Optimized silicon fertilization regime weakens cadmium translocation and increases its biotransformation in rice tissues

In acidic paddy fields of South China,rice(Oryza sativa L.)faces the dual challenges of cadmium(Cd)toxicity and silicon(Si)deficiency.Although previous studies have highlighted the functions of Si application timing and strategies in mitigating Cd-stressed rice,the precise mechanisms underlying the health restoration of Cd-toxic rice and the assurance of grain safety remain elusive.This study explored Cd translocation and detoxification in the shoots of rice regulated by various Si fertilization regimes:Si(T)(all Si added before transplanting),Si(J)(all Si added at jointing),and Si(TJ)(half Si added both before transplanting and at jointing).The findings revealed that the regime of Si(TJ)was more beneficial to rice health and grain safety than Si(T)and Si(J).The osmotic regulators such as proline,soluble sugars,and soluble proteins were significantly boosted by Si(TJ)compared to other Si treatments,and which enhanced membrane integrity,balanced intracellular pH,and increased Cd tolerance of rice.Furthermore,Si(TJ)was more effective than Si(T)and Si(J)on the Cd sequestration in the cell wall,Cd bio-passivation,and the down-regulated expression of the Cd transport genes.The concentrations of Cd in the xylem and phloem treated with Si(TJ)were reduced significantly.Additionally,Si(TJ)facilitated much more Cd bound with the outer layer proteins of grains,and promoted Cd chelation and complexation by phytic acid,phenolics,and flavonoids.Overall,Si(TJ)outperformed Si(T)and Si(J)in harmonizing the phycological processes,inhibiting Cd translocation,and enhancing Cd detoxification in rice plant.Thereby the split Si application strategy offers potential for reducing Cd toxicity in rice grain.

Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen on Dry Matter Accumulation,Translocation and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and translocation of summer maize.[Methods]With Zhoudan 9 as the test variety,six different treatment were set up:blank control(CK1),slow-release urea 75 kg/hm^(2)(C1),slow-release urea 150 kg/hm^(2)(C2),slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3),slow-release urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(C4)and ordinary urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(CK2),to study the change law of dry matter accumulation and translocation in summer maize.[Results]Treatment slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C4)showed summer maize yield,dry matter translocation between organs,grain contribution rate and proportion of grain dry matter in the full ripe stage higher than other treatments.Considering the weight loss and cost factors,slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3)could be recommended as the fertilizing amount for summer maize.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical reference for rational selection of fertilizers for reducing fertilizer application and increasing fertilizer efficiency,and for production of summer maize in Shajiang black soil region.

Fruit Photosynthesis and Assimilate Translocation and Partitioning: Their Characteristics and Role in Sugar Accumulation in Developing Citrus unshiu Fruit

Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.

Translocation and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Tobacco with Two Application Methods

[Objective] To compare the translocation and distribution of imidacloprid in tobacco with spray and root irrigation application methods. [Methods] Pot experiment in the greenhouse was carried out, and LC-MSMS was used to determine the con- tent of imidacloprid in different parts of tobacco plants （roots, stems, the upper, middle and lower leaves） at different time. [Results] The imidacloprid could be absorbed by root and could be transported to all parts of the tobacco plant after irrigating root, but the original deposition amount was larger and the transport efficiency was lower after spraying. [Conclusion] The translocation and distribution of imidacloprid by spraying was more uniform and the holding efficiency was better, but imidacloprid with root irrigation could act on leaf directly, and had better readily availability.

Identification of Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa Translocation Line T6BS·6BL-2VS

[Objective] The aim of experiment was to provide a new germplasm for wheat breeding by further using desirable genes in 2V chromosome of Haynaldia villosa.[Method] Through hybridization between common wheat(Triticum aestivum)-Haynaldia villosa disomic substitution line and common wheat Nonglin26-3C chromosome of Aegilops triuncialis disomic addition line,the analysis methods such as chromosome C-banding,genomic in situ hybridization and molecular marker technique were comprehensively applied and combined characters investigation.[Result] The wheat-Haynaldia villosa translocation line(T6BS·6BL-2VS)was selected from hybrid progenies to conduct characters investigation,which found some bristles on glume ridge of T6BS·6BL-2VS.[Conclusion] The translocation line induced by gametocidal chromosome was a small segment translocation line and the gene of bristle on glume ridge of Haynaldia villosa was located between the middle and the terminal of 2VS.

Polymorphisms of CMYA3 Gene in 13/17 Robertsonian Translocation Pigs

[Objective] The aim was to study the polymorphism of CMYA3 gene in the 148 pigs of hybrid offspring of 13/17 Robertsonian translocation pigs [2n = 37,rob （13;17）] intercrossing.[Method] PCR-RFLP method was adopted.[Result] A 507 bp fragment of CMYA3 gene was obtained by PCR amplification,and then amplification product by using restriction nuclease Bsh1236Ⅰ was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.As a result,both alleles （A and B） of the loci were found in the population.The frequencies of allele A and B were 0.699 and 0.301.The genotype frequencies of AA,AB and BB were 0.615,0.169 and 0.216.The frequencies of allele A and genotype AA were significantly higher than allele B and genotype BB in populations.[Conclusion] The study will provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding and marker-assisted selection of 13/17 Robertsonian translocation pigs.

Meiotic Behavior of 1BL/1RS Translocation Chromosome and Alien Chromosome in Two Tri-genera Hybrids

The behavior of wheat-rye translocation chromosome and alien chromosome including Thinopyrum and Haynaldia chromosome at meiosis was investigated in two hybrids by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Misdivision of translocation chromosome at anaphase I and rye chromatin micronucleus at tetrad stage were observed, A plant with one normal 1BL/1RS translocation chromosome and one 1BL/1RS translocation chromosome deleted about 1/3 of rye chromosome arm in length was identified. One plant with wheat-Thinopyrum non-Robertson translocation chromosome was also detected in the F-2 population of Yi4212 x Yi4095. That could be the results of unequal misdivision of wheat-rye 1BL/1RS translocation chromosome and Thinopyrum chromosome during meiosis. No interaction between translocation chromosome and alien chromosome at meiosis was supported by the data of the distribution frequencies of translocation chromosome and Thinopyrum or Haynaldia chromosome in the progeny of two hybrids. The results may be useful to cultivate new germplasms with different length of rye 1R short arm and wheat-alien non-Robertson translocation tines under wheat background.

Effect of Interaction upon Translocation of Confined Polymer Chain Through Nanopore

The effect of the interaction between nanopore and chain monomer on the translocation of a single polymer chain confined in a finite size square through an interacting nanopore to a large space has been studied by two-dimensional bond fluctuation model with Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the free energy barrier before the successful translocation of the chain depends linearly on the chain length as well as the nanopore length for different pore-polymer interaction, and the attractive interaction reduces the free energy barrier, leading to the reduction of the average trapping time.

Microbiota and the gut-liver axis:Bacterial translocation,inflammation and infection in cirrhosis

Liver disease is associated with qualitative and quantitative changes in the intestinal microbiota. In cirrhotic patients the alteration in gut microbiota is characterized by an overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e., gram negative species) and a decrease in autochthonous familiae. Here we summarize the available literature on the risk of gut dysbiosis in liver cirrhosis and its clinical consequences. We therefore described the features of the complex interaction between gut microbiota and cirrhotic host, the so called “gut-liver axis”, with a particular attention to the acquired risk of bacterial translocation, systemic inflammation and the relationship with systemic infections in the cirrhotic patient. Such knowledge might help to develop novel and innovative strategies for the prevention and therapy of gut dysbiosis and its complication in liver cirrhosis.

Gut flora and bacterial translocation in chronic liver disease

Increasing evidence suggests that derangement of gut flora is of substantial dinical relevance to patients with cirrhosis. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and increased bacterial translocation of gut flora from the intestinal lumen, in particular, predispose to an increased potential for bacterial infection in this group. Recent studies suggest that, in addition to their role in the pathogenesis of overt infective episodes and the clinical consequences of sepsis, gut flora contributes to the pro-inflammatory state of cirrhosis even in the absence of overt infection. Furthermore, manipulation of gut flora to augment the intestinal content of lactic acid-type bacteria at the expense of other gut flora species with more pathogenic potential may favourably influence liver function in cirrhotic patients. Here we review current concepts of the various inter-relationships between gut flora, bacterial translocation, bacterial infection, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and liver function in this group.

Influence of splanchnic vascular infusion on the content of endotoxins in plasma and the translocation of intestinal bacteria in rats with acute hemorrhage necrosis pancreatitis

The main reason for the death of the patient with acute hemorrhage necrosis pancreatitis (AHNP) is pancreatic infection and multi-organ failure caused by endotoxemia and intestinal bacterial translocation[1-7]. However, the pathogenesis of endotoxemia and intestinal bacterial translocation remains a question[8-10]; moreover, no effective method of prevention and cure for it has been found till now[11 -15] In the present study, we infused low dose dopamine and low molecular weight dextran through the catheters to abdominal aorta and portal vein, and observed its influence on the endotoxin concentration in plasma and the rate of translocation of intestinal bacteria in AHNP rats.

N Accumulation and Translocation in Four Japonica Rice Cultivars at Different N Rates

Developing high-yielding rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars depends on having a better understanding of nitrogen(N) accumulation and translocation to the ear during the reproductive stage.Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the genetic variation for N accumulation and translocation in different Japonica rice cultivars at different N rates and to identify any relationship to grain yield in southeast China.Four Japonica cultivars with similar agronomic characteristics were grown at two experimental sites in 2004 with three N rates of 0,60,and 180 kg N ha^(-1).Dry weights and N contents of rice plants were measured at tillering,initiation,anthesis,and maturity.Grain yields exhibited significant differences (P<0.05)among the cultivars and N application rates.Increasing N rates improved N uptake at anthesis and maturity in all four cultivars(P<0.05).N translocation from vegetative organs to the grains increased with enhanced N rates (P<0.05).N translocation to the grains ranged from 9 to 64 kg N ha^(-1)and N-translocation efficiency from 33% to 68%. Grain yield was linear to N uptake at anthesis(r^2=0.78^(**))and N translocation(r^2=0.67^(**)).Thus,cultivars with a high N uptake at anthesis,low residual N in the straw at maturity,and appropriate low N fertilizer supply in southeast China should efficiently increase N-recovery rate while maintaining grain yield and soil fertility.

Over-starvation aggravates intestinal injury and promotes bacterial and endotoxin translocation under high-altitude hypoxic environment

AIM:To study whether over-starvation aggravates intestinal mucosal injury and promotes bacterial and endotoxin translocation in a high-altitude hypoxic environment.METHODS:Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hy-pobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 7000 m for 72 h.Lanthanum nitrate was used as a tracer to detect intestinal injury.Epithelial apoptosis was observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining.Serum levels of diamino oxidase(DAO),malondialdehyde(MDA),glutamine(Gln),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and endotoxin were measured in intestinal mucosa.Bacterial translocation was detected in blood culture and intestinal homogenates.In addition,rats were given Gln intragastrically to observe its protective effect on intestinal injury.RESULTS:Apoptotic epithelial cells,exfoliated villi and inflammatory cells in intestine were increased with edema in the lamina propria accompanying effusion of red blood cells.Lanthanum particles were found in the intercellular space and intracellular compartment.Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes(MLN) and spleen was evident.The serum endotoxin,DAO and MDA levels were significantly higher while the serum SOD,DAO and Gln levels were lower in intestine(P< 0.05).The bacterial translocation number was lower in the high altitude hypoxic group than in the high altitude starvation group(0.47±0.83 vs 2.38±1.45,P<0.05).The bacterial translocation was found in each organ,especially in MLN and spleen but not in peripheral blood.The bacterial and endotoxin translocations were both markedly improved in rats after treatment with Gln.CONCLUSION:High-altitude hypoxia and starvation cause severe intestinal mucosal injury and increase bacterial and endotoxin translocation,which can be treated with Gln.

Relationship between enteric microecologic dysbiosis and bacterial translocation in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

AIM To investigate the potential role of intestinal microflora barrier in the pathogenesis of pancreatic infection. METHODS Fifteen dogs were colonized with a strain of E.coli JM109 bearing ampicillin resistance plasmid PUC18. The animals were divided into two groups. In experimental group ( n =8), acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) was induced by injection of 0 5ml/kg of sodium tarocholate with 3000U/kg trypsin into the pancreatic duct. The control group ( n =7) underwent laparotomy only. All animals were sacrificed 7 days later. Mucosal and luminal microflora of intestine were analyzed quantitatively, and various organs were harvested for culturing, blood samples were obtained for determination of serum amylase activities and plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations. RESULTS In the experimental group, the number of E.coli in the intestine was much higher than those of the controls, while bifidobacterium and lactobacillus were decreased significantly (jejunum, 1 75±0 95 vs 2 35±0 79, P <0 05; 1 13±0 8 vs 1 83±0 64, P <0 05; ileum, 2 89±0 86 vs 3 87±1 05, P <0 05; 1 78±0 79 vs 3 79±1 11, P <0 01; cecum, 2 70±0 88 vs 4 89±0 87, P <001; 2 81±0 73 vs 3 24±0 84, P <0 05. Content of cecum, 3 06±0 87 vs 5 15±1 44, P <0 01; 2 67±0 61 vs 4 25±0 81, P <0 01), resulting in reversal of bifido bacterium/ E.coli ratio as compared with the control group (jejunum, 0 51±0 76 vs 1 23±0 53, P <0 05; ileum, 0 62±0 68 vs 1 16±0 32, P <0 05; cecum, 0 46±0 44 vs 1 03±0 64, P <0 05). In addition, intestinal bacteria were isolated from organs of all animals in the experimental group, and JM109 was also detected in most cases. Positive blood culture was 75 0% and 62 5% on day 1 and 2 after induction of ANP, respectively, but no bacterium was found in the controls. As compared with the control group, blood LPS levels and serum amylase activities increased 1-3 times and 3-8 times respectively. CONCLUSION Microecological disturbance could occur in ANP, and overgrowth of intestinal gram negative bacteria may lead to translocation to the pancreas and other organs, becoming the source of pancreatic and peripancreatic infection.

Effect of artesunate supplementation on bacterial translocation and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in rats with liver cirrhosis

AIM: To evaluate the effect of artesunate(AS) supplementation on bacterial translocation(BT) and gut microbiota in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group(N), a liver cirrhosis group(M) and a liver cirrhosis group intervened with AS(MA). Each group was sampled at 4, 6 and 8 wk. Liver cirrhosis was induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4), intragastric administration of 10% ethanol, and feeding a high fat diet. Rats in the MA group were intragastrically administered with AS(25 mg/kg body weight, once daily). Injuries of the liver and intestinal mucosa were assessed by hematoxylineosin or Masson's trichrome staining. Liver index was calculated as a ratio of the organ weight(g) to body weight(g). The gut microbiota was examined by automated ribosomal intergenic-spacer analysis of fecal DNA. BT was assessed by standard microbiological techniques in the blood, mesenteric lymph nodes(MLNs), liver, spleen, and kidney. RESULTS: Compared to group N, the body weight was reduced significantly in groups M and MA due to the development of liver cirrhosis over the period of 8 wk. The body weight was higher in group MA than in group M. The liver indices were significantly elevated at 4, 6 and 8 wk in groups M and MA compared to group N. AS supplementation partially decreased the liver indices in group MA. Marked histopathologic changes in the liver and small intestinal mucosa in group M were observed, which were alleviated in group MA. Levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly elevated at 8 wk in ileal homogenates in group M compared to group N, which were decreased after AS supplementation in group MA. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota indicated by the mean diversity(Shannon index) and mean similarity(Sorenson index) was severe as the liver cirrhosis developed, and AS supplementation had an apparent intervention effect on the dysbiosis of gut microbiota at 4 wk. The occurrence of BT was increased in the liver of group M compared to that of group N. AS supplementation reduced BT in group MA at 8 wk. BT also occurred in the MLNs, spleen, and kidney, which was reduced by AS supplementation. BT was not detected in the blood in any group.CONCLUSION: Dysbiosis of gut microbiota, injury of intestinal mucosal barrier and BT occurred as liver cirrhosis progressed, which might enhance inflammation and aggravate liver injury. AS may have other nonantimalarial effects that modulate gut microbiota,inhibit BT and alleviate inflammation, resulting in a reduction in CCl4, alcohol and high fat-caused damages to the liver and intestine.

Early intrajejunal nutrition: bacterial translocation and gut barrier function of severe acute pancreatitis in dogs

Objective: To evaluate the effect of early intrajejunalnutrition in attenuating bacterial and/or endotoxintranslocation and improving gut barrier function ofsevere acute pancreatitis (SAP) in dogs.Methods: 15 dogs were divided into parenteral nutrition(PN) group(7 dogs)and early intrajejunal nutrition(EIN) group(8). EIN was delivered nutrients via a nee-dle jejunostomy catheter feeding at 48h after operation.SAP model was induced by injecting 1 ml/kg of com-bined solution of 5% sodium taurocholate and 8000-10000 BAEE units trypsin/ml into the pancreas via thepancreatic duct. Systemic blood samples were ob-tained before and 1, 3, 5, 7 d following SAP, and culturedby aerobic as well as anaerobic bacterial growth. Systemicplasma and portal vein endotoxin levels were quantifiedby the chromogenic limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL)technique. Portal vein blood and specimens of tissuefrom the mesenteriolum and mesocolon lymph nodes,lung, pulmonary portal lymph nodes, pancreatitis tissueand periopancreas tissue were adopted before the experi-ment was finished. Aliquots of the homogenata were cul-tured as blood mentioned above to determine the magnitudeof the bacteria DNA, protein and the villi, the thickness ofmucosa, and the whole bowel wall of the ileum and trans-verse colon were measured.Results: The study showed that the levels of systemicplasma endotoxin and the magnitude of bacterialtranslocation to the portal and systemic blood and dis-tant organ were reduced significantly in the EINgroup as compared with the TPN group. The contentsof protein and DNA, the height of villi, the thicknessof mucosa and whole bowel wall of the ileum andtransverse colon in the EIN group were higher thanthose in the PN group.Conclusion: Our results suggested that EIN is safe andeffective to be adopted by intrajejunal delivery of nu-trients in SAP, decreases the occurrence of gut bacterialtranslocation, and improves the gut barrier function.

Tracing method study of bacterial translocation in vivo

INTRODUCTIONEndogenesis infection plays an important role innosocomial infection.By studying progress ofbacteria translocation from intestinal tract,theconcept of gut-origin infection has been acceptedgradually.Because of no ideal tracing method,there were some controversies.In order to solve theproblem,the PUC19 plasmid vector tracing

Effect of Root Surface Iron Plaque on Se Translocation and Uptake by Fe-Deficient Rice

Under anaerobic conditions, ferric hydroxide deposits on the surface of rice roots and affects uptake and translocation of certain nutrients. In the present study, rice plants were cultured in Fe-deficient or sufficient solutions and placed in a medium containing selenium （Se） for 2 h. Then, FeSO4 was added at the various concentrations of 0, 10, 40, or 70 mg L-1 to induce varying levels of iron plaque on the root surfaces and subsequent uptake of Se was monitored. The uptake of Se was inhibited by the iron plaque, with the effect proportional to the amount of plaque induced. The activity of cysteine synthase was decreased with increasing amounts of iron plaque on the roots. This may be the important reason for iron plaque inhibition of Se translocation. At each level of iron plaque, Fe-deficient rice had more Se than Fe-sufficient rice. Furthermore, with plaque induced by 20 mg Fe L-1, plants from Fe-deficient media accumulated more Se than those from Fe-sufficient media, as the Se concentration was increased from 10 to 30 or 50 mg L^-1. We found that phytosiderophores, highly effective iron chelating agents, could desorb selenite from ferrihydrite. Root exudates of the Fe-deficient rice, especially phytosiderophores in the exudates, could enhance Se uptake by rice plants with iron plaque.

Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on intestinal translocation of bacteria and endotoxin in rats with obstructive jaundice

Extrahepatic biliary obstruction promotes intestinal translocation of bacteria and endotoxin and this process is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with jaundice. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect and mechanism of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and to alleviate intestinal translocation of bacteria and endotoxin in murine obstructive jaundice. METHODS:A group of 42 Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups:sham operation (SO), bile duct ligation (BDL), and BDL and rhGH treatment (rhGH). By the end of the experiment,on day 7, the animals were killed, and their liver function and serum endotoxin were measured, bacterial cultures of the liver, kidney and mesenchymal lymph were made. Terminal ileum mucosa was observed under an electron microscope. RESULTS:Liver function was improved more significantly in the rhGH group than in the BDL group. The value of endotoxin in the rhGH group was 0.38±0.03 EU/ml, significantly lower than that in the BDL group (0.65±0.04 EU/ml, P【0.01), and similar to that in the SO group (0.30±0.02 EU/ml, P】0.05). The rate of bacteria translocation in the liver, kidney and mesenteric lymph was much higher in the BDL group than in other two groups. The rate of bacteria translocation in mesenteric lymph was 64.29%,significantly higher than that in the SO group and the rhGH group (P【0.05). There was no significant difference in bacteria translocation rate between the SO group and the rhGH group (P】0.05). Under an electron microscope , ileum mucosa epithelial cells in the BDL group were necrotic, and organelle were markedly metamorphic. In the rhGH group, ultrastructural changes were less evident or similar to those in the SO group. CONCLUSION:rhGH has significant protective effects on intestinal mucosa barrier in obstructive jaundice, and reduces intestinal translocation of bacteria and endotoxin.

Bacterial translocation and changes in the intestinal microbiome associated with alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic liver disease progresses through several stages of tissue damage, from simple steatosis to alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, or cirrhosis. Alcohol also affects the intestine, increases intestinal permeability and changes the bacterial microflora. Liver disease severity correlates with levels of systemic bacterial products in patients, and experimental alcoholic liver disease is dependent on gut derived bacterial products in mice. Supporting evidence for the importance of bacterial translocation comes from animal studies demonstrating that intestinal decontamination is associated with decreased liver fibrogenesis. In addition, mice with a gene mutation or deletion encoding receptors for either bacterial products or signaling molecules downstream from these receptors, are resistant to alcohol-induced liver disease. Despite this strong association, the exact molecular mechanism of bacterial translocation and of how changes in the intestinal microbiome contribute to liver disease progression remains largely unknown. In this review we will summarize evidence for bacterial translocation and enteric microbial changes in response to alcoholic liver injury and chronic alcoholic liver disease. We will further describe consequences of intestinal dysbiosis on host biology. We finally discuss how therapeutic interventions may modify the gastrointestinal microflora and prevent or reduce alcoholic liver disease progression.