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Multi-Model Approach for Assessing the Influence of Calibration Criteria on the Water Balance in Ouémé Basin
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作者 Aymar Yaovi Bossa Mahutin Aristide Oluwatobi Kpossou +1 位作者 Jean Hounkpè Félicien Djigbo Badou 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 CAS 2024年第3期207-218,共12页
Hydrological models are very useful tools for evaluating water resources, and the hydroclimatic hazards associated with the water cycle. However, their calibration and validation require the use of performance criteri... Hydrological models are very useful tools for evaluating water resources, and the hydroclimatic hazards associated with the water cycle. However, their calibration and validation require the use of performance criteria which choice is not straightforward. This paper aims to evaluate the influence of the performance criteria on water balance components and water extremes using two global rainfall-runoff models (HBV and GR4J) over the Ouémé watershed at the Bonou and Savè outlets. Three (3) Efficacy criteria (Nash, coefficient of determination, and KGE) were considered for calibration and validation. The results show that the Nash criterion provides a good assessment of the simulation of the different parts of the hydrograph. KGE is better for simulating peak flows and water balance elements than other efficiency criteria. This study could serve as a basis for the choice of performance criteria in hydrological modelling. 展开更多
关键词 Hydrological Modelling Performance Criteria water balance Ouémé Basin
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SimET: An open-source tool for estimating crop evapotranspiration and soil water balance for plants with multiple growth cycles
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作者 Minguo Liu Mei Yang Huimin Yang 《The Crop Journal》 SCIE CSCD 2023年第5期1579-1585,共7页
Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many de... Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many deficiencies, including complex operation, limited scalability, lack of batch processing, and a single ETc model. Here we present simET, an open-source software package written in the R programming language. Many concepts involved in crop ETc simulation are condensed into functions in the package. It includes three widely used crop ETc models built on these functions: the single-crop coefficient,double-crop coefficient, and Shuttleworth–Wallace models, along with tools for preparing model data and comparing estimates. SimET supports ETc simulation in crops with repeated growth cycles such as alfalfa, a perennial forage crop that is cut multiple times annually. 展开更多
关键词 Crop evapotranspiration Soil water balance Evapotranspiration model R package
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Study on the Water Balance in Three Dominant Plants with Simulated Precipitation Change in Maowusu Sandland 被引量:9
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作者 肖春旺 周广胜 《Acta Botanica Sinica》 CSCD 2001年第1期82-88,共7页
The distribution pattern and productivity of Maowusu sandland terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected with the future severe global change, especially global precipitation change. Considering the predicative global... The distribution pattern and productivity of Maowusu sandland terrestrial ecosystem are greatly affected with the future severe global change, especially global precipitation change. Considering the predicative global precipitation change and the appropriate relevant strategy for the sustainable development of the China dry territory, the authors have investigated the response of water balance to global precipitation change by creating an artificial control of four levels of water supply treating 3 dominant plants in Mauwusu sandland. The results showed that the seasonal changes of water storage and moisture of different sandland layer depths were affected by different water supply treatments and different plants. The water storage of the three plant growing sandlands and the moisture of different sandland layer depths increased as water supply was increased. The moisture of different water supply treatments and plants increased with the increase of sandland layer depth. The water storage and moisture of the same layer depth of Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz. growing sandland were larger than that of Salix psammophila C. Wang et Ch. Y. Yang growing sandland, which were in turn higher than that of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. growing sandland in the same water supply treatment. Water supply significantly affected the seasonal changes of evaporation and transpiration of the three plant growing sandlands. With the increased levels of water supply, viz. 157.5 mm, 315.0 mm, 472.5 mm and 630.0 mm, the total evaporation was 123.66 mm, 258.68 mm, 376.30 mm, 458.57 mm, respectively, and the total transpiration of A. ordosica was 50.80 mm, 68.93 mm, 108.39 mm, 163.36 mm, respectively, and that of S. psammophila , 47.37 mm, 68.17 mm, 93.65 mm, 135.97 mm, respectively, and that of H. mongolicum 46.73 mm, 67.37 mm, 86.07 mm, 109.64 mm, respectively. Evaporation was significantly higher than transpiration in the experiment. 展开更多
关键词 global change simulated precipitation Maowusu sandland dominant plants water balance
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A Distributed Monthly Water Balance Model for Analyzing Impacts of Land Cover Change on Flow Regimes 被引量:10
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作者 XIA Jun WANG Gang-Sheng +1 位作者 YE Ai-Zhong NIU Cun-Wen 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2005年第6期761-767,共7页
The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing tr... The Miyun Reservoir is the most important water source for Beijing Municipality, the capital of China with a population of more than 12 million. In recent decades, the inflow to the reservoir has shown a decreasing trend, which has seriously threatened water use in Beijing. In order to analyze the influents of land use and cover change (LUCC) upon inflow to Miyun Reservoir, terrain and land use information from remote sensing were utilized with a revised evapotranspiration estimation formula; a water loss model under conditions of human impacts was introduced; and a distributed monthly water balance model was established and applied to the Chaobai River Basin controlled by the Miyun Reservoir. The model simulation suggested that not only the impact of land cover change on evapotranspiration, but also the extra water loss caused by human activities, such as the water and soil conservation development projects should be considered. Although these development projects were of great benefit to human and ecological protection, they could reallocate water resources in time and space, and in a sense thereby influence the stream flow. 展开更多
关键词 distributed monthly water balance model land use and cover change (LUCC) remote sensing scenario analysis
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Estimation of water balance in the source region of the Yellow River based on GRACE satellite data 被引量:8
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作者 Min XU BaiSheng YE +2 位作者 QiuDong ZHAO ShiQing ZHANG Jiang WANG 《Journal of Arid Land》 SCIE CSCD 2013年第3期384-395,共12页
Water storage has important significance for understanding water cycles of global and local domains and for monitoring climate and environmental changes. As a key variable in hydrology, water storage change represents... Water storage has important significance for understanding water cycles of global and local domains and for monitoring climate and environmental changes. As a key variable in hydrology, water storage change represents the sum of precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff, soil water and groundwater exchanges. Water storage change data during the period of 2003-2008 for the source region of the Yellow River were collected from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data. The monthly actual evaporation was estimated according to the water balance equation. The simulated actual evaporation was significantly consistent and correlative with not only the observed pan (20 cm) data, but also the simulated results of the version 2 of Simple Biosphere model. The average annual evaporation of the Tangnaihai Basin was 506.4 mm, where evaporation in spring, summer, autumn and winter was 130.9 mm, 275.2 mm, 74.3 mm and 26.1 mm, and accounted for 25.8%, 54.3%, 14.7% and 5.2% of the average annual evaporation, respectively, The precipitation increased slightly and the actual evaporation showed an obvious decrease. The water storage change of the source region of the Yellow River displayed an increase of 0.51 mm per month from 2003 to 2008, which indicated that the storage capacity has significantly increased, probably caused by the degradation of permafrost and the increase of the thickness of active layers. The decline of actual evaporation and the increase of water storage capacity resulted in the increase of river runoff. 展开更多
关键词 actual evaporation GRACE satellite data water storage change water balance equation source region of the Yellow River
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Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China 被引量:6
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作者 Jia QIN YongJian DING +6 位作者 JinKui WU MingJie GAO ShuHua YI ChuanCheng ZHAO BaiSheng YE Man LI ShengXia WANG 《Journal of Arid Land》 SCIE CSCD 2013年第3期366-383,共18页
Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sus- tainable development strategies of water resources. Specifically, understanding how the change of each landscape infl... Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sus- tainable development strategies of water resources. Specifically, understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions. In the paper, we used the VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity) model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed, along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation. The improved model performed satisfactorily. We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time. About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone (2,900-4,000 m asl), and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region (1,700-2,900 m asl) because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses. The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed. Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields (52.46% of the total runoff) in the upper Heihe River watershed, fol- lowed by grassland (34.15%), shrub (9.02%), glacier (3.57%), and forest (0.49%). In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components, three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study. Scenario 1, 2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m, 2,000-3,700 m, and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands, with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%, 28.5% and 42.0%, respectively. The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%, 13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios. The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow. The mountains as "water towers" play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant. 展开更多
关键词 mountain landscape runoff modeling water balance VIC model Heihe River watershed
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Hydrological behaviour and water balance analysis for Xitiaoxi catchment of Taihu Basin 被引量:3
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作者 Xue Lijuan Li Lijiao Zhang Qi 《Water Science and Engineering》 EI CAS 2008年第3期44-53,共10页
With the rapid social and economic development of the Taihu region, Taihu Lake now faces an increasingly severe eutrophication problem. Pollution from surrounding catchments contributes greatly to the eutrophication o... With the rapid social and economic development of the Taihu region, Taihu Lake now faces an increasingly severe eutrophication problem. Pollution from surrounding catchments contributes greatly to the eutrophication of water bodies in the region. Investigation of surface flow and associated mass transport for the Xitiaoxi catchment is of a significant degree of importance as the Xitiaoxi catchment is one of the major catchments within the Taihu region. A SWAT-based distributed hydrological model was established for the Xitiaoxi catchment. The model was calibrated and verified using hydrometeorological data from 1988 to 2001. The results indicate that the modeled daily and annual stream flow match the observed data both in the calibration period and the verification period, with a linear regression coefficient R2 and a coefficient e for modeled daily stream flow greater than 0.8 at Hengtangcun and Fanjiacun gauge stations. The results show that the runoff process in the Xitiaoxi catchment is affected both by rainfall and human activities (e.g., reservoirs and polder areas). Moreover, the human activities weaken flood peaks more noticeably during rainstorms. The Water balance analysis reveals the percentages of precipitation made up by surface flow, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge' and the change of soil storage, all of which are considered useful to the further understanding of the hydrological processes in the Xitiaoxi catchment. This study provides a good base for further studies in mass transport modeling and comparison of modeling results from similar hydrological models. 展开更多
关键词 water balance analysis distributed hydrological model SWAT model Xitiaoxi catchment Taihu Lake
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Soil Water Balance Measurement in Field Scale 被引量:1
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作者 CHEN ZHI-XIONGInstitute of Soil Science, A cademia Sinica, P.O.Box 821. Nanjing 210008 (China) 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 1992年第2期115-124,共10页
A 5-year experiment on water balance has been conducted in a flat rainfed wheat field with an area of 66 × 100 m2 in Fengqiu, Henan Province in China. Based on the analysis of semi-variance functions conducted wi... A 5-year experiment on water balance has been conducted in a flat rainfed wheat field with an area of 66 × 100 m2 in Fengqiu, Henan Province in China. Based on the analysis of semi-variance functions conducted with soil moisture samples taken from 77 nodes of a 10 × 10m2 grid, the soil moisture distribution in the field was structural with a temporal stability. According to the autocorrelation range of the semi-variance function, S sites were selected for the determination of soil water conditions. The characteristic of probability density function of the differences of water storage in two sets of measurements showed that the distribution of these variables in the field was a normal one. The error in the estimation of the average of S random samples was 14% (α = 0.10), and the errors of water consumption by wheat during the experiments were estimated to be 6-13%.Since the experimental field was large enough to avoid any edge effect, the results obtained should tally with the actual situation. Yet the soil system was heterogeneous, so we must follow the principles of statistics and geostatistics when describing the system 's status with the average of the samples. 展开更多
关键词 field scale water balance
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Hydrological Impact Assessment of Climate Change on Lake Tana’s Water Balance, Ethiopia 被引量:1
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作者 Zemede Mulushewa Nigatu Tom Rientjes Alemseged Tamiru Haile 《American Journal of Climate Change》 2016年第1期27-37,共11页
The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impacts of climate change on the water balance of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Impact assessments are by downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) output and hydrologic... The aim of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impacts of climate change on the water balance of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Impact assessments are by downscaled General Circulation Model (GCM) output and hydrological modeling. For A2 and B2 emission scenarios, precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature estimates from the HadCM3 GCM were used. GCM output was downscaled using the Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM 4.2). Impact analyses were applied for three future time periods: early, mid and late 21st century. Over-lake evaporation is estimated by Hardgrave’s method, and over-lake precipitation is estimated by inverse distance weighing interpolation, whereas inflows from gauged and ungauged catchments are simulated by the HBV hydrological model. Findings indicate increases in maximum and minimum temperature on annual base for both emission scenarios. The projection of mean annual over lake precipitation for both A2 and B2 emission scenarios shows increasing pattern for 21st century in comparison to the baseline period. The increase of mean annual precipitation for A2 emission scenario is 9% (112 mm/year), 10% (125 mm/year) and 11% (137 mm/year) for the three future periods respectively. B2 emission scenario mean annual precipitation shows increase by 9% (111 mm/year), 10% (122 mm/year) and 10% (130 mm/year) respectively for the three future periods. Findings indicate consistent increases of lake storage for all three future periods for both A2 and B2 emission scenarios. 展开更多
关键词 Climate Change water balance SDSM Statistical Downscaling Lake Tana
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High Elevation Energy and Water Balance:the Roles of Surface Albedo and Temperature 被引量:4
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作者 Massimo MENENTI Li JIA +13 位作者 Marco MANCINI Xin LI Francesca PELLICCIOTTI Kun YANG Jiancheng SHI Maria Jose ESCORIHUELA Chiara CORBARI Shaoting REN Chunfeng MA Chaolei ZHENG Lian LIU Thomas SHAW Baohong DING Wei YANG 《Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science》 2020年第4期70-78,共9页
Observation and modeling of the coupled energy and water balance is the key to understand hydrospheric and cryospheric processes at high elevation.The paper summarizes the progress to address this aspect in relation w... Observation and modeling of the coupled energy and water balance is the key to understand hydrospheric and cryospheric processes at high elevation.The paper summarizes the progress to address this aspect in relation with different earth system elements,from glaciers to wetlands.The energy budget of two glaciers,i.e.Xiao Dongkemadi and Parlung No.4,was studied by means of extended field measurements and a distributed model of the coupled energy and mass balance was developed and evaluated.The need for accurate characterization of surface albedo was further documented for the entire Qinghai Tibet Plateau by numerical experiments with Weather Research and Forecast(WRF)on the sensitivity of the atmospheric boundary layer to the parameterization of land surface processes.A new approach to the calibration of a coupled distributed watershed model of the energy and water balance was demonstrated by a case study on the Heihe River Basin in northwestern China.The assimilation of land surface temperature did lead to the retrieval of critical soil and vegetation properties as the soil permeability and the canopy resistance to the exchange of vapour and carbon dioxide.The retrievals of actual Evapo-Transpiration(ET)were generated by the ETMonitor system and evaluated against eddy covariance measurements at sites spread throughout Asia.As regards glacier response to climate variability,the combined findings based on satellite data and model experiments showed that the spatial variability of surface albedo and temperature is significant and controls both glacier mass balance and flow.Experiments with both atmospheric and hydrosphere-cryosphere models documented the need and advantages of using accurate retrievals of land surface albedo to capture lan-atmosphere interactions at high elevation. 展开更多
关键词 ICE SNOW ALBEDO energy water balance
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On the Downscaling of Meteorological Fields Using Recurrent Networks for Modelling the Water Balance in a Meso-Scale Catchment Area of Saxony,Germany 被引量:1
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作者 Rico Kronenberg Klemens Barfus +1 位作者 Johannes Franke Christian Bernhofer 《Atmospheric and Climate Sciences》 2013年第4期552-561,共10页
In this study, recurrent networks to downscale meteorological fields of the ERA-40 re-analysis dataset with focus on the meso-scale water balance were investigated. Therefore two types of recurrent neural networks wer... In this study, recurrent networks to downscale meteorological fields of the ERA-40 re-analysis dataset with focus on the meso-scale water balance were investigated. Therefore two types of recurrent neural networks were used. The first approach is a coupling between a recurrent neural network and a distributed watershed model and the second a nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) network, which directly predicted the component of the water balance. The approaches were deployed for a meso-scale catchment area in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The results show that the coupled approach did not perform as well as the NARX network. But the meteorological output of the coupled approach already reaches an adequate quality. However the coupled model generates as input for the watershed model insufficient daily precipitation sums and not enough wet days were predicted. Hence the long-term annual cycle of the water balance could not be preserved with acceptable quality in contrary to the NARX approach. The residual storage change term indicates physical restrictions of the plausibility of the neural networks, whereas the physically based correlations among?the components of the water balance were preserved more accurately by the coupled approach. 展开更多
关键词 DOWNSCALING Recurrent Neural Networks NARX WaSim-ETH water balance ERA-40 Re-Analysis
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Impacts of forestation on the annual and seasonal water balance of a tropical catchment under climate change
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作者 Hero Marhaento Martijn J.Booij +1 位作者 Noorhadi Rahardjo Naveed Ahmed 《Forest Ecosystems》 SCIE CSCD 2021年第4期856-871,共16页
Background:This study aims to assess the effects of a forestation program and climate change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Bogowonto catchment(597 km^(2))in Java,Indonesia.The catchment study is rare... Background:This study aims to assess the effects of a forestation program and climate change on the annual and seasonal water balance of the Bogowonto catchment(597 km^(2))in Java,Indonesia.The catchment study is rare example in Indonesia where forestation has been applied at the catchment level.However,since the forestation program has been initiated,evaluations of the program only focus on the planting area targets,while the environmental success e.g.,impacts on the hydrological processes have never been assessed.This study used a calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)model to diagnose the isolated and combined effects of forestation and climate change on five water balance components,namely streamflow(Q),evapotranspiration(ET),surface runoff(Q_(s)),lateral flow(Q_(l))and base flow(Q_(b)).Results:The results show that from 2006 to 2019,forest cover has increased from 2.7% to 12.8% of the total area,while in the same period there was an increase in the mean annual and seasonal temperature,rainfall,and streamflow.Results of SWAT simulations show that changes in the mean annual and seasonal water balance under the forestation only scenario were relatively minor,while changes were more pronounced under the climate change only scenario.Based on the combined impacts scenario,it was observed that the effects of a larger forest area on the water balance were smaller than the effects of climate change.Conclusions:Although we found that forestation program has minor impacts compared to that of climate change on the hydrological processes in the Bogowonto catchment,seasonally,forestation activity has decreased the streamflow and surface runoff during the wet season which may reduce the risk of moderate floods.However,much attention should be paid to the way how forestation may result in severe drought events during the dry season.Finally,we urge the importance of accounting for the positive and negative effects in future forestation programs. 展开更多
关键词 Forestation Land use change Climate change SWAT model water balance Bogowonto catchment
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Investigation of Water Balance and Map Crisis Preparation in the Recent Two Decades of Kalacho Plain,Dehdasht,Iran
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作者 KhShafiei Motlagh NEbadati 《Journal of Geological Resource and Engineering》 2020年第3期90-100,共11页
Considering the water restrictions,it is important to check the water balance in each area.These restrictions are even more important in arid and semi-arid regions.The purpose of this study was to study the water bala... Considering the water restrictions,it is important to check the water balance in each area.These restrictions are even more important in arid and semi-arid regions.The purpose of this study was to study the water balance in the Kalacho plain of Kohgiluyeh city.Kalacho plain is about 15 km east of Dehdasht city.In recent years,due to the excessive extraction of lowland wells,the quality of groundwater has also declined steadily.Therefore,hydrogeological assessment and aquifer management seems necessary.Groundwater management requires understanding and functioning of the aquifer under natural conditions(firstly)and then predicting the effects of harvesting or feeding.Undoubtedly,understanding the actual behaviors of a natural system requires some research for each particular area.The average annual temperature and precipitation in the meteorological stations is about 18.1°C and 394 mm,respectively.The water crisis map of this plain has been prepared based on the data of 45 km2 area during the 1991-1992 blue water year.Groundwater Balance Range of the Kalacho Plain is selected based on available statistics and distribution of piezometers,wells and agricultural areas.According to the long-term hydrograph,the plain faces an average loss of 0.15 m and a reservoir deficit of 2.5 million m3.Also during the 20-year period,a total of 24 m of drop and 68 million cubic meters of reservoir deficits were created in the plain.By calculating the effective parameters in the general water balance equation(inputs and outputs),the plain was finally divided into five critical areas.Zones 1,2 and 3 are the most critical lowland areas in the vicinity of the hydraulic connection with the Gachsaran Fm.,and areas 4 and 5 are less critical because of the adjacent Asmari Formation,which feed on this karstic aquifer.Overall,this negative balance indicates an increasing drop in groundwater level and its reservoir deficit. 展开更多
关键词 water balance crisis map Kalacho Plain
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Assessing the Influence of Global Climate and Anthropogenic Activities on the Water Balance of an Andean Lake
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作者 Julio Canon Juan Valdes 《Journal of Water Resource and Protection》 2011年第12期883-891,共9页
Tropical regions along the Andean Cordillera face an uncertain future as mountain lakes and snow peaks exhibit receding trends associated with factors such as climatic precursors and local anthropogenic activities. To... Tropical regions along the Andean Cordillera face an uncertain future as mountain lakes and snow peaks exhibit receding trends associated with factors such as climatic precursors and local anthropogenic activities. Tota, the largest mountain lake in the Colombian Andes, exemplifies the role played by these factors on the lake's hydrologic evolution. A monthly water balance in Tota Lake was performed using available hydrological information from 1958 to 2007 to address interannual and multiannual level fluctuations associated with human activities and climatic precursors. The balance shows that net water uses fluctuated around 2 m3/s during this period with a pattern that, although constrained during years of severe decline in lake levels, is able to explain most of the multiannual decaying trend of 1.5 cm/year in the last 50 years. The lake’s naturalized levels were used to determine the influence of climate precursors on the lake evolution. Using Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis (M-SSA), significant five-year ENSO and 20-year PDO related quasi-oscillations were detected, explaining 54% of the variance associated with mean annual naturalized level fluctuations. ENSO is markedly in-phase with lake levels, with critical declines associated with low precipitation and high evaporation rates during El Ni?o years, whereas the PDO signal exhibits a phase opposition with lake levels, with low naturalized levels during a positive PDO phase and high levels during a negative PDO phase (an important result to consider given the current cooling trend of the PDO signal). 展开更多
关键词 water balance Andean Lakes Climate Teleconnections
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Changes of Atmospheric Water Balance over China under the IPCC SRES A1B Scenario Based on RegCM3 Simulations
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作者 SUN Bo JIANG Da-Bang 《Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters》 2012年第6期461-467,共7页
Simulations of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario were employed to investigate possible d... Simulations of the Regional Climate Model Version 3 (RegCM3) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario were employed to investigate possible decadal changes and long-term trends of annual mean atmospheric water balance components over China in the 21st century with reference to the period of 1981-2000. An evaluation showed that RegCM3 can reasonably reproduce annual evapotranspiration, precipitation, and water vapor transport over China, with a better performance for March-June. It was found that the water vapor exchange between the land surface and atmosphere would be significantly intensified in Northwest China by the mid-to late-21st century and that the region would possibly shift to a wetter or drought-mitigated state under global warming. Conversely, the water vapor exchange evidently weakened over the Tibetan Plateau and South-west China by the mid-to late-21st century. In addition, there appears to be a drier state for Northeast China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley by the mid-to late-21st century, with slight mitigation by the end compared with the mid-21st century. The westerly and southwesterly water vapor transport over China generally presents an increasing trend, with increasing diver-gence over the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China, corresponding to a loss of atmospheric water vapor by water vapor transport. 展开更多
关键词 REGCM3 A1B scenario atmospheric water balance
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Study of water balance of ground water system in arid area
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《Global Geology》 1998年第1期56-57,共2页
关键词 Study of water balance of ground water system in arid area
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Changes of Terrestrial Water Storage in the Yellow River Basin Under Global Warming
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作者 曾昕瑞 管晓丹 +2 位作者 陈涵 魏志敏 王国栋 《Journal of Tropical Meteorology》 SCIE 2024年第2期132-148,共17页
The increasing temperature in the Yellow River Basin has led to a rapid rise in the melting level height,at a rate of 5.98 m yr^(-1)during the cold season,which further contributes to the transition from snowfall to r... The increasing temperature in the Yellow River Basin has led to a rapid rise in the melting level height,at a rate of 5.98 m yr^(-1)during the cold season,which further contributes to the transition from snowfall to rainfall patterns.Between 1979 and 2020,there has been a decrease in snowfall in the Yellow River Basin at a rate of-3.03 mm dec^(-1),while rainfall has been increasing at a rate of 1.00 mm dec^(-1).Consequently,the snowfall-to-rainfall ratio(SRR)has decreased.Snowfall directly replenishes terrestrial water storage(TWS)in solid form until it melts,while rainfall is rapidly lost through runoff and evaporation,in addition to infiltrating underground or remaining on the surface.Therefore,the decreasing SRR accelerates the depletion of water resources.According to the surface water balance equation,the reduction in precipitation and runoff,along with an increase in evaporation,results in a decrease in TWS during the cold season within the Yellow River Basin.In addition to climate change,human activities,considering the region's dense population and extensive agricultural land,also accelerate the decline of TWS.Notably,irrigation accounts for the largest proportion of water withdrawals in the Yellow River Basin(71.8%)and primarily occurs during the warm season(especially from June to August).The impact of human activities and climate change on the water cycle requires further in-depth research. 展开更多
关键词 terrestrial water storage melting level height surface water balance human activities Yellow River Basin
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Virtual Water Flows of Brazil’s International Trade
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作者 Umberto Antonio Sesso Filho Ricardo Luís Lopes +2 位作者 Carlos Alberto Gonçalves Junior Emerson Guzzi Zuan Esteves Patrícia Pompermayer Sesso 《Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection》 2024年第10期21-37,共17页
The study aims to measure virtual water flows in Brazil’s international trade. The methodology is based on the input-output matrix, and the database used was the Eora Global Supply Chain Database. The results showed ... The study aims to measure virtual water flows in Brazil’s international trade. The methodology is based on the input-output matrix, and the database used was the Eora Global Supply Chain Database. The results showed that Brazil exported 230.8 billion m3 of virtual water per year, representing approximately 34.7% of the water footprint of the national production system in 2015. Virtual water imports totaled 111.6 billion m3 with a positive balance (net exports) of 119.2 billion m3. The country is a net exporter of this resource except for trade relations with South America and Africa, regions with negative balances of −36 billion m3 and 3 billion m3, respectively. The main destinations for virtual water exports from Brazil are Europe, with 41% of the total exported, followed by Asia and North America, with values close to 20%. The fact that Brazil is a net exporter of water makes sustainable use of the resource important, as the diversity of climate, soil, and water availability at a regional level is a challenge, which makes it essential to increase the efficiency of the use and management of water resources. 展开更多
关键词 Natural Resources water balance INPUT-OUTPUT ENVIRONMENT
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Balance of Water Supply-demand in Paddy Fields in Hilly Regions in Sichuan Province
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作者 张鸿 姜心禄 +1 位作者 樊红柱 郑家国 《Agricultural Science & Technology》 CAS 2012年第7期1489-1492,共4页
[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of water supply and consumption on water saving and drought resistance. [Method] Controlling field experiment was conducted to explore water balance between supply and dema... [Objective] The aim was to study the effects of water supply and consumption on water saving and drought resistance. [Method] Controlling field experiment was conducted to explore water balance between supply and demand in paddy fields in hilly regions in Sichuan Province. [Result] Rainfall in hilly areas was 3 611.10 m3/hm2; water for irrigation was 6 299.25 m3/hm2; evapotranspiration of rice was 6 424.95 m3/hm2; deep leakage was 2 459.55 m3/hm2; overflowing amount was 1 026.00 m3/hm2. In addition, water consumption totaled 8 884.50 m3/hm2 during rice production; water use was 0.99 kg/m3 and use efficiency of irrigated water was 1.40 kg/m3. [Conclusion] Water supply and consumption should be further organized to save water and fight against drought in hilly areas in Sichuan Province. 展开更多
关键词 RICE water balance between supply and demand Sichuan Province Hilly areas
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Energy Balance-Based SWAT Model to Simulate the Mountain Snowmelt and Runoff——Taking the Application in Juntanghu Watershed(China) as an Example 被引量:10
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作者 MENG Xian-Yong YU Dan-Lin LIU Zhi-Hui 《Journal of Mountain Science》 SCIE CSCD 2015年第2期368-381,共14页
In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT... In order to predict long-term flooding under extreme weather conditions in central Asia, an energy balance-based distributed snowmelt runoff model was developed and coupled with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model. The model was tested at the Juntanghu watershed on the northern slope of the Tian Shan Mountains, Xinjiang,China. We compared the performances of temperature-index method and energy balanced method in SWAT model by taking Juntanghu river basin as an application example(as the simulation experiment was conducted in Juntanghu River, we call the energy balanced method as SWAT-JTH). The results suggest that the SWAT snowmelt model had overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.85 while the physical based approach had NSE coefficients ranging from 0.58 to0.69. Overall, on monthly scale, the SWAT model provides better results than that from the SWAT-JTH model. However, results generated from both methods seem to be fairly close at a daily scale. Thestructure of the temperature-index method is simple and produces reasonable simulation results if the parameters are well within empirical ranges. Although the data requirement for the energy balance method in current observation is difficult to meet and the existence of uncertainty is associated with the experimental approaches of physical processes, the SWAT-JTH model still produced a reasonably high NSE. We conclude that using temperature-index methods to simulate the snowmelt process is sufficient, but the energy balance-based model is still a good choice to simulate extreme weather conditions especially when the required data input for the model is acquired. 展开更多
关键词 SWAT Snowmelt model The physical process Energy balance Temperature-index water balance
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