of steel-making around the world. After chromebearing sols being prepared by sol-gel method, single sol （ Cr（ OH）3） and mixed sol （ Mg（ OH）2 - Cr（ OH）3） were impregnated into magnesite - chrome bricks by vacuum impregnation. The corrosion resistance of the impregnated bricks to silicon steel slag was studied by porosimetric analysis and fractal dimension calculation. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of impregnated magnesite -chrome brick was better than that of the unimpregnated brick and the brick impregnated by MgSO4 solution, and the one which has surface-treated by Mg（ OH）2 -Cr（OH）3 sol was the best, mainly because of lower apparent porosity, smaller pores diameter and their smoother inner sarface.

Effect of Ultrafine Spinel Sources on Slag Resistance and Microstructure of Alumina-spinel Castables

In order to clarify the effect of ultrafine spinel sources on slag resistance and microstructure of alumina -spinel castables,using tabular alumina and spinel as coarse aggregates,tabular alumina powders,spinel powders,calcium aluminate cement,spinel containing cement,spinel micro-powder and reactive alumina ultrafines as matrix,alumina-spinel castables used for RH snorkels were prepared by changing the particle size and sources of preformed spinel.The effects of different ultrafine spinel sources (CMA72,spinel micro-powder) on the properties of alumina-spinel castables were investigated.Thermal shock resistance and slag resistance of specimens were compared by the residual strength rate (1 100 ℃,air cooling 1 cycle) and static crucible method.The microstructure and the slag corrosion resistance mechanism of the specimens were analyzed by SEM and EDS.The result shows that slag resistance of alumina-spinel castables can be improved by adding ultrafine preformed spinel,such as CMA72,and spinel micro-powder.The introduction of ultra-fine preformed spinel has little effect on HMOR of alumina-spinel castables,but has negative effect on TSR.ultra-fine and dispersive preformed spinel in the matrix and fine microstructure are the main reasons for the improvement of slag resistance of castables.

Slag Resistance of Refractories for Direct Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ores in Rotary Kilns

Aiming at prolonging the service life of refractories for direct reduction of laterite nickel ores in rotary kilns,the slag resistance of ten materials(corundum bricks,chrome corundum bricks,silicon nitride bonded silicon carbide bricks,high alumina silicon carbide bricks,high alumina bricks,magnesia chrome bricks,magnesium aluminate spinel bricks,spinel chrome corundum bricks,chrome corundum castables and magnesia alumina chrome composite spinel bricks)was evaluated by rotary slag tests,which simulate the service conditions in rotary kilns.The corroded residual bricks were analyzed by SEM and EDS.The results show that the magnesia alumina chrome composite spinel brick possesses the advantages of magnesium aluminate spinel bricks and chrome corundum bricks;MgO-rich spinel can absorb the penetrated ferric oxide,and forms a dense zeylanite layer,which prevents the penetration of the molten laterite nickel ores;therefore,it is an ideal lining of rotary kilns for direct reduction of laterite nickel ores.

Research Progress on Slag Resistance of Refractories with Electromagnetic Field

As the essential material for high temperature industrial production and technological development such as metallurgy,refractory has an important influence on the safety and efficiency of production for high-quality steels.Slag corrosion is one of the main reasons causing the wear of refractories.The slag resistance of refractories can be enhanced by regulation and control of the composition and structure,while applying the external electromagnetic field can achieve the good performance.Electromagnetic field can not only change the thermo physical properties of slags,but also have a significant effect on the slag resistance of refractories.Suitable electric field can slow down the slag corrosion while the influence of conductivity of refractories is obvious;The magnetic field with millitesla level have a significant impact on the high temperature properties of the slags,and the alternating magnetic field can accelerate the slag corrosion of the refractories,while the static magnetic field has a promising potential to improve the slag resistance of the refractories.Furthermore,the interaction mechanism between refractories and slags under magnetic field needs to be clarified in order to develop the magnetic resistance against slag corrosion of refractories.

Slag-Resistance of MgAlON Spinel

The slag-resistance and microstructural changes after the slag tests of MgAlON spinel containing different amount of nitrogenwere studied by means of crucible slag-resistant experiment, SEM and EDS in the work. The results show that the slag-resistance ofMgAlON is dependent on the nitrogen content, and the optimum amount is 2.88%. The strUcture is not changed although the grains havebeen permeated by some silicon, calcium and iron. A glass phase which contained nitrogen formed in the metaInorphic layeL The glasscan driprove the ability of the slag-resistance of MgAlON because of its higher viscosity.

Enhanced slag resistance and mechanical properties of magnesia castables with strontium carbonate addition

Magnesia castables have been widely used in metallurgical industries with the advantages of high refractoriness,non-polluting steel,and resistance to alkaline slag.Magnesia castables were prepared using strontium carbonate(SrCO_(3))as additive to enhance slag resistance and mechanical properties,and the influence of SrCO_(3) on the evolution of phases,microstructure and properties of magnesia castables sintered at different temperatures was clarified.The results show that,with the introduction of SrCO_(3)(lower than 3 wt.%),elastic modulus,mechanical strength,thermal shock resistance and densification of magnesia castables were significantly enhanced owing to the formation of needle-like Ca_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)MgSi_(2)O_(6) phase and liquid phase when sintering at high temperatures,and the introduced SrCO_(3) presented minor effects on the mechanical properties of castables for its highly structural stability below 1100℃.During the slag corrosion process,SrCO_(3) and SiO_(2) in castables reacted with Al^(3+)in molten slag to form SrAl_(2)SiO_(8) phase,resulting in the increased slag viscosity and suppressed continuing penetration.

Corrosion Resistance Mechanism of Magnesia Zirconia Brick to RH Furnace Slag

Magnesia zirconia brick containing 11 wt% zirconia was prepared with magnesia and monoclinic zirconia as starting materials in order to replace the chrome-containing materials for Rtt furnace. The corrosion resistance of magnesia zirconia brick and fused rebonded magnesia chrome brick （short for magnesia chrome brick） to high, and low basicity slag of RH fitrnace was comparatively researched by rotary slag method and their slag resistance mechanisms were analyzed. The results show that： （1） because the reaction layer containing CaZrO3 forms in magnesia zirconia brick, it has better corrosion resistance to high basicity slag than magnesia chrome brick, however, it has worse corrosion resistance to low basicity slag than magnesia chrome brick; （2） ZrO2 in the magnesia zirconia brick can absorb CaO in the slag, which decrea- ses the basicity of slag and inereases the viscosity of slag, so the degree of slag penetration in magnesia zircon.ia brick decreases ; （ 3 ） there is little zirconia in the slag layer of residual nutgnesia zirconia brick;from working face to original brick layer, the residual magnesia zirconia brick shows three layers： obviotasly deteriorative layer, slightly deteriorative layer, and original brick layer, but the residual magnesia chrome brick only shows two layers ： obviously deteriorative layer and original brick layer; the SiO2 content of residual magnesia zirconia brick is the highest in the slightly deteriorative layer, however, the SiO2 content of residual magnesia chrome brick gradually decreases front working face to original brick layer.

Influence of SiC Contents in Al_2O_3-SiO_2 Castables on Resistance to PbO-rich Slag

Low cement Al2O3 - SiO2 castables was prepared using super grade bauxite （ w（ Al2O3 ） 〉85% ） as aggregate, brown fused corundum, silicon carbide, Secar 71 CA cement, α-Al2O3 micropowder and microsilica as fine powders. The influence of SiC （0, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% ）on resistance to PbO- rich slag was investigated by static crucible slag test （1 300℃ for 5 h, in air）. The slag corrosion mechanism of the castables was analyzed by means of SEM, EDS and XRD. The results show that the resistance of Al2O3 -SiO2 castables to PbO-rich slag is improved obviously by the addition of SiC. The corrosion mechanism of the PbO-rich slag can be discribed as that PbO in the slag reacts with SiO2 and CaO in Al2O3 - SiO2 castables, forming low-melting compounds （such as PbO · SiO2 and 2PbO · SiO2 ）.

Corrosion Behavior of Slags with Different Basicities to Alumina Magnesia Castables

Alumina magnesia castable crucible specimens were prepared using tabular corundum （ ≤ 5 mm ）, fused magnesia powder （ ≤0. 088 mm ） , fused spinel powder （ ≤0. 044 mm ） , and α-Al2O3. micropowder （d50 ≤0. 7 μm ） as main starting materials, batching, mixing, shaping, and drying. Slag resistance was determined by static crucible method at 1 600℃ for 3 h adopting two ladle slags with different basicities （3. 40 and 1.03 ）. The corrosion and penetration indexes and microstructure characteristics of the specimens after slag resistance test were analyzed to study the corrosion behaviors of the two slags to alumina magnesia castables. The results show that the corrosion of the low basicity slag to alumina magnesia custables is much more serious than that of the high basicity slag for that their reactions with castables form different products;for the low basicity slab,, the multi-phase coexistence of CA6 and compounds of CaO - Al2O3 -SiO2 in the materials together with volume expansion caused by the formation of CA6 intensify the slag corrosion and penetration ; for the high basicity slag, the reaction between slag and castables generates a CA2 dense layer and a large amount of in-situ MA in the interface, reducing the slag corrosion to the materials effectively.

Effect of Si_3N_4 on Resistance of Magnesia Based Castable

The magnesia based curable specimens with different Si3N4 contents were casted using sintered magnesite （w（MgO）=95%） as starting material, SiO2 micro-powder as binder, 0.3%, 4% and 5% β-Si3N4 powder replacing the equal addition of magnesia powder respectively. The slag resistance test was carried out at 1550℃ for 3h using Baosteel tundish slag and static crucible method. The result indicates that： introducing Si3N4 could obviously improve the slag resistance of MgO based castable, which increased with increasing Si3N4. Dense SiO2 sintered layer formed on the surface of magnesia based castable because of the oxidation of Si3N4 addition, which can prevent the further slag penetration. In the deep inner of castable, the partial-pressure of oxygen was very low, so Si3N4 can exist stably. Meanwhile in reducing atmosphere, Si3N4 was hard to be sintered, which resulted in the loose interior structure of MgO based castable.

Preparation,Performance and Slag Resistant Mechanism of Low Thermal Conductivity Microporous Corundum

The microporous corundum material was prepared using alumina micro-powder as the main raw material, alumina sol and starch as binders by a wet process, achieving the bulk density of 3.05 g · cm^-3, the apparent porosity of 9. 1%, the closed porosity of 12.3%, the median pore diameter of 0. 43 μm, and the thermal conductivity of 6. 5 W· m^-1· K^-1 at 800 ℃ which is 41.6% lower than that of common corundum. The slag resistance of the microporous corundum material was studied by immersion and compared with that of the common corundum aggregate, and the slag resistant mechanism of microporous corundum material was revealed. The results show that the slag resistance of the microporous corundum material is superior to that of the common corundum aggregate, the SEM and EDX show that on the reaction interface between microporous corundum and molten, slag, a continuous isolation layer with a large quantity of CA2 and CA6 columnar crystals is formed; while the common corundum aggregate reacts with the molten slag interface to form a discontinuous isolation layer of columnar crystals, through which a lot of molten slag corrodes or permeates into the aggregate. The mechanism is mainly that the microporous structure is more advantageous to nucleation and growth of CA2 and CA6 columnar crystals; in the reaction with the aggregate, the molten slag gets saturated and the critical solution thickness of the microporous corundum and the common corundum is 0. 16 μm and 0. 34 μm, respectively, this is caused by the smaller microporous corundum aggregate pores; and the smaller pores also increase the second phase ripening rate of microporous corundum, which is 9. 7 times of that of the common corundum.

Analysis of Corrosion Behavior of ZrO_(2)-C Slag-line Materials in Continuous Casting

In view of the service failure and low continuous casting production efficiency due to the corrosion of refractories at the slag-line in submerged entry nozzles,a submerged entry nozzle for low-carbon aluminum killed steel continuous casting in one steel plant was sampled and taken as the research object to analyze the causes and the mechanism of refractory corrosion at the slag-line.The results show that the core issue of the corrosion and necking of the slag-line materials is that the slag-line material are eroded,dissolved,and reacted by the mold flux gradually.Therefore,it is important to suppress or avoid the contact and reaction between the mold flux and slag-line materials.

Influence of Nano-Al_2O_3 on Properties of Magnesia Chrome Refractories

Magnesia chrome bricks were prepared with fiLsed MgO- Cr2 O3 synthesized material, fused magnesite and ：hrome ore as main starting materials. Nano-Al2O3 was tdded into refractories （ 2% , 4% and 6% in mass ） ;ubstit,ting for Al203 micropowder. After m＆ing and ;haping, the bricks were fired at 1 550 ℃, 1 600 91℃, t 650 ℃ and 1 750℃, respectively. The microstruc-ure , sintering property, mechanical properties, thermal ;kock resistance and shtg resistance of the specimens with he addition of nano-Al2O3 were investigated. The results indicate that the performance of brick with 4 mass% of nano-Al2O3 is greatly improred afier firing at 1 650 ℃.

Influence Parameters on Properties of Dolomite Bricks Containing Different Bonding Systems

Pitch and tar bonded dolomite bricks are extensively used in ladles and converters for long time because of their superior properties such as. steel melt refining, easy production as well as low production cost. Recently, resin bonded dolomite bricks are presented for using in steel plants. Generally, quality and final cost of steels are affected by properties of refractories especially dolomite bricks. Therefore, recognition of influence parameters on dolomite refractory properties is very important. In this study, the effects of tar and resin as bonding systems, and addition of graphite （ 2wt% ） on the properties of dolomite refractory bricks have been investigated. Properties such as ： density and porosity, cold crushing strength, hydration time and depth of slag penetration have been studied. Results show that the bonding sys- tems and graphite have a great effect on the mentioned properties especially cold crushing strength and hydra- tion time. In addition to their low rate of pollution, resin bonded dolomite bricks show higher performance with proper technical specifications.

Refractories for RH Degassers and Ways of Improving Their Lining Life

This paper attempts to clarify the systematic works of the refractories for the RH degassers and the ways of improving their lining life. It includes ： （ 1 ） types of RH degassers ; （2） the operating conditions of refining and the severely damaged areas in RH degassers ; （3） the reasons why side wall and bottom of lower vessel, throat and snorkels become the severe wear areas are analyzed, such as erosion and abrasion caused by the high circula- tion rate of treated molten steel, thermal and structural spalling by the violent temperature change, high corrosion by the Fe-oxides containing siliceous slag and CaF：riched desulfurization powders attack, degradation of texture by the vaporization of refractory components in vacuum and in oxygen blowing; besides the above men- tioned factors, what other reasons to make the snorkels become the most quick wear elements are also explained; （4） the studies of resistance to refining slags attack and slag penetration and its prevention ; the evaluation of va- rious refractory materials to withstand the attack of slags is based on the experimental results of rotating cylinder method, rotary drum test and induction furnace test, and the phase diagrams analyses; the measures to reduce the slag penetration are discussed, for example the deep of slag penetration can be decreased by reducing the size of brick pores ; （5） suitable refractory materials selection and recent developments for the different severe wear areas in RH, and lining maintenance; （6） refractories for RH to refine silicon steel; （7） the ways of improving RH lining life.

Effect of Nano Calcium Carbonate on Properties of Corundum-spinel Castables

Using sintered corundum as aggregate, white fused corundum powder, fused spinel powder, ultra-fine a-A12 0 3, nano calcium carbonate and hydrated alumina as matrix, effects of nano calcium carbonate additions （0. 4%, O. 8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2. 0% in mass, the same hereinafter） on modulus of rupture, thermal shock resi.~tanee and slag resistance of corundum -spinel castables after treating at different temperatures were studied. The results show that nano calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperatures and in-situ forms ealci- ant aluminates, which can significantly increase the CMOR and HMOR of the castables after treating at 800 -1 400 ℃ ; adding nano calcium carbonate obviously improves the thermal shock resistance of the castables, and has little influence on the high basicity slag resist- ance, however, significantly decreases the corrosion and penetration resistance to low basicity slag.

Influence of Microporous Magnesia-rich Spinel Aggregates on Properties of Low Carbon MgO-C Refractories

Two types of low carbon MgO - C refractories with 6% graphite were prepared using microporous magnesiarich spinel （5 - 3 and 3 - 1 mm ） and fused magnesia （5 - 3 and 3 - 1 mm ） as coarse aggregates, respectively, fused magnesia （ ≤1 mm） as fine aggregate, magnesia powder （≤ 0. 088 mm ） , flake graphite powder （ ≤0. 088 mm）, metal Al powder （ 〈0. 074 mm） as matrix, and phenol resin as binder. After curing at 220 ℃ and coke-embedded firing at 1 500 ℃ , the apparent porosity, cold crushing strength, cold modulus of rupture, permanent linear change on heating, thermal shock resistance and slag resistance of the specimens were studied comparatively. The results indicate that： （ 1 ） after curing at 220 ℃ and coke-embedded firing at 1 500 ℃, the specimen with microporous magnesia-rich spinel replacing fused magnesia has lower bulk density and higher apparent porosity than the common low car- bon MgO - C specimen. After curing at 220 ℃, the specimen with microporous aggregate has lower strength than common low carbon MgO - C specimen, but after coke-embedded firing at 1 500℃, it has higher strength and lower permanent linear change on heating; （2） low carbon MgO - C specimen using microporous magnesia-rich spinel to replace fused magnesia aggregate has better thermal shock resistance but worse slag resistance.

Effect of Different Silica Fumes on Properties of Al_(2)O_(3)-SiC-C Castables for Iron Trough

In order to improve the performance of Al_(2)O_(3)-SiC-C castables for iron trough,samples were prepared using brown corundum,dense corundum,activated alumina micropowder,ball pitch,and silicon as main raw materials,calcium aluminate cement as the binder.Several kinds of silica fumes(93SiO_(2),96SiO_(2),and 99SiO_(2))with different particle size distributions and chemical composition were added to research the effects on the properties of castables.The results show that the sample with 99SiO_(2) fume has high water requirement for molding,but the bulk density is the lowest,the apparent porosity is the highest,the oxidation resistance is the worst,and the permanent linear change on heating is low after firing at 1 450 ℃ for 3 h.The bulk density and the apparent porosity of the sample with 93SiO_(2) fume or 96SiO_(2) fume are equivalent,the hot modulus of rupture of the sample with 93SiO_(2) fume is the lowest,and the slag resistance of the sample with 96SiO_(2) fume is the best.The comprehensive performance of the sample with 96SiO_(2) fume is the best.