Saffron(Crocus sativus L.) stigmas as a potential natural additive to improve oxidative stability attributes of sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) oil stored under different conditions

The aim of our study was to explore the antioxidant potential of Moroccan saffron stigmas(SS) and examine their performance as a natural antioxidant in enhancing the stability and quality properties of edible sunflower oil(SO), with a focus on understanding the critical importance of edible oil stability for predicting quality deterioration during storage. Bearing this in mind, our research was designed to compare the efficacy of three concentrations of dried SS(at 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) against tocobiol(a synthetic antioxidant) as a positive control(at 0.3% concentration). This comparison was conducted under three distinct storage conditions namely accelerated ageing(60 ℃), exposure to light at ambient temperature, and darkness, to evaluate their impact on preventing severe oxidation and extending oil shelf-life. Oxidation state evolution was evaluated through peroxide value(PV), free fatty acid(FFA), anisidine value(p-AV), K_(270)value(conjugated trienes), total oxidation index(TOTOX), iodine value(IV), and fatty acid composition(FA). Our results revealed notable differences in stability tracking parameters. Specifically, these parameters were higher in samples stored under accelerated conditions, followed by the samples stored in ambient light, while those stored in darkness showed the highest stability among the three storage conditions. Supplementation of sunflower oil with SS and tocobiol significantly enhanced its oxidation stability. Notably, SS exhibited exceptional effectiveness in stabilizing sunflower oil regardless of SS dose, with the highest efficacy observed at 0.6%. This was evidenced by the slower rate of oxidation parameters under various storage conditions, highlighting a superior antioxidant activity compared to both the non-enriched oil and tocobiol-enriched oil. Furthermore, saffron stigmas, used as a natural supplement,contributed to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating its potential as a robust source of natural antioxidants in sunflower oil. These attributes position SS as a promising alternative to synthetic antioxidants, offering opportunities to enhance the nutritional quality and extend edible oil shelf-life.

Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum majorana extracts on stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating

Both rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis)and marjoram(Origanum majorana)are abundant in phenolic compounds,exhibiting exceptional antioxidant activity.This study aims to assess the impact of rosemary and marjoram extracts on the stability of sunflower oil during storage and repeated heating.Sunflower oil supplemented with herbal extracts or butylated hydroxytoluene(BHA)at a concentration of 200 ppm was stored for six months under light and dark conditions at room temperature.Peroxide value(PV),p-anisidine value(An-V),and total oxidation(TOTOX)value were measured to monitor lipid oxidation progression.A significant difference(P<0.05)was observed between light and dark storage for all studied samples regarding oxidation parameters.The ethanolic extract of rosemary exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to BHA and other extracts.Furthermore,sunflower oil supplemented with the ethanolic extract of rosemary underwent weekly treatment at 100℃for 30 min over four consecutive weeks.Although all oxidation indicators increased during repeated heating,the addition of rosemary and marjoram extracts as well as BHA significantly reduced these indicators.These findings demonstrate that both rosemary extracts and marjoram extracts can serve as natural antioxidants in edible oils.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the GSK3 Gene Family in Sunflower under Various Abiotic Stresses

Genes in the glycogen synthase kinase 3(GSK3)family are essential in regulating plant response to stressful conditions.This study employed bioinformatics to uncover the GSK3 gene family from the sunflower genome database.The expressions of GSK3 genes in different tissues and stress treatments,such as salt,drought,and cold,were assessed using transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR).The study results revealed that the 12 GSK3 genes of sunflower,belonging to four classes(Classes I–IV),contained the GSK3 kinase domain and 11–13 exons.The majority of GSK3 genes were highly expressed in the leaf axil and flower,while their expression levels were relatively lower in the leaf.As a result of salt stress,six of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK22,HaSK23,HaSK32,HaSK33,and HaSK41)displayed a notable increase in expression,while HaSK14 and HaSK21 experienced a significant decrease.With regard to drought stress,five of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK13,HaSK21,HaSK22,and HaSK33)experienced a remarkable rise in expression.When exposed to cold stress,seven of the GSK3 genes(HaSK11,HaSK12,HaSK13,HaSK32,HaSK33,HaSK41,and HaSK42)showed a substantial increase,whereas HaSK21 and HaSK23 had a sharp decline.This research is of great importance in understanding the abiotic resistance mechanism of sunflowers and developing new varieties with improved stress resistance.

Occurrence Regularity and Comprehensive Prevention and Control Techniques of Sunflower Downy Mildew

This paper examines the occurrence regularity and comprehensive prevention and control techniques for sunflower downy mildew.It provides a detailed discussion of the pathogens,symptoms,and associated risks,as well as the transmission pathways,underlying causes,and prevention and control techniques related to sunflower downy mildew.The aim is to offer valuable references and technical guidance for the effective management of this disease.

Effect of Different Rates and Mixtures of Solid Household Waste and Faecal Sludge-Based Composts on Soil Fertility and Productivity of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Dschang, West Cameroon

The unbalanced and inadequate use of fertilizers is one of the causes of soil degradation. Combined with the ever-increasing population, it is necessary to find sustainable agricultural production alternatives. The present work aims to determine the effect of different rates and mixtutes of organic amendments on soil fertility and the performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). In the field, treatments consisted of solid household waste and faecal sludge in the ratios of 3/5 (V1), and a mixture of faecal sludge and household waste in the ratio of 3/5 with 900 worms (V2). At the end of the composting process, V1, V2 composts and the poultry manure (PM) were applied at rates of 4, 5 and 6 t∙ha−1 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were collected before and after the experiment and analyzed. The main results revealed that at the end of the composting process, there was a progressive improvement in the physico-chemical properties of V1 and V2 composts. In particular, the C/N ratio, phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (TN) initially at 16.49 ± 0.42 (V1, V2), 21.06 ± 0.07 mg∙kg−1 (V1, V2), 0.76% ± 0.08% (V1, V2) respectively, increased after 60 days to 12.40 ± 0.41 (V1), 9.74 ± 0.28 (V2) for C/N, 21.94 ± 0.63 mg∙kg−1 (V1) and 22.04 ± 0.04 mg∙kg−1 (V2) for P, 0.96% ± 0.0% (V1) and 1.22 ± 0.04 (V2) for TN. The application of 6 t∙ha−1of PM had the greatest influence on the diameter and weight of the flower heads (27.16 ± 4.01 t∙ha−1 and 230.83 ± 2.64 t∙ha−1), while 4 t∙ha−1 of V2 gave the tallest sunflower plants (110.07 ± 73.28 cm) as well as the diameter at the crown (19.30 ± 9.07 cm). However, CEC was most influenced by 4 t∙ha−1 of V1, while 4 t∙ha−1 of PM had the greatest effect on organic carbon and phosphorus. However, 5 t∙ha−1 of PM showed the highest sunflower production and yield (1.67 ± 0.21 t∙ha−1). The combination with 900 earthworms is recommended for composting and 5 t∙ha−1 of PM is recommended to obtain a better sunflower production.

Effects of Sunflower Artificial Aging on Seed Vigor and Physiological Characteristics

[Objective]The aim was to study the effects of sunflower artificial aging on seed vigor and physiological characteristics.[Method] The varieties of seed germination capacity,vigor of germination,germination index,vigor index,peroxidase（POD） activity,superoxide dismutase（SOD） activity and malondialdehyde（MDA） content for four sunflower germplasms such as＇SunM20＇,＇Deep Purple Minle＇,＇Da San Kui Hua 4＇and＇Ji Kui 24＇were studied under high temperature and high humidity conditions（100% RH,45 ℃） for different days（0 d,2 d,4 d,6 d,8 d,10 d）.[Result]The result showed that the germination capacity,vigor of germination,germination index,vigor index,POD activity,SOD activity declined gradually with the increase of seed aging days,whereas MDA content enhanced by degrees;The diggerences of resistance to artifical aging existed among the four accessions,＇SunM20＇was the most resistant one,and exhibited the strongest seed vigor,highest activities of two protective enzyme（POD,SOD） and lowest content of MDA at the uniform condition,moreover,the seed vigor and protective enzyme activities of＇SunM20＇changed slowest among the four materials during the aging process.[Conclusion]The distinct reduction of POD,SOD activities maybe the main reasons for the decrease of sunflower seed vigor at the artificial aging,and the gradual accumulation of a few MDA accelerated seeds aging.

Impact of Salt Stress on Growth and Ion Uptake of Different Parts of Oil Sunflower Seedlings

[Objective] The purpose was to discuss the effects of different NaCl concentrations on fresh weight and dry weight,ion absorption and distribution in oil sunflower seedlings. [Method] Under the simulated salt environment by using NaCl solutions at different concentrations,the dry weight,fresh weight and ion content of oil sunflower seedlings were determined. [Result] With the increase of NaCl concentration,the growth rate of oil sunflower seedling was inhibited. In addition,its fresh weight and dry weight also decreased; the fresh weight of leaf decreased most significantly by 60%,and that of cotyledon decreased most slightly by 13% at 200 mmol/L NaCl concentration. The dry weight of root,stem,leaf and cotyledon decreased by 35%,39%,55% and 8% respectively,showing a similar decreasing trend with fresh weight. Under NaCl stress,Na＋ content in root and stem of oil sunflower seedling increased while K＋ decreased. Na＋ content was mainly concentrated in roots and stems much more than in leaves; K＋ content in roots decreased most significantly by 21% compared with control,and it was relatively high in leaf. Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ content was decreased slightly in roots and stems; Ca2＋ content in leaves and cotyledons was stable; Mg2＋ content was slightly increased. [Conclusion] Oil sunflower maintained high mineral ion absorptionunder salt stress,that maybe the part reason for high salt tolerance of oil sunflower seedlings.

Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Edible Sunflower Variety AR9-9293

Edible sunflower variety AR9-9293 was approved by the Sunflower Variety Appraisal Committee with the country Identification number of sunflower 2015005. This paper introduced the breeding process, yield performance and characteristics, and the high-yield cultivation technology of new edible sunflower variety AR9-9293. The promotion of edible sunflower varieties and cultivation technology could achieve the effects of improving the level of the sunflower cultivation, promoting the development of rural and agricultural economy and increasing farmers＇ income, as well as positively promoting development of the society and adjusting agricultural industry structure.

Effects of Exogenous Vc on Seed Germination and Physiological Properties of Oil Sunflower(Helianthus annuus) under Salt Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to provide the theoretical and technical basis for alleviating salt damages in production practice of oil sunflower （Helianthus annuus）. [Method] Seeds of oil sunflower were used as experimental materials and treated with 120 mmol/L NaCI solution and 0-200 mg/L Vc solution during the germina- tion process, to investigate the effects of exogenous Vc on seed germination and physiological properties of oil sunflower under salt stress. [Result] Under salt stress, with the increase of Vc concentration, germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidase （POD） activities and proline （Pro） content of oil sunflower seedlings increased first and then declined, which reached the maixmum in 80 mg/L Vc treatment, 120 mg/L Vc treatment and 80 mg/L Vc treatment, respectively; malondialdehyde （MDA） content of oil sunflower seedlings declined first and then increased, which reached the minimum in 160 mg/L Vc treatment. [Conclusion] To varying degrees, Vc could improve germination potential and germination rate of oil sunflower seeds and promote seedling growth under salt stress, thus alleviating the damages of salt stress to seed germination and seedling growth of oil sunflower.

Sunflower圆形光子准晶在光通信器件中的应用

Sunflower结构是一种新型的圆对称型准晶光子晶体结构,它在实现大弯曲波导方面具有其它光子晶体结构无法比拟的优越性。对sunflower结构的带隙特性进行了优化,在优化的准晶结构上设计Y型、U型等大弯曲波导,对波导的透射谱、损耗进行讨论。

“SUNFLOWER”咖啡包装设计文案

咖啡作为一种时尚饮品,备受人们喜爱。本文以"SUNFLOWER"这个名字作为咖啡的品牌,为它做的一款咖啡系列化包装设计,选用牛皮纸为主要材料,给人以返璞归真的感觉,以简约大方为主,不需要过多装饰,既环保又很大程度的降低了生产成本,节约资源。在用色设计上以大自然最原本的牛皮纸颜色、咖色和明快温馨的黄色为主色调,加以其它颜色点缀,给人清新、自然的感觉;在包装造型设计上,注重表现感受共性的造型色彩氛围。以向日葵、马克杯重组设计为标志,视觉上突出抽象向日葵图形,寓意像太阳一样,象征着健康、明朗、快乐、活力的心,激励人们积极的去追求幸福生活。

Translation Skills of Children’s Literature from the Perspective of Recep tion Theory:A Case Study of Bronze and Sunflower

With the development of society and the prosperity of Chinese literature,as a part of China’s soft power,Chinese chil dren literature is faced with the problem of international dissemination.The English version of Cao Wenxuan’s Bronze and Sunflow er won Hans Christian Andersen Award,the top award of children’s literature,which is a successful example of such dissemina tion.Therefore,the Chinese-English translation skills employed are worth studying.This paper aims to analyze the skills used to in the translation of short clauses,reiterative locution,simile,parallelism and dingzhen from the perspective of reception theory.It is found that by using such translation skills as omission,alliteration,repetition of prepositions and pronouns,and literal translation,the translator preserves and recreates the effect of the original text in ways that are more acceptable and idiomatic for the target reader.

Optimization of Multiplex PCR and Multiplex Gel Electrophoresis in Sunflower SSR Analysis Using Infrared Fluorescence and Tailed Primers

In an effort to simplify the procedure and to reduce the cost of fluorescence SSR analysis, the conditions of the multiplex PCR and the multiplex gel electrophoresis were optimized in the genetic analysis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) inbred lines. Results indicated that factors for a successful multiplex PCR assay were related to the cycling touchdown annealing temperature, the balance of primer concentration at the various loci, the concentration of PCR buffer and the Taq DNA polymerase. Based on the optimization, a tailed primer strategy was outlined, and the effective ways were proposed to overcome the troubleshootings commonly encountered in the multiplex PCR and the multiplex gel electrophoresis.

基于sunflower的局部修复码构造

针对目前构造达到C-M界的二元局部修复码(LRC)的相关研究已经较为充分,但在一般域上还相对较少的问题,研究了一般域上LRC的构造。首先,提出了通过射影几何理论确定sunflower中元素个数的方法。其次,通过不相交局部修复组刻画LRC,从而清楚地描述LRC的码长、维数和局部度等参数。最后,在具有不相交局部修复组的校验矩阵的基础上,利用sunflower构造了两类一般域上最小距离为6的LRC,其中很多LRC是最优或拟最优的。相较于现有利用子域子码、广义级联码和代数曲线等方法构造的LRC,所构造得到的两类码在相同的码的最小距离和局部度下提升了信息率。这些结果说明所提方法可应用于一般域上其他LRC的构造。

Transesterification of sunflower oil in microchannels with circular obstructions

The present paper studied numerical and experimentally the transesterification reaction between sunflower oil and ethanol with NaO H catalyst in microchannels with circular obstructions. The micromixer design influence on fluid mixing and oil conversion was investigated for a range of operating conditions: Reynolds number(Re = 0.1–100),Temperature(25–75 °C), ethanol/oil molar ratio(6-12), and catalyst concentration(0.75 wt%–1.25 wt%), using three microchannel configurations(Length = 35 mm; Width = 1500 μm; Height = 200 μm): T-shape – channel without obstructions; MCO – channel with 3 obstructions ensemble – equally disposed over longitudinal length;MWO – channel with 7 obstructions ensemble. The MCO micromixer was based on literature work, and the MWO is a totally new micromixer design. Experimental tests were conducted in similar conditions in microreactors using these micromixers(Length = 411 mm) made of polydimethylsiloxane. The MCO configuration presented the highest performance(mixing index of 0.80 at Re = 100), oil conversion of 81.13% at 75 °C, molar ratio of 9 and catalyst concentration of 1%. Experimental results showed high conversions for MCO and MWO configurations(99.99%) at 50 °C, molar ratio of 9 and catalyst concentration of 1%, with a residence time of 12 s.

Sunflower response to potassium fertilization and nutrient requirement estimation

Field experiments were conducted in oil and edible sunflower to study the effects of potassium(K) fertilization on achene yield and quality, and to estimate the nutrient internal efficiency(IE) and nutrient requirement in sunflower production. All trials in edible sunflower and 75% trials in oil sunflower showed positive yield responses to K fertilization. Compared with control without K fertilization, the application of K increased achene yield by an average of 406 kg ha–1for oil sunflower and 294 kg ha–1for edible sunflower. K application also increased 1 000-achene weight and kernel rate of both oil and edible sunflower. K fertilization improved the contents of oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in achenes of oil sunflower, and increased contents of oil, total unsaturated fatty acid and protein in achenes of edible sunflower. The average agronomic efficiency of K fertilizer was 4.0 for oil sunflower and 3.0 kg achene kg–1K2O for edible sunflower. The average IE of N, P and K under balanced NPK fertilization was 22.9, 82.8, and 9.9 kg kg–1for oil sunflower, and 27.3, 138.9, and 14.3 kg kg–1for edible sunflower. These values were equivalent to 45.5, 14.1, and 108.1 kg, and 39.0, 8.0, and 71.7 kg of N, P and K, respectively, in above-ground dry matter required for production per ton of achenes. The average harvest index of N, P and K was 0.47, 0.56 and 0.05 kg kg–1in oil sunflower, and 0.58, 0.58 and 0.14 kg kg–1in edible sunflower.

Xanthium Suppression Under Maize||Sunflower Intercropping System

Weed control is one of the major constraint factors in crop production around the world. Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2009 under intercropping systems involving alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.）, sweet potato （lpomoea batatas [L.] Lain.）, peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.）, and sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） in maize （Zea mays L.） without any weeds control methods taken. The results demonstrate that maizellsunflower is most effective on weed suppression and that it also has a more competitively inhibitory effect on Xanthium compared with the other patterns by evaluating the Xanthium density and dry weight under different intercropping systems with maize. Maizellpeanut, maizellalfalfa and maizel]sweet potato intercrops have no apparent inhibitory effect on weeds. To further investigate the effect of maize]lsunflower on weed control, indoor pot experiments were conducted by determining the effect of extractions on germination rate （GR）, root vigor, MDA （malondialdehyde）, SOD （superoxide dismutase） and POD （peroxidase） content of Xanthium. The results better prove that maizellsunflower extractions have more significant inhibitory effect on GR and young root vigor of Xanthium than maize monocrop extractions.

Comparison of Genetic Diversity of the Germplasm Resources of Confectionary Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in China Based on RAPDs and AFLPs

RAPDs and AFLPs were used to determine the genetic relationships among 23 elite cultivars of confectionary sunflowers (Helianthas annuus) from different districts in China. Both approaches uniquely fingerprint each of the accessions. Twenty-six RAPD primers resulted in a total of 192 strong DNA fragments, ranging from 0.26 kb to 1.98 kb, among which 165 (86.12%) were polymorphic. The average number of DNA band produced by each primer was 7.38. A total of 576 AFLP markers were produced with 8 primer combinations, ranging from 100 bp to 500 bp, and 341 polymorphic bands (59.20%) were revealed. The polymorphism rate was 76.00% and the average bands amplified by per primer combination were 72. Effective number of alleles per locus of RAPD marker (1.76) was larger than that of the AFLP marker (1.65). The mean PIC value of AFLP markers (0.38) was lower than that of the RAPD markers (0.41), but AFLP marker had much higher Ai value (38.52) than RAPD marker (6.38). Genetic similarities from RAPD data ranged from 47.84% to 82.06% and the average Nei's coefficient was 0.649 5; the Nei's coefficient of similarity from AFLP data ranged from 54.15% to 83.52%, and the average Nei's coefficient was 0.688 4. However, standard deviation (SD) of RAPDs was 0.13 but the SD of AFLPs was 0.08. In general, the RAPD data gave lower similarity values and higher SD values than those based on the AFLP analysis. The correlation coefficient between the two genetic similarity matrices was 0.51, revealing the estimations of genetic relationship provided by the two marker systems were only moderate. However, cluster analyses of RAPD or AFLP data divided the 23 sunflower genotypes into identical 3 groups.

Aflatoxin B1 contamination in sunflower oil collected from sunflower oil refinery situated in Karnataka

In the present study, the aflatoxin B1 contamination at various stages of oil refining and in refined oil were carried out. This was subsequently compared with commercial vegetable oil samples. Among the 23 different sunflower oil samples were tested, 10 of them showed posi-tive results to AFB1 and the remaining 13 showed negative results to AFB1. All the refined oil samples were free from AFB1 contamination.

Effect of Boron Foliar Application on Yield and Quality of Some Sunflower （Helianthus annuus L.） Cultivars

This study was carried out in the greenhouse of the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of boron （0, 300 and 600 ppm B） as boric acid （H3BO3, 17% B） on the yield and yield components and also the seed quality of two sunflower cultivars （Sakha-53 and Giza-102）. B application at a rate of 600 ppm produced the highest values of seed yield/plant （g）, head diameter （cm）, number of seeds/head, weight of 1,000 seed （g）, percentage of oil （%） and oil yield/plant （g） of both cultivars. Seed yield/plant increased by 26.85% and 34.81% with increasing B concentration from 300 ppm and 600 ppm as compared to control plants, respectively. The results indicated that application of 300 ppm B resulted in an increase of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids as compared to the treatment with 600 ppm B and control plants. However, the linoleic acid increased gradually with increasing B up to 600 ppm. Such increases were estimated by 8.72% and 7.19% over the control plants or the treatment sprayed with 300 ppm B, respectively. The highest oleic and linoleic acids percentages （52.71% and 36.05%, respectively） were obtained from Sakha-53 cultivar with 300 ppm B foliar application, while the lowest lenolenic acid percentage （2.01%） was obtained at 600 ppm B. The highest content of gluatmine, isoleucine and arginine （9.61, 3.97 and 3.97 mg/100 g dry weight） was obtained from Sakha-53 cultivar, followed by Giza-102 at a rate of 600 ppm foliar application of B. It can be concluded that B plays a vital role for increasing the productivity and quality of sunflower plants, especially when grown under B deficient soil.