Analysis on Shock Wave Speed of Water Hammer of Lifting Pipes for Deep-Sea Mining

Water hammer occurs whenever the fluid velocity in vertical lifting pipe systems for deep-sea mining suddenly changes. In this work, the shock wave was proven to play an important role in changing pressures and periods, and mathematical and numerical modeling technology was presented for simulated transient pressure in the abnormal pump operation. As volume concentrations were taken into account of shock wave speed, the experiment results about the pressure-time history, discharge-time history and period for the lifting pipe system showed that： as its concentrations rose up, the maximum transient pressure went down, so did its discharges; when its volume concentrations increased gradually, the period numbers of pressure decay were getting less and less, and the corresponding shock wave speed decreased. These results have highly coincided with simulation results. The conclusions are important to design lifting transporting system to prevent water hammer in order to avoid potentially devastating consequences, such as damage to components and equipment and risks to personnel.

Shear Wave Speed Dispersion Characteristics of Seafloor Sediments in the Northern South China Sea

To accurately characterize the shear wave speed dispersion of seafloor sediments in the northern South China Sea,five types of sediments including silty clay,clayey silt,sandy silt,silty sand,and clayey sand were selected,on which the measurements of the shear wave speed at 0.5-2.0 kHz and related physical properties were performed.Results reveal that the shear wave speed of sediments increases as the frequency increases,and the dispersion enhanced in the sediments in the order of silty clay,clayey silt,sandy silt,silty sand,and clayey sand,at a linear change rate of 0.727,0.787,3.32,4.893,and 6.967 m s−1 kHz−1,respectively.Through regression analysis,linear and logarithmic regression equations for the correlation between shear wave speed and frequency were established for each sediment type and the determination coefficients of regression equations indicate that the correlation is closer to a logarithmic relationship.The Grain-Shearing(GS)and Biot-Stoll models were used to calculate the shear wave speed dispersion of the five sediment types,and the comparison between theoretical prediction and measured results of shear wave speeds shows that the GS model can more accurately describe the shear wave speed dispersion characteristics of these sediments in the frequency band of 0.5-2.0 kHz.In the same band,the predictions obtained by using the Biot-Stoll model are significantly different from the measured data.

Determination of the Minimum Wave Speed for the Modelling of Ventilated Cavitation

Ventilated cavitation plays an important role on the drag reduction of underwater vehicles and surface ships. For the modelling of ventilated cavitation, the minimum speed of the pressure wave is a crucial parameter for the closure of the pressure-density coupling relationship. In this study, the minimum wave speed is determined based on a theoretical model coupling the wave equation and the bubble interface motion equation. The influences of several paramount parameters （e.g., frequency, bubble radius and void fraction） on the minimum wave speed are quantitatively demonstrated and discussed. Compared with the minimum wave speed in the traditional cavitation, values for the ventilated cavitation are much higher. The physical mechanisms for the above difference are briefly discussed with the suggestions on the usage of the present findings.

An experimental and numerical study of the freak wave speed

The propagation speed is one of the most important characteristics for describing freak waves. The research of freak wave speed is not only helpful for understanding the generation mechanism and evolution process of freak waves, but also applicable to the prediction. A stable and accurate method is proposed for the cal- culation of the freak wave speed, in which physical model tests are carried out to measure the motion of the largest wave crest along the wave tank. The linear regression relationship between the spatial position of the largest wave crest and instantaneous moment is established to calculate the speed of totally 248 cases of experimental freak waves and 312 supplementary cases of numerical freak waves. Based on the calculate results, a semitheoretical and semiempirical formula is proposed by using a regression analysis method to predict the speed of the freak wave, and the nonlinear characteristic of the freak wave speed is also investi- gated.

ON THE MINIMAL WAVE SPEED OF WAVE FRONTS FOR REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS

In this paper, a variational description of the minimal wave speed c(m, f) of wave fronts forthe reaction diffusion equations u_t=u_(xx)+u^mf(u) is given, where m>1 and f(u)～1-u.The continuity of c(m, f) in m and f is also proved. Especially, for f(u)=1-u, the estimateof the minimal wave speed c(m, f) is obtained.

On the Existence of a Minimum Universal Speed of Physical Transmissions Associated with Matter Wave in Special Relativity

In this work, we show that it is possible to establish coordinate transformations between inertial reference frames in the theory of special relativity with a minimum universal speed of physical transmissions. The established coordinate transformations, referred to as modified Lorentz transformations because they have almost identical form to the Lorentz transformations, also comply with the requirement of invariance of the Minkowski line element. Particularly, the minimum universal speed can be associated with the phase speed of de Broglie matter wave. As application, we also discuss the possibility to formulate relativistic classical and quantum mechanics for the special relativity associated with the modified Lorentz transformations, which describes physical processes that represent an expansion or a collapsing of massive quantum particles.

REMARK ON CRITICAL SPEED OF TRAVELING WAVEFRONTS FOR NICHOLSON'S BLOWFLIES EQUATION WITH DIFFUSION

This note is devoted to the son＇s blowflies equation with diffusion, a critical speed of traveling waves, we give behavior with respect to the mature age study on the traveling wavefronts to the Nicholtime-delayed reaction-diffusion equation. For the a detailed analysis on its location and asymptotic

Long-Term Characterization of Sea Conditions in the East China Sea Using Significant Wave Height and Wind Speed

In this study, the statistical characterization of sea conditions in the East China Sea(ECS) is investigated by analyzing a significant wave height and wind speed data at a 6-hour interval for 30 years(1980–2009), which was simulated and computed using the WAVEWATCH Ⅲ(WW3) model. The monthly variations of these parameters showed that the significant wave height and wind speed have minimum values of 0.73 m and 5.15 ms^(-1) and 1.73 m and 8.24 ms^(-1) in the month of May and December, respectively. The annual, seasonal, and monthly mean sea state characterizations showed that the slight sea generally prevailed in the ECS and had nearly the highest occurrence in all seasons and months. Additionally, the moderate sea prevailed in the winter months of December and January, while the smooth(wavelets) sea prevailed in May. Furthermore, the spatial variation of sea states showed that the calm and smooth sea had the largest occurrences in the northern ECS. The slight sea occurred mostly(above 30%) in parts of the ECS and the surrounding locations, while higher occurrences of the rough and very rough seas were distributed in waters between the southwest ECS and the northeast South China Sea(SCS). The occurrences of the phenomenal sea conditions are insignificant and are distributed in the northwest Pacific and its upper region, which includes the Southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge and Ryukyu Trench.

The comparison of altimeter retrieval algorithms of the wind speed and the wave period

With the launch of altimeter,much effort has been made to develop algorithms on the wind speed and the wave period.By using a large data set of collocated altimeter and buoy measurements,the typical wind speed and wave period algorithms are validated.Based on theoretical argument and the concept of wave age,a semi-empirical algorithm for the wave period is also proposed,which has the wave-period dimension,and explicitly demonstrates the relationships between the wave period and the other variables.It is found that Ku and C band data should be applied simultaneously in order to improve either wind speed or wave period algorithms.The dual-band algorithms proposed by Chen et al.(2002) for the wind speed and Quilfen et al.(2004) for the wave period perform best in terms of a root mean square error in the practical applications.

The seasonal variations in the significant wave height and sea surface wind speed of the China's seas

Long-term variations in a sea surface wind speed （WS） and a significant wave height （SWH） are associated with the global climate change, the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, and an ocean resource exploitation, and other activities. The seasonal characteristics of the long-term trends in China＇s seas WS and SWH are determined based on 24 a （1988-2011） cross-calibrated, multi-platform （CCMP） wind data and 24 a hindcast wave data obtained with the WAVEWATCH-III （WW3） wave model forced by CCMP wind data. The results show the following. （1） For the past 24 a, the China＇s WS and SWH exhibit a significant increasing trend as a whole, of 3.38 cm/（s.a） in the WS, 1.3 cm/a in the SWH. （2） As a whole, the increasing trend of the China＇s seas WS and SWH is strongest in March-April-May （MAM） and December-January-February （DJF）, followed by June-July-August （JJA）, and smallest in September-October-November （SON）. （3） The areal extent of significant increases in the WS was largest in MAM, while the area decreased in JJA and DJF; the smallest area was apparent in SON. In contrast to the WS, almost all of China＇s seas exhibited a significant increase in SWH in MAM and DJF; the range was slightly smaller in JJA and SON. The WS and SWH in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, the Tsushima Strait, the Taiwan Strait, the northern South China Sea, the Beibu Gull and the Gulf of Thailand exhibited a significant increase in all seasons. （4） The variations in China＇s seas SWH and WS depended on the season. The areas with a strong increase usually appeared in DJF.

Effect of ambient wind on pressure wave generated by high-speed train entering a tunnel

Using three-dimensional, unsteady N-S equations and k-ε turbulence model, the effect of ambient wind on the pressure wave generated by a high-speed train entering a tunnel was studied via numerical simulation. Pressure changes of the train surface and tunnel wall were obtained as well as the flow field around the train. Results show that when the train runs downwind, the pressure change is smaller than that generated when there is no wind. When the train runs upwind, the pressure change is larger. The pressure change is more sensitive in the upwind condition than in the downwind condition. Compared with no wind condition, when the wind velocity is 10 m/s and 30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head is reduced by 2.8% and 10.5%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance is reduced by 2.4% and 13.5%, respectively. When the wind velocity is-10 m/s and-30 m/s, the pressure amplitude on the train head increases by 3.0% and 17.7%, respectively. The wall pressure amplitude at 400 m away from the tunnel entrance increases by 3.6% and 18.6%, respectively. The pressure waveform slightly changes under ambient wind due to the influence of ambient wind on the pressure wave propagation speed.

Influence of the Domain Boundary on the Speeds of Traveling Waves

Let H > 0 be a constant, g ≥ 0 be a periodic function and Ω ={(x, y) ||x| H + g (y), y ∈R}. We consider a curvature flow equation V = κ + A in Ω, where for a simple curve γt Ω, V denotes its normal velocity, κ denotes its curvature and A > 0 is a constant. [1] proved that this equation has a periodic traveling wave U, and that the average speed c of U is increasing in A and H, decreasing in max g' when the scale of g is sufficiently small. In this paper we study the dependence of c on A, H, max g' and on the period of g when the scale of g is large. We show that similar results as [1] hold in certain weak sense.

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

In urban flood modeling,so-called porosity shallow water equations(PSWEs),which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g.,buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model(SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model(AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.

裂纹对弹性波在混凝土中传播特性的影响研究

目的为研究混凝土中裂纹对弹性波传播特性的影响,方法采用COMSOL软件构建弹性波在不同形态混凝土裂纹中的传播数值模型,并开展带裂纹混凝土的弹性波传播试验,系统研究混凝土裂纹特征(裂纹角度、裂纹深度、裂纹距声发射源距离、裂纹数量等)与弹性波传播之间的关系。结果研究发现:数值模拟结果与试验现象吻合较好,验证了数值模型的可靠性。其中,裂纹数量和裂纹距声发射源距离的变化对回波峰值影响较大,距声发射源2 cm裂纹的回波峰值最大,为3.46×10^(6)Pa;对波速和信号损伤影响最大的因素为裂纹深度,60 mm深度裂纹损伤率高达62.14%、波速衰减至2590.674 m/s,其次为裂纹数量,信号损伤率达31.28%。基于不同裂纹特征的波速变化规律,对裂纹角度和深度的波速关系模型进行回归分析,回归曲线拟合优度较好,R^(2)均大于0.95。结论混凝土中存在的裂纹和裂纹特征对弹性波传播具有显著影响,本文研究结果为混凝土无损检测技术提供了理论支撑。

Speed of Gravitation and Electromagnetic Waves through the Dark Energy of Intergalactic Space and Its Implications of a Unified Theory

The recent finding that gravitational waves (GW170817) traveled at the same speed as electromagnetic (EM) waves (GRB 170817A) from a binary neutron star merger does not necessarily mean that they traveled throughout their journey at speed c. Some recent works by the author (2015) Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844;(2017), 8, 622-635 show that the diminished brightness of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) can be explained by assuming that dark energy, instead of having a negative pressure, has an index of refraction n, causing the speed of light through intergalactic space (IGS) to be reduced to c/n, with? n≈1.5. It follows that GWs (not considered in the previous works) would also travel with speed c/n through IGS. However, speed of GWs and EMWs within galaxies themselves is c. A brief review of the model is given, together with other predictions, e.g., new values for the Hubble constant and age of the universe, and necessary absence of correlation of neutrinos with gamma ray bursts (GRBs), in agreement with numerous searches. In the previous works, there were implications of a unified theory. If the model holds, since GWs would experience the same speed reduction as EMWs, this would further support unification. An improved falsification methodology for a previously proposed astronomical test based on discordant redshifts is given.

倾斜壁面上液膜流中孤立波及其内部涡的演化特性研究

研究了在重力作用下,二维不可压黏性流体液膜沿倾斜壁面流动时,其上孤立波及其内部涡的演化.采用小参数摄动法与行波变换法,首先推导出了非平整倾斜基底上液膜厚度的零阶和一阶的一般演化方程,然后对该方程进行化简并采用Mathematica进行数值求解.分析结果表明:孤立波波形图中,波前出现了一个毛细波,而毛细波波谷处出现了完全开式涡;通过对流量分析,发现其与孤立波波形具有相同的变化趋势,并且与波速呈正相关,对于双峰与三峰孤立波,前一波峰的流量比靠后的大;随着波速增加到超过某一临界值时,孤立波波峰内将出现涡流,经过计算该临界波速与倾斜角呈正比关系,对于双峰与三峰孤立波,当波速继续增大,靠后的波峰内也将出现涡流;通过分析自由表面的速度分布得出:该涡流的产生是自由表面的垂直速度在波前和波尾的速度梯度与大于波速的水平速度共同作用的结果,波峰多更容易产生涡流;通过分析在动坐标系下得到的迹线图,发现该涡流面积也正比于波速且旋向为顺时针,综合推断得出:旋涡是在孤立波表面处开始形成的,波峰内的流体沿壁面呈滚落状向下运动.

Tensile Shock Physics in Compressible Thermoviscoelastic Solid Medium

This paper addresses tensile shock physics in thermoviscoelastic (TVE) solids without memory. The mathematical model is derived using conservation and balance laws (CBL) of classical continuum mechanics (CCM), incorporating the contravariant second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, the covariant Green’s strain tensor, and its rates up to order n. This mathematical model permits the study of finite deformation and finite strain compressible deformation physics with an ordered rate dissipation mechanism. Constitutive theories are derived using conjugate pairs in entropy inequality and the representation theorem. The resulting mathematical model is both thermodynamically and mathematically consistent and has closure. The solution of the initial value problems (IVPs) describing evolutions is obtained using a variationally consistent space-time coupled finite element method, derived using space-time residual functional in which the local approximations are in hpk higher-order scalar product spaces. This permits accurate description problem physics over the discretization and also permits precise a posteriori computation of the space-time residual functional, an accurate measure of the accuracy of the computed solution. Model problem studies are presented to demonstrate tensile shock formation, propagation, reflection, and interaction. A unique feature of this research is that tensile shocks can only exist in solid matter, as their existence requires a medium to be elastic (presence of strain), which is only possible in a solid medium. In tensile shock physics, a decrease in the density of the medium caused by tensile waves leads to shock formation ahead of the wave. In contrast, in compressive shocks, an increase in density and the corresponding compressive waves result in the formation of compression shocks behind of the wave. Although these are two similar phenomena, they are inherently different in nature. To our knowledge, this work has not been reported in the published literature.

风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台耐波性能的数值模拟

通过数值模拟方法,研究风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的耐波性能。该方法通过建立风速与波浪相干函数模型,利用该模型获得当前深水半潜平台不同工况下风速与海浪的关系,再计算风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的海浪作用力和风作用力,以2个数值为基础,构建深水半潜平台耐波性能数值模拟模型,在不同情况下模拟风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台耐波性能。实验结果表明:该方法可在不同波浪周期时,模拟风浪联合作用下深水半潜平台的横荡和垂荡数值,在波浪周期较小时,垂荡与横荡数值也较小,深水半潜平台的耐波能力较强;风浪角越大,在波浪周期相同时深水半潜平台的垂向弯矩数值越大,其耐波能力则较小。

水下非接触爆炸下冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系研究

对于平板在水下非接触爆炸下的结构响应问题,学界目前常采用仿真和试验手段开展研究。但目前的仿真手段主要采用任意拉格朗日欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler, ALE)方法进行,计算效率低且在中远场计算中难以得到真实的结果,而试验手段成本较高。基于能流密度公式和TAYLOR板理论对平板水下非接触爆炸冲击波载荷与速度场等效关系展开研究,提出了冲击波载荷和等效初速度场的等效换算方法,建立了平板初速度场与水下爆炸参数的等效关系并开展试验验证。结果表明,基于能流密度的冲击波等效初速度场具有更好的计算精度和效率,这一方法可作为研究平板或者简单板架在水下爆炸冲击波作用下结构响应的一个重要的等效计算方法。

地震和高铁共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性

为研究地震和高铁列车荷载共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性,通过建立轨道-路堤-桩网复合地基三维有限元计算模型,分别与实测数据和一维波动理论对比验证模型的正确性。通过对比不同荷载工况下地面位移和加速度时频振动曲线,分析地震和高铁两动载共同作用时不同车速下桩网复合地基时频振动特性,研究桩体模量对桩网复合地基减震效果的影响。研究表明,Hollister地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,距轨道中心1 m处地面振动位移由地震荷载主导,地面振动加速度由列车荷载主导;20 Hz以下地面低频振动由高铁和地震荷载共同控制,地面高频振动主要由列车荷载控制。Lytle Creek地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,桩网复合地基地面振动位移和加速度峰值均大于高铁荷载单独作用下的值;增加桩体模量对高铁荷载单独作用和两动载共同作用下桩网复合地基地面振动均有减振效果,但两动载共同作用下增加桩体模量对地面减振效果比高铁荷载单独作用下弱。