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Effect of high-multiple water injection on rock pore structure and oil displacement efficiency
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作者 Xiao Lei Chunpeng Zhao +2 位作者 Qiaoliang Zhang Panrong Wang Runfu Xiong 《Energy Geoscience》 EI 2024年第1期234-238,共5页
Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected por... Experimental methods,including mercury pressure,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and core(wateroil)displacement,are used to examine the effects of high-multiple water injection(i.e.water injection with high injected pore volume)on rock properties,pore structure and oil displacement efficiency of an oilfield in the western South China Sea.The results show an increase in the permeability of rocks along with particle migration,an increase in the pore volume and the average pore throat radius,and enhanced heterogeneity after high-multiple water injection.Compared with normal water injection methods,a high-multiple water injection is more effective in improving the oil displacement efficiency.The degree of recovery increases faster in the early stage due to the expansion of the swept area,and the transition from oil-wet to water-wet.The degree of recovery increases less in the late stage due to various factors,including the enhancement of heterogeneity in the rocks.Considering both the economic aspect and the production limit of water flooding,it is recommended to adopt other technologies to further enhance oil recovery after 300 PV water injection. 展开更多
关键词 High multiple water injection Rock permeability Pore structure Oil displacement efficiency
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Optimization of the Algorithm for Increasing Injection Rate in Water Injection Wells for Pressure Optimization in P Oilfield
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作者 Lingyu Li 《World Journal of Engineering and Technology》 2023年第2期246-251,共6页
In today’s society, with the continuous growth of energy demand, Bohai Oilfield, as an important offshore oil resource base in China, is facing increasingly severe challenges while contributing to national energy sec... In today’s society, with the continuous growth of energy demand, Bohai Oilfield, as an important offshore oil resource base in China, is facing increasingly severe challenges while contributing to national energy security. In order to improve the quality of water injection in the oilfield and gradually achieve efficient and stable production, Bohai Oilfield has launched a water injection well pressure optimization project, focusing on improving the efficiency and quality of water injection in the water injection wells, in order to achieve the optimal water injection plan. In practical work, P Oilfield continues to promote the development of water injection well pressure optimization projects, emphasizing practical exploration and continuous optimization of work plans. However, during the project implementation process, there were some problems, one of which was that the statistics of cumulative injection volume were not scientific enough, resulting in a more comprehensive and accurate presentation of the actual results of pressure optimization work. In the context of continuous improvement work, after careful analysis and research, P Oilfield has decided to optimize the cumulative injection rate algorithm to guide the oilfield’s water injection work in a more refined way, ensuring sufficient and good water injection, and enhancing the oilfield’s production efficiency and comprehensive competitiveness. 展开更多
关键词 Offshore Oil Fields water injection Wells Pressure Optimization water injection Volume Calculation Method
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Development and prospect of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection 被引量:1
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作者 LIU He ZHENG Lichen +4 位作者 YU Jiaqing MING Eryang YANG Qinghai JIA Deli CAO Gang 《Petroleum Exploration and Development》 2023年第1期191-201,共11页
This article outlines the development of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection in China.According to the development stages,the principles,operation processes,adaptabi... This article outlines the development of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection in China.According to the development stages,the principles,operation processes,adaptability and application status of traditional downhole data acquisition method,cable communications and testing technology,cable-controlled downhole parameter real-time monitoring communication method and downhole wireless communication technology are introduced in detail.Problems and challenges of existing technologies in downhole monitoring and data transmission technology are pointed out.According to the production requirement,the future development direction of the downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection is proposed.For the large number of wells adopting cable measuring and adjustment technology,the key is to realize the digitalization of downhole plug.For the key monitoring wells,cable-controlled communication technology needs to be improved,and downhole monitoring and data transmission technology based on composite coiled tubing needs to be developed to make the operation more convenient and reliable.For large-scale application in oil fields,downhole wireless communication technology should be developed to realize automation of measurement and adjustment.In line with ground mobile communication network,a digital communication network covering the control center,water distribution station and oil reservoir should be built quickly to provide technical support for the digitization of reservoir development. 展开更多
关键词 separated zone water injection downhole monitoring data transmission cable communication vibration wave pressure wave flow wave
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Horizontal Well Interference Performance and Water Injection Huff and Puff Effect on Well Groups with Complex Fracture Networks:A Numerical Study
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作者 Haoyu Fu Hua Liu +1 位作者 Xiaohu Hu Lei Wang 《Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences》 SCIE EI 2023年第12期2285-2309,共25页
Well interference has become a common phenomenon with the increasing scale of horizontal well fracturing.Recent studies on well interference in horizontal wells do not properly reflect the physical model of the postfr... Well interference has become a common phenomenon with the increasing scale of horizontal well fracturing.Recent studies on well interference in horizontal wells do not properly reflect the physical model of the postfracturing well groups and the realistic fracturing process of infill wells.Establishing the correspondence between well interference causative factors and manifestations is of great significance for infill well deployment and secondary oil recovery.In this work,we develop a numerical model that considers low velocity non-Darcy seepage inshale reservoirs to study the inter-well interferencephenomenon that occurs in theSantanghufield,andconstruct an explicit hydraulic fracture and complex natural fracture network model with an embedded discrete fracture model,focusing on the effect of fracture network morphology on well interactions.The model also considers a multi-segment wellbore model to accommodate the effect of inter-well crossflow on wellbore tubular flow.The changes in formation pressure and water saturation during fracturing are performed by controlling the injection pressure and water injection rate.The result shows that the shape of the fracture network generated by the infill well with the old well determines the subsequent fluid and oil-increasing performance of the disturbed well.The synergistic production or competitive relationship formed by fractures with different connectivity between the two wells determines the positive and negative effects of the interference.The paper also investigates the adaptation study of water injection huff and puff schemes for well groups with different connectivity,and demonstrated a potential yield increase of up to 10.85%under adaptation injection.This method of identifying well interference based on the production dynamics of affected wells and the subsequent corresponding water injection method provides valuable references for the selection of secondary oil recovery measures. 展开更多
关键词 Unconventional reservoirs well interference embedded discrete fracture model water injection huff and puff complex fracture networks
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Data-driven optimization for fine water injection in a mature oil field 被引量:3
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作者 JIA Deli LIU He +4 位作者 ZHANG Jiqun GONG Bin PEI Xiaohan WANG Quanbin YANG Qinghai 《Petroleum Exploration and Development》 2020年第3期674-682,共9页
Based on the traditional numerical simulation and optimization algorithms,in combination with the layered injection and production"hard data"monitored at real time by automatic control technology,a systemati... Based on the traditional numerical simulation and optimization algorithms,in combination with the layered injection and production"hard data"monitored at real time by automatic control technology,a systematic approach for detailed water injection design using data-driven algorithms is proposed.First the data assimilation technology is used to match geological model parameters under the constraint of observed well dynamics;the flow relationships between injectors and producers in the block are calculated based on automatic identification method for layered injection-production flow relationship;multi-layer and multi-direction production splitting technique is used to calculate the liquid and oil production of producers in different layers and directions and obtain quantified indexes of water injection effect.Then,machine learning algorithms are applied to evaluate the effectiveness of water injection in different layers of wells and to perform the water injection direction adjustment.Finally,the particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the detailed water injection plan and to make production predictions.This method and procedure make full use of the automation and intelligence of data-driven and machine learning algorithms.This method was used to match the data of a complex faulted reservoir in eastern China,achieving a fitting level of 85%.The cumulative oil production in the example block for 12 months after optimization is 8.2%higher than before.This method can help design detailed water injection program for mature oilfields. 展开更多
关键词 zonal water injection fine water injection evaluation index optimization plan big data DATA-DRIVEN artificial intelligence
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Three-dimensional physical simulation and optimization of water injection of a multi-well fractured-vuggy unit 被引量:6
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作者 Ji-Rui HOU Ze-Yu Zheng +4 位作者 Zhao-Jie Song Min LUO Hai-Bo Li Li Zhang Deng-Yu Yuan 《Petroleum Science》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2016年第2期259-271,共13页
With complex fractured-vuggy heterogeneous structures, water has to be injected to facilitate oil pro- duction. However, the effect of different water injection modes on oil recovery varies. The limitation of existing... With complex fractured-vuggy heterogeneous structures, water has to be injected to facilitate oil pro- duction. However, the effect of different water injection modes on oil recovery varies. The limitation of existing numerical simulation methods in representing fractured- vuggy carbonate reservoirs makes numerical simulation difficult to characterize the fluid flow in these reservoirs. In this paper, based on a geological example unit in the Tahe Oilfield, a three-dimensional physical model was designed and constructed to simulate fluid flow in a fractured-vuggy reservoir according to similarity criteria. The model was validated by simulating a bottom water drive reservoir, and then subsequent water injection modes were optimized. These were continuous (constant rate), intermittent, and pulsed injection of water. Experimental results reveal that due to the unbalanced formation pressure caused by pulsed water injection, the swept volume was expanded and consequently the highest oil recovery increment was achieved. Similar to continuous water injection, intermit- tent injection was influenced by factors including the connectivity of the fractured-vuggy reservoir, well depth, and the injection-production relationship, which led to a relative low oil recovery. This study may provide a constructive guide to field production and for the devel- opment of the commercial numerical models specialized for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs. 展开更多
关键词 Multi-well fractured-vuggy unit Three-dimensional physical model Similarity criteria Bottom water drive. Optimization of water injection mode
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Adaptability research of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression 被引量:4
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作者 WANG Wei YI Qi +2 位作者 WANG Yayun LU Shengpeng WANG Xiaofang 《排灌机械工程学报》 EI CSCD 北大核心 2017年第6期461-466,480,共7页
To study the effectiveness of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression,the unsteady cavitation flow field around the NACA0066 hydrofoil at attack angle of 6°was simulated by the modified RNG k-... To study the effectiveness of hydrofoil surface water injection on cavitation suppression,the unsteady cavitation flow field around the NACA0066 hydrofoil at attack angle of 6°was simulated by the modified RNG k-εturbulence model combined with the full-cavitation model.The structure of cavitation flow field and the hydrodynamic performance of hydrofoil were analyzed at the cavitation number of 0.85,0.70,0.55,respectively.The results show that barriered by the jet,the momentum of the reentrant jet was reduced;The development of cavitation and the strength of cavity shedding were weakened to some extent.Cavitation suppression effect was very obvious in the cavitation conditions with the cavitation number of 0.7 and above when the injection position was at 37% chord length from the hydrofoil leading edge and the jet-flow ratio kept 0.3.Time-averaged lift and drag coefficient were reduced,and the lift-drag ratio increased in water injection conditions. 展开更多
关键词 HYDROFOIL cavitation suppression reentrant jet water injection jet-flow ratio
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FEM for Stability Analysis Against Overturning of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile 被引量:1
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作者 LIU Lingyun GUO Haiyan SUN Qi 《Journal of Ocean University of China》 SCIE CAS 2006年第3期269-272,共4页
Portal water injection sheet pile (PWISP), as a retaining wall, appeared in seashore engineering in 2000. Although there have been many systematic methods addressing the issue, there are very few focusing on the new s... Portal water injection sheet pile (PWISP), as a retaining wall, appeared in seashore engineering in 2000. Although there have been many systematic methods addressing the issue, there are very few focusing on the new structure because of the difficulties in defining the earth pressure between the two piles. A new method is proposed in this paper to obtain the earth pressure between the PWISPs. Stability analysis against overturning follows as a consequence. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS, both the nonlinear characteristics of the soil and those of the contact elements are taken into account to obtain the earth pressure distribution on the contact surface. Based on the results of the FEA, Rankin’s theory and the slip plane theory, the formula of the earth pressure on the inner surfaces between the piles is given. Assuming the PWISP as the analysis object and the earth pressure as an outside force acting upon it, the equation of stability against overturning of the PWISP is presented. Finally, some parameters are discussed about the stability of the PWISP against overturning, such as the embedded depth of the front pile, the distance between the two rows of piles, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the earth. The results show that the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle will decrease the distance and the embedded depth, and therefore enhance the stability against overturning. Specifically, when the distance is 1/3-2/3 of the maximal excavation depth, the two rows of piles give the best performance in stability. 展开更多
关键词 earth pressure portal water injection sheet pile stability against overturning pile-soil-pile interaction
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TWO-PHASE FLOW FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL PENETRATING A NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIR WITH EDGE WATER INJECTION 被引量:1
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作者 郭大立 刘慈群 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1995年第5期937-942,共6页
This paper examines the two-phase flow for a horizontal well penetrating a naturally fractured reservoir with edge water injection by means of a fixed streamlinemodel,The mathematical model of the verical two-dimensio... This paper examines the two-phase flow for a horizontal well penetrating a naturally fractured reservoir with edge water injection by means of a fixed streamlinemodel,The mathematical model of the verical two-dimensional flow or oil-water for a horizontal well in a medium with double-porosity is established ,and whose accuratesolutions are obtained by using the characteristic method .The saturation distributionsin the fractured system and the matrix system as well as the formula of the time of water free production are presented .All these results provide a theoretical basis and a computing method for oil displacement by edge water from naturally fracturedreservirs. 展开更多
关键词 horizontal well two-phase flow medium with double-porosityedge water injection characteristic method
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Seismic Response Analysis of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile
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作者 WANG Yuanbin GUO Haiyan ZHANG Chunhui 《Journal of Ocean University of China》 SCIE CAS 2007年第1期90-94,共5页
To further the study on the newly developed portal water injection sheet pile under static loads, in this paper, by adopting the nonlinear calculation module of FEM software ANSYS, a model for the interaction between ... To further the study on the newly developed portal water injection sheet pile under static loads, in this paper, by adopting the nonlinear calculation module of FEM software ANSYS, a model for the interaction between the soil and the sheet piles is set up, and the seismic response analysis for this type of space-retaining structure is performed. The effects of the embedded depth and the distance between the front pile and the back pile on the dynamic characteristics of the portal water injection sheet pile are studied. 展开更多
关键词 portal water injection sheet pile ANSYS software nonlinear finite element analysis dynamic interaction seismic response
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Simulation and Modelling of Water Injection for Reservoir Pressure Maintenance
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作者 Rishi Dewan Adarsh Kumar +2 位作者 Mohammad Khalid Imam Rahmani Surbhi Bhatia Md Ezaz Ahmed 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2022年第9期5761-5776,共16页
Water injection has shown to be one of the most successful,efficient,and cost-effective reservoir management strategies.By re-injecting treated and filtered water into reservoirs,this approach can help maintain reserv... Water injection has shown to be one of the most successful,efficient,and cost-effective reservoir management strategies.By re-injecting treated and filtered water into reservoirs,this approach can help maintain reservoir pressure,increase hydrocarbon output,and reduce the environmental effect.The goal of this project is to create a water injection model utilizing Eclipse reservoir simulation software to better understand water injection methods for reservoir pressure maintenance.A basic reservoir model is utilized in this investigation.For simulation designs,the reservoir length,breadth,and thickness may be changed to different levels.The water-oil contact was discovered at 7000 feet,and the reservoir pressure was recorded at 3000 pounds per square inch at a depth of 6900 feet.The aquifer chosen was of the Fetkovich type and was linked to the reservoir in the j+direction.The porosity was estimated to be varied,ranging from 9%to 16%.The residual oil saturation was set to 25%and the irreducible water saturation was set at 20%.The vertical permeability was set at 50 md as a constant.Pressure Volume Temperature(PVT)data was used to estimate the gas and water characteristics. 展开更多
关键词 ECLIPSE water injection RESERVOIR MODELING SIMULATION oil saturation
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Mechanisms of remaining oil formation by water flooding and enhanced oil recovery by reversing water injection in fractured-vuggy reservoirs
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作者 WANG Jing QI Xiangsheng +4 位作者 LIU Huiqing YANG Min LI Xiaobo LIU Hongguang ZHANG Tuozheng 《Petroleum Exploration and Development》 CSCD 2022年第5期1110-1125,共16页
To get a deeper understanding on the formation mechanisms and distribution laws of remaining oil during water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) mechanisms by reversing water injection after water flooding, 3D v... To get a deeper understanding on the formation mechanisms and distribution laws of remaining oil during water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) mechanisms by reversing water injection after water flooding, 3D visualization models of fractured-vuggy reservoir were constructed based on the elements and configuration of fractures and vugs, and typical fracture-vug structures by using advanced CT scanning and 3D printing technologies. Then, water flooding and reversing water injection experiments were conducted. The formation mechanisms of remaining oil during water flooding include inadequate injection-production well control, gravity difference between oil and water, interference between different flow channels, isolation by low connectivity channel, weak hydrodynamic force at the far end. Under the above effects, 7 kinds of remaining oil may come about, imperfect well-control oil, blind side oil, attic oil at the reservoir top, by-pass residual oil under gravity, by-pass residual oil in secondary channel, isolated oil in low connectivity channel, and remaining oil at far and weakly connected end. Some remaining oil can be recovered by reversing water injection after water flooding, but its EOR is related to the remaining oil type, fracture-cavity structure and reversing injection-production structure. Five of the above seven kinds of remaining oil can be produced by six EOR mechanisms of reversing water injection: gravity displacement, opening new flow channel, rising the outflow point, hydrodynamic force enhancement, vertically equilibrium displacement, and synergistic effect of hydrodynamic force and gravity. 展开更多
关键词 fractured-vuggy reservoir water flooding remaining oil reversing water injection stimulation mechanism enhanced oil recovery 3D printing
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Using cyclic alternating water injection to enhance oil recovery for carbonate reservoirs developed by linear horizontal well pattern
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作者 LI Yong ZHAO Limin +5 位作者 WANG Shu SUN Liang ZHANG Wenqi YANG Yang HU Dandan CHEN Yihang 《Petroleum Exploration and Development》 CSCD 2021年第5期1139-1151,共13页
In view of high water cut and low oil recovery caused by the unidirectional flow in linear pattern of horizontal wells for the carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East,this paper provides a novel approach to improve oi... In view of high water cut and low oil recovery caused by the unidirectional flow in linear pattern of horizontal wells for the carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East,this paper provides a novel approach to improve oil recovery by converting linear water injection to cyclic alternating water injection patterns including cyclic alternating water injection with apparent inverted seven-spot pattern or apparent five-spot pattern and cyclic differential alternating water injection.The main advantage of using this strategy is that the swept efficiency is improved by changing injection-production streamlines and displacement directions,which means displacement from two different direction for the same region during a complete cycle.This technology is effective in increasing the swept efficiency and tapping the remaining oil,thus resulting in higher oil recovery.Field application with three new patterns in a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East is successful.By optimizing injection and production parameters based on the cyclic alternating well pattern,the test well group had a maximum increase of daily oil production per well of 23.84 m^(3) and maximum water cut drop of 18%.By further optimizing the distance(keep a long distance)between the heels of injection and production wells,the waterflooding performance could be better with water cut decreasing and oil production increasing. 展开更多
关键词 carbonate reservoirs horizontal well pattern cyclic alternating water injection displacement direction enhanced oil recovery Middle East
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Experimental study of water effects on gas desorption during highpressure water injection
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作者 ZHANG Guo-hua LIU Xian-xin BI Ye-wu PU Wen-long 《Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(China)》 2011年第4期408-413,共6页
For the question of applying high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency by increasing the permeability of water to drive gas action, an independently designed gas desorption experimental measu... For the question of applying high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency by increasing the permeability of water to drive gas action, an independently designed gas desorption experimental measuring device was used under the condition of external solution invasion. The law of water effect on gas desorption was obtained after water invasion through experiment for the first time. The results show that water's later invasion not only can make the quantity of gas dcsorp- tion greatly reduced, but also can make gas desorption end early. Therefore, when evaluating the applications of high-pressure water injection to increase gas extraction efficiency, we should take water damaging effects on gas desorption into account. 展开更多
关键词 gas desorption gas extraction high pressure water injection later invasion
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Research on subsidence method aided by water injection and its engineering application for the north anchor of Taizhou Bridge
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作者 Ruan Jing Zhou Zhifang Zhao Yanrong 《Engineering Sciences》 EI 2011年第2期33-38,共6页
The north anchorage caisson of Taizhou Bridge encountered some difficulties during the sinking process for the large sidewall frictional resistances. To solve this problem, a new concept and method called subsidence m... The north anchorage caisson of Taizhou Bridge encountered some difficulties during the sinking process for the large sidewall frictional resistances. To solve this problem, a new concept and method called subsidence method aided by water injection is proposed. Numeral analysis is adopted to simulate the effects of this method for the north anchor of Taizhou Bridge, which confirmed the feasibility and validity. Finally, the method is applied to the north anchor caisson during the caisson sinking procedure and helps the caisson sink and embed to the designed position smoothly. 展开更多
关键词 ANCHORAGE SINK Taizhou Bridge subsidence method aided by water injection
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Study on Seismicity Triggered by Water Injection in Mine Wells in Zigong Using ETAS Model
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作者 Long Feng Du Fang +2 位作者 Ruan Xiang Deng Yuanqing Zhang Tiebao 《Earthquake Research in China》 2011年第1期38-46,共9页
In order to reveal the relationship between water injection in mine wells in the Zigong area and seismicity, we divide the historical earthquakes of ML ≥ 1.2 into 3 phases according to seismicity behavior, and the ET... In order to reveal the relationship between water injection in mine wells in the Zigong area and seismicity, we divide the historical earthquakes of ML ≥ 1.2 into 3 phases according to seismicity behavior, and the ETAS model parameters are then inversed by the POWELL method. The results show that phase 1 and 2, in which there is no water injection, have moderate-to-low ratio of background earthquakes (40 % - 50 % ), and aftershocks are relatively less for a single earthquake sequence. In phase 3, where there is water injection, the aftershocks triggered by foreshocks dominate ( 93. 1% ), and background earthquakes amount only to 6. 9 %, less than those of phase 1 and 2. The results conflict with the existing cognition. To resolve this problem, we propose that the occurrence ratio of background earthquakes in unit time, that is, the p value in ETAS model is used as an indicator of water injection triggered earthquakes. Compared to the first two phases, phase 3 has the largest u value, which illustrates that the water injection has an obvious triggering effect on earthquakes of this region. 展开更多
关键词 ZIGONG water injection in mine well Triggered earthquake ETAS model
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The feasibility experimental study of pumping and shunting pump under pressure in water injection station
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作者 Dongbo SHAO Yong WANG Suiwang ZHANG 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2013年第3期34-37,共4页
At present in the process of water injection station operation, starting and stopping the pump caused system pressure fluctuations, and the fluctuations caused many problems about downstream injection wells. In order ... At present in the process of water injection station operation, starting and stopping the pump caused system pressure fluctuations, and the fluctuations caused many problems about downstream injection wells. In order to eliminate the fluctuations and reduce problems, taking start pump, connect pump test under pressure in the water injection station installed the rotor frequency control system Changqing oil field developed. During the experiment, by progressively increasing the pressure pump to verify start pump with pressure feasibility test, the result shows when the pressure in the 0-25MPa pressure start and connect pump can be realized, and forecast the maximum pressure of the current start of the station with pressure pump. Start pump with pressure achieve the elimination of pressure fluctuations, provide the prerequisites about realizeing stable water injection pressure, and ultimately realize oil field water injection station to be automatic water injection laid a foundation. 展开更多
关键词 water injection station wire-wound motor pumping pump under pressure feasibility experiment
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Research of the Activity of Earthquakes Induced by Water Injection of Salt Mining in Changning County,Sichuan Province
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作者 Ruan Xiang Cheng Wanzheng Zhang Yongjiu Li Jun Chen Yin 《Earthquake Research in China》 2009年第2期170-179,共10页
According to information from on-the-spot investigations, the tectonics of salt mining areas and digital seismic records, we studied the activity of earthquakes induced by water pumping in and out of the salt mines in... According to information from on-the-spot investigations, the tectonics of salt mining areas and digital seismic records, we studied the activity of earthquakes induced by water pumping in and out of the salt mines in Shuanghe town, Changning county, Sichuan Province. The study found that the rates of water injection and extraction in the Shuanghe salt mining region were evenly matched before April 2006 and earthquake activity was stable. On the other hand, shallow small and moderate earthquake numbers increased sharply after the water injection rate became much larger than the water extraction rate. Large injection over a long time may causes the permeation of water through pre-existing small fractures and micro-cracks in the Changning anticlinal and accelerate the rupture of micro tectonic formations in nearby regions, inducing small earthquake swarm activity. The Q value calculated by using digital earthquake records indicates a relatively inhomogeneous medium in this area. The results of the accurate location of small earthquakes show that sources are relatively shallow and are concentrated at a depth of 2km to 3km. Focal mechanism solutions reveal a normal dip-slip character of shallow earthquakes. All of these show certain characteristics of earthquake activity induced by water injection. 展开更多
关键词 Induced earthquake water injection of salt mining Changning county Sichuan Province
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Slim Water Injection Nozzle for Silicon Wafer Wet Cleaning Bath
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作者 Shogo Okuyama Kento Miyazaki +2 位作者 Nobutaka Ono Hitoshi Habuka Akihiro Goto 《Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science》 2016年第4期345-354,共10页
In order to effectively and quickly clean the surface of semiconductor silicon wafers, the fluid flow is one of the significant issues. For a batch-type silicon wafer wet cleaning bath, a slim water injection nozzle c... In order to effectively and quickly clean the surface of semiconductor silicon wafers, the fluid flow is one of the significant issues. For a batch-type silicon wafer wet cleaning bath, a slim water injection nozzle consisting of a dual tube was studied, based on theoretical calculations and experiments. A thin inner tube was placed at the optimum position in the water injection nozzle. Such a simple design could make the water injection direction normal and the water velocity profile symmetrical along the nozzle. The water flow in the wet cleaning bath was observed using a blue-colored ink tracer. When the nozzle developed in this study was placed at the bottom of the bath, a fast and symmetrical upward water stream was formed between and around the wafers. 展开更多
关键词 Silicon Wafer Wet Cleaning Bath water injection Nozzle water Flow
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Laboratory-Scale Evaluation of Single Analyte Bacterial Monitoring Strategies in Water Injection Systems 被引量:3
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作者 Mohammed A. Al-Moniee Susanne Juhler +4 位作者 Ketil Sørensen Xiangyang Zhu Thomas Lundgaard Fahad N. Al-Abeedi Peter F. Sanders 《Journal of Sensor Technology》 2016年第2期11-26,共16页
Microbial activity is the cause of a variety of problems in water injection systems, e.g., microbial corrosion, plugging, and biofouling. Efficient monitoring of Saudi Aramco’s vast water injection system requires th... Microbial activity is the cause of a variety of problems in water injection systems, e.g., microbial corrosion, plugging, and biofouling. Efficient monitoring of Saudi Aramco’s vast water injection system requires the development of online and automated technologies for monitoring microbial activities in the system. A previous system review and technology screening has identified five single-analyte strategies [1], which were evaluated in this study with a laboratory-scale setup to determine their applicability for automated determination of microbial activity in the injection water system. Four of the five single-analyte measuring principles tested in the laboratory setup were deemed less suitable for automation and/or reliable for use in the detection of microbial activity in the company injection water system. These four principles were: luminescence assay for adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP), detection and electrochemical measurements of H<sub>2</sub>S, determination of pH by electrochemical sensor, and measurement of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The strategy of staining cells with fluorescent DNA dyes, followed by quantification of fluorescence signals, was identified to hold, with proper optimization of DNA staining and fluorescence detection, a very promising potential for integration in automated, online sensors for microbial activity in the injection water system. 展开更多
关键词 Microbial Sensors DNA Staining Fluorescent Detection Automated Monitoring injection water
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