Influence of Land Use/Cover Change on Storm Runoff—A Case Study of Xitiaoxi River Basin in Upstream of Taihu Lake Watershed

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main boundary conditions which influence many hydrologic processes. In view of the importance of Taihu Lake Watershed in China and the urgency of discovering the impacts of LUCC on storm runoff, two flood events under five land cover scenarios in the Xitiaoxi River Basin of the upstream of Taihu Lake watershed were simulated by distributed hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS. The influences of each land cover on storm runoff were discussed. It was concluded that under the same rainstorm the ascending order of runoff coefficient and peak flow produced by the 5 different land covers were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land; the descending order of swelling time were woodland, shrub, grassland, arable land, and built-up land. Scenario of built-up land was the first to reach peak flow, then arable land, grassland, shrub, and woodland. There were close relationships between the runoff coefficients produced by the 5 different land covers. The degrees of impacts on runoff coefficient of land cover change modes were sorted by descending: woodland to built-up land, shrub to built-up land, grassland to built-up land, arable land to built-up land, woodland to arable land, shrub to arable land, arable land to grassland, shrub to grassland, grassland to arable land, and woodland to shrub. Urbanization will contribute to flood disaster, while forestation will mitigate flood disaster.

Discharge Water Quality Models of Storm Runoff in a Catchment

The relationships between the water qualities of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in the discharge water and the discharge of storm runoff of an experimental catchment including terraced paddy field are analyzed based on experiment results of the catchment. By summarizing the currently related research on water quality models, the water quality models of different components of storm runoff of the catchment are presented and verified with the experiment data of water quality analyses and the corresponding discharge of the storm runoffs during 3 storms. Through estimating the specific discharge of storm runoff, the specific load of different components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the discharge water of the catchment can be forecasted by the models. It is found that the mathematical methods of linear regression are very useful for analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the water discharge of storm runoff. It is also found that the most content of the nitrogen (75%) in the discharge water is organic, while half of the content (49%) of phosphorus in the discharge water is inorganic.

Hydrological Processes of Storm Runoff from Catchments of Different Land Uses

In this paper, a novel and efficient study on the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses is conducted. The motivation is to precisely simulate the hydrological processes of storm runoff in the agricultural catchments with different patterns of land uses, i.e., forest, paddy, and upland, respectively. As it is discussed in this paper, different land use leads to different characteristics of storm runoff. In order to understand the changes in the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses, the effects of rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration rate, percolation rate, and retention capacity on hydrological processes of the catchments are taken into consideration. According to the principle of water balance, a general model to connect the separate hydrological processes is developed; then, the individual hydrological process is studied in detail： Firstly, the daily evaporation is calculated according to the relation between the actual evapotranspiration and the potential evapotranspiration rate; Secondly, the retention of storm runoff is plotted against the total rainfall, and the maximum storage is calculated; Thirdly, the percolation rate is calculated for each catchment.

Distributions of typical contaminant species in urban short-term storm runoff and their fates during rain events:A case of Xiamen City

The pollutants in urban storm runoff, which lead to an non-point source contamination of water environment around cities, are of great concems. The distributions of typical contaminants and the variations of their species in short term storm runoff from different land surfaces in Xiamen City were investigated. The concentrations of various contaminants, including organic matter, nutrients （i.e., N and P） and heavy metals, were significantly higher in parking lot and road runoff than those in roof and lawn runoff. The early runoff samples from traffic road and parking lot contained much high total nitrogen （TN 6-19 mg/L） and total phosphorus （TP 1-3 mg/L）. A large proportion （around 60%） of TN existed as total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） species in most runoff. The percentage of TDN and the percentage of total dissolved phosphorus remained relatively stable during the rain events and did not decrease as dramatically as TN and TP. In addition, only parking lot and road runoff were contaminated by heavy metals, and both Pb （25-120 μg/L） and Zn （0.1-1.2 mg/L） were major heavy metals contaminating both runoff. Soluble Pb and Zn were predominantly existed as labile complex species （50%-99%）, which may be adsorbed onto the surfaces of suspended particles and could be easily released out when pH decreased. This would have the great impact to the environment.

Stormwater Runoff Pollution in a Rural Township in the Hilly Area of the Central Sichuan Basin,China

Stormwater runoff in rural townships has a high potential for water quality impairment but little information is available on strormwater runoff pollution from rural townships.To investigate the characteristics of runoff pollution in a rural township,a catchment(2.32 ha) in Linshan Township,Sichuan,China was selected to examine runoff and quality parameters including precipitation,flow rate,and total nitrogen(TN),dissolved nitrogen(DN),total phosphorus(TP),dissolved phosphorus(DP),particulate phosphorus(PP),chemical oxygen demand(COD) and suspended solid(SS) in 12 rainfall events occurring between June 2006 and July 2007.Results show that the annual pollutant loads were 47.17 kg ha-1 for TN,6.64 kg ha-1 for TP,1186 kg ha-1 for COD,and 4297 kg ha-1 for SS.DN and PP were the main forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in stormwater runoff.TP,COD and SS showed medium mass first flushes,in which nearly 40% of the total pollutant masses were transported by the first 30% of total flow volume.The peak of pollutant concentration appeared before the peak of runoff due to the first flush of accumulative pollutants in impervious areas and drainage ditches.The EMC values of TN,TP,DN and PP were negatively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity,precipitation,total flow volume,and runoff duration(P<0.05,n=12),while EMC of COD and SS were not related to any rainfall characteristics.The FF30(FF,First Flush) for TN,TP,COD and SS were positively correlated to the maximum rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),and TP was also positively correlated to the average rainfall intensity(P<0.05,n=12),indicating that the magnitude of first flush increased with the rainfall intensity in the Linshan Township.

Rainfall-runoff modeling for storm events in a coastal forest catchmen t using neural networks

The process of transformation of rainfall into runoff over a catchment is very complex and highly nonlinear and exhibits both tempor al and spatial variabilities. In this article, a rainfall-runoff model using th e artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed for simula ting the runoff in storm events. The study uses the data from a coa stal forest catchment located in Seto Inland Sea, Japan. This article studies the accuracy of the short-term rainfall forecast obta ined by ANN time-series analysis techniques and using antecedent rainfa ll depths and stream flow as the input information. The verification results from the proposed model indicate that the approach of ANN rai nfall-runoff model presented in this paper shows a reasonable agreement in rainfall-runoff modeling with high accuracy.

Assessment of Land Erosion and Sediment Accumulation Caused by Runoff after a Flash-Flooding Storm Using Topographic Profiles and Spectral Indices

This research deals with the characterization of areas associated with flash floods and erosion caused by severe rainfall storm and sediment transport and accumulation using topographic attributes and profiles, spectral indices (SI), and principal component analysis (PCA). To achieve our objectives, topographic attributes and profiles were retrieved from ASTER-V2 DEM. PCA and nine SI were derived from two Landsat-OLI images acquired before and after the flood-storm. The images data were atmospherically corrected, sensor radiometric drift calibrated, and geometric and topographic distortions rectified. For validation purposes, the acquired photos during the flood-storm, lithological and geological maps were used. The analysis of approximately 100 colour composite combinations in the RGB system permitted the selection of two combinations due to their potential for characterizing soil erosion classes and sediment accumulation. The first considers the “Intensity, NDWI and NMDI”, while the second associates form index (FI), brightness index (BI) and NDWI. These two combinations provide very good separating power between different levels of soil erosion and degradation. Moreover, the derived erosion risk and sediment accumulation map based on the selected spectral indices segmentation and topographic attributes and profiles illustrated the tendency of water accumulation in the landscape, and highlighted areas prone to both fast moving and pooling water. In addition, it demonstrated that the rainfall, the topographic morphology and the lithology are the major contributing factors for flash flooding, catastrophic inundation, and erosion risk in the study area. The runoff-water power delivers vulnerable topsoil and contributes strongly to the erosion process, and then transports soil material and sediment to the plain areas through waterpower and gravity. The originality of this research resides in its simplicity and rapidity to provide a solid basis strategy for regional policies to address the real causes of problems and risks in developing countries. Certainly, it can help in the improvement of the management of water regulation structures to develop a methodology to maximize the water storage capacity and to reduce the risks caused by floods in the Moroccan Atlas Mountain (Guelmim region).

Impacts of water quality variation and rainfall runoff on Jinpen Reservoir,in Northwest China

The seasonal variation characteristics of the water quality of the Jinpen Reservoir and the impacts of rainfall runoff on the reservoir were investigated. Water quality monitoring results indicated that, during the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of total ni- trogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, iron ion, and manganese ion in the water at the reservoir bottom on September 6 reached 2.5 mg/L, 0.12 mg/L, 0.58 mg/L, 3.2 mg/L, 0.97 mg/L, and 0.32 rag/L, respectively. Only heavy storm runoff can affect the main reservoir and cause the water quality to seriously deteriorate. During heavy storms, the stratification of the reservoir was destroyed, and the reservoir water quality consequently deteriorated due to the high-turbidity particulate phosphorus and organic matter in runoff. The turbidity and concentrations of total phosphorus and total organic carbon in the main reservoir increased to 265 NTU, 0.224 mg/L, and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. Potential methods of dealing with the water problems in the Jinpen Reservoir are proposed. Both in stratification and in storm periods, the use of measures such as adjusting intake height, storing clean water, and releasing turbid flow can be helpful to safeguarding the quality of water supplied to the water treatment plants.

Green roofs for storm water management:a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization involve an unsustainable use of natural systems,leading to various problems in cities.The urban hydrological system experiences fluctuating amount of surface runoff water when it rains heavily.It has been suggested that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in tropical climate.Green roofs have become popular due to its proven benefits by mitigating urban heat island effects and protecting biodiversity.The annual rainfall and runoff relationship for green roofs is determined by the depth of the substrate.Water retention capacity mostly depends on substrate's physical conditions such as dry or wetness.Generally 6 mm to 12 mm rainfall is required for dry substrate to initiate runoff whereas response of wet conditions is mostly straight.Besides,there are some other factors affecting runoff dynamics such as type of a green roof and its slope,age of green roof,type of vegetation,soil moisture characteristics,weather.The review indicates that there is not much research in green roofs performance over storm water runoff;hence there is a need for further research.This paper reviews and addresses the role of green roofs in urban storm water management.

Assessment of the Contribution of Road Runoffs to Surface Water Pollution in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana

Road runoffs were sampled from five highways and five urban roads located in the New Juaben Municipality during the late storm events in the month of November 2014 and the early storm events in January 2015. A variety of water quality parameters such as, pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), aqueous concentrations of Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (), Nitrate () and Sulphate () ions as well as the total concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr) were analysed for both periods. Although the results for the studied parameters, particularly the heavy metals varied for both sampling periods, the general trend indicated an increase in accumulation from November 2014 to January 2015. This was attributed to vehicular deposition as well as other natural and anthropogenic depositions on the road surfaces during the antecedent dry weather period between the two sampling months. The highest increase in pollutant loadings was associated with the heavy metals and some physico-chemical parameters such as TSS, TDS, EC and turbidity. Generally, EC, TDS, TSS and turbidity were above the permissible limits of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana for both sampling periods. However, almost all the mean concentrations of heavy metals recorded for both road runoffs and the control samples were within the permissible limits of the Ghana EPA with some few exceptions.

Environmental Factors, Constraints and Risks of Rainwater Runoff in Commune II of Maradi (Republic of Niger)

The Urban Commune of Maradi in Niger experienced increasingly frequent flooding following rainy episodes generating volumes and water flows that are difficult to control in recent years. This study aims to determine the impacts of runoff water in Commune II of Maradi City and to assess the role of urban planning in runoff management, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of urban sanitation in Maradi. The methodological approach used consisted of: 1) an interpretation of documentary data, 2) gathering information on runoff at several sites in the study area, and 3) interviews and questionnaires with local communities. This approach made it possible to understand the degree of vulnerability of the populations to flooding and then to propose sustainable solutions to reduce the vulnerability of the affected populations, through the implementation of effective urban rainwater management practices (USWMP). The results show that the impacts of runoff are mainly related to the lack of adequate storm water drainage networks in the area, but also to the nature of the habitats. Geomorphological factors such as the nature of the soil, the slope of the terrain and the altitude increase the degree of risk. In addition, the inadequacy and dilapidation of the drainage systems of the canals and above all the anarchic occupation of the land linked to accelerated urbanization are the cause of flooding by stagnation of rainwater. A phenomenon now linked to numerous deteriorations of urban equipment, the runoff of rainwater in the city of Maradi carries so many pollutants that municipalities, businesses and individuals should put in place pollution prevention measures.

产流模式空间分布对城市雨洪过程模拟的影响

通过耦合网格产流计算模型(GRGM)和暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)汇流计算模块构建了GRGM-SWMM模型。以贾鲁河中牟水文站控制流域(包括郑州市中心城区)为研究区,基于18场实测暴雨洪水资料探究了产流模式空间分布对洪水过程模拟精度的影响。结果表明:研究区超渗产流模式空间分布面积占比高达72%,城市下垫面仍以超渗产流模式为主;相较于仅考虑超渗产流计算的SWMM,考虑超渗、蓄满和混合等不同产流模式空间分布的GRGM-SWMM模型场次洪水产流量、流量过程模拟精度明显提高,产流量模拟相对误差平均降低33.26%、决定系数平均提高0.089,流量过程模拟均方根误差平均降低5.13 m^(3)/s、纳什效率系数和决定系数分别平均提高0.227、0.207。

考虑暴雨径流的生态环境非点源污染负荷定量控制研究——以柴达木盆地东区都兰县为例

提出考虑暴雨径流的生态环境非点源污染负荷定量控制模型。根据污染源的正向指标对非点源污染负荷削减空间进行优化分配,建立污染负荷控制目标模型,采用遗传算法对模型求解,得到最优污染负荷定量控制方案。以柴达木盆地东区都兰县为试验对象,对所提方法的控制性能进行测试。污染负荷控制前和控制后的对比实验结果表明:污染物平均浓度由0.035 mg/L下降至0.012 mg/L,平均削减率65.7%;峰值浓度由0.078 mg/L下降至0.018 mg/L,最大削减率88.2%。研究成果可为柴达木盆地水资源高效利用、水生态保护以及区域水资源规划利用提供理论依据,为区域生态环境治理工程提供数据支撑。

城市建成区海绵容量评估与排水系统优化设计

低影响开发理念成为解决我国城市化所带来的洪涝灾害、面源污染、水生态破坏等城市水问题的新思路。灰-绿基础设施联用可同时达到削减径流量和污染负荷的目的。但区域本底海绵容量、绿色基础设施调蓄量与关键设计参数缺乏定量依据。该研究通过SWMM模型模拟、数值计算和现场实测评估研究区域本底海绵容量,结合综合径流系数法明确了研究区域水敏感区分级,其海绵容量分级为优、良、中、差、极差5级的子汇水区占比分别为8.6%、9.1%、24.6%、55.0%和2.7%,绝大部分子汇水区分级为中和差;结合现场实测和RECARGA模型模拟,明确了绿色基础设施海绵容量及灰色基础设施入流参数,结果表明:相较于填料厚度变化,绿色基础设施对降雨量大小的响应更为明显。从排水管道系统优化和灰-绿组合排水系统优化两个方面进行了系统方案设计,构建了灰-绿联用雨水调蓄技术路径,为其关键设计参数的选取和管道改造方案的制定提供了有效依据。

查图法与公式法在尾矿库洪水计算中的应用

文章系统阐述了暴雨径流查算图表法和小流域推理公式法计算洪水的计算过程。对云南山区某尾矿坝流域面积内按200年及500年防洪标准分别采用暴雨径流查算图表法和小流域推理公式法进行洪水计算,通过分析计算结果得出小流域推理公式法计算结果略小于暴雨径流查算图表法。暴雨径流查算方法计算洪水过程为单峰陡涨陡落,符合云南山区性河流的洪水特性,并且考虑推理公式采用的参数是基于全国综合而定的,不一定适合该地区,另外,从防洪安全角度考虑,采用暴雨径流查算法计算的成果更为合理。

基于低影响开发理念的给水厂设计

为应对因雨水径流量改变而导致的水安全问题,以合肥某给水厂为例,探讨利用低影响开发技术调节厂区径流的可能性,并建立基于SWMM的水文模型,校核调控效果。结果表明:分散式布设下凹式绿地、雨水花园、绿色屋顶、透水铺装4种LID措施,在5 a重现期内,厂区地表径流削减率平均值达到61.95%,地表下渗率平均提高36.90%,洪峰流量平均减小73.59%,节点积水量平均减少79.74%,年径流总量控制率达到77.27%,比目标年径流总量控制率提高2.27%,降低了厂区内涝风险,为安全生产提供了保障。

城市不同下垫面的降雨径流污染

当点源污染被有效控制后,面源污染成为城市水质恶化的主要原因之一。屋面和路面等不透水面以及绿地是城市的3种主要下垫面形式。当暴雨产生时,各种下垫面特别是屋面和路面上汇聚大量污染物质产生径流,对城市生态环境造成严重的污染。以文教区为例,对屋面、路面、草坪的径流水质进行了监测,指标包括pH、悬浮固体(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和生化需氧量(BOD5)等。比较分析发现,3种下垫面类型的径流水质均较差,COD、TN、TP、BOD5平均浓度超过地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准。COD、TN和TP浓度与SS含量之间相关性较好,相关系数可达0.85以上。径流中污染物浓度受多个因素的影响,其中降雨量和降雨强度是两个重要因素,雨强越大,雨水对城市下垫面的冲刷就越强;在相同的污染物累积量条件下,降雨量越大,径流中污染物浓度越低。

紫色丘陵区典型小流域暴雨径流氮磷迁移过程与通量

对紫色丘陵区盐亭截流小流域2007年3次暴雨径流的全过程进行了连续监测,测定了径流量及降雨—径流过程中氮、磷的形态、浓度与通量变化。结果表明,N、P各形态浓度变化曲线与流量曲线趋势大致相同,总氮(TN)浓度迅速达到峰值后缓慢下降,而后期又略呈上升趋势,硝态氮(NN)浓度变化总体呈上升趋势,颗粒态氮(PN)与颗粒态磷(PP)浓度在径流过程中迅速达到峰值后陡然下降,氨态氮(AN)及磷酸盐(PO43--P)含量较低且波动较小。暴雨径流前期氮素迁移以PN为主,主要来源于地表径流,受降雨强度控制。后期以NN为主,来源于土壤硝酸盐随壤中流淋失。磷素主要以地表径流迁移的PP为主。暴雨径流导致的N、P流失负荷巨大,说明初期冲刷效应明显。

暴雨径流对流域不同土地利用土壤氮磷流失的影响

以广州流溪河流域内土地利用类型齐全、相对闭合的小流域——新田小流域为例,分析了不同暴雨径流过程与土地利用对氮、磷流失的影响,结果表明:(1)林地氮磷的流失较少,说明植被覆盖可以有效减少土壤侵蚀、总磷和总氮的流失;而坡耕地是氮磷流失的重要策源地,说明人类活动对土壤氮磷的干扰很大。(2)流域径流中氮、磷的流失形态分为可溶态和颗粒态,径流中流失是以颗粒态形式流失,即氮磷是以泥沙结合形式流失的;径流中氮素主要是以可溶态氮流失的。(3)氮磷浓度在降雨初期与末期最大。(4)降雨径流是引起土壤氮磷损失的重要原因,但不同的土地利用方式是造成土壤氮磷流失的本质因素,因此在降雨前应特别注意减少和避免那些会加剧土壤侵蚀和磷流失的农事活动。

城市暴雨径流初始冲刷效应和径流污染管理

城市暴雨径流污染初始冲刷效应在城市径流污染的研究中占有很重要的地位,总结和分析了国外对城市暴雨径流污染初始冲刷的研究状况和存在的问题,对不同的初始冲刷定义进行分析和比较,建议采用初期30%的径流中携带了整个降雨事件污染物总量的80%这一初始冲刷定义,可以比较合理的对初期径流中污染物进行定量,从而为径流污染的治理提供方便;提出了处理初期径流污染物和保护受纳水体的管理方法,可为我国城市暴雨径流污染的治理提供科学的理论基础和借鉴。